Four oxylipin derivatives (1–4) were isolated from a 70% ethanol extract of Eisenia bicyclis, a brown alga. The structures of 1–4 were elucidated by the interpretation with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectroscopic analysis. Compounds 1–4 were identified as (5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-15-hydroxyicosa-5,8,11,13-tetraenoic acid, (5Z,8Z,11Z,13E,17Z)-15-hydroxyicosa-5,8,11,13,17-pentaenoic acid, (9Z,11E,15Z)-13-hydroxyoctadeca-6,9,11,15-trienoic acid, and (6Z,9Z,11E,15Z)-13-hydroxyoctadeca-6,9,11,15-tetraenoic acid, respectively. The compounds 1–4 were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activity on the production of nitric oxide (NO) and cell viability at the concentrate of 100 µg/mL. These results showed that compound 4 exerted moderate inhibitory activity on NO production. Among compounds 1–4, compound 4 was found to be the most abundant, with a concentration of 0.161 ± 0.003 mg/g in the 70% ethanol extract of E. bicyclis.
Age and growth of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) from Lake Hayq, Ethiopia, were measured from 8th June 2022 to 7th June 2023. A total of 738 otoliths were taken from the shore, open waters, and river mouths of the lake for macrozone analysis. The otoliths were ground and examined under a dissecting microscope with 7–40× magnification and reflected light microscopy for the distinction of translucent and opaque macrozones. Age determination was done by counting the number of translucent macrozones in the otoliths, taking into account the periods of translucent zone formation. The length of the sampled fishes measured 9.3–32.0 cm in total length (TL), with total weight (TW) measured at 14–495 g, with 87.7% of the length measured ≤ 13 cm TL. The longest life span measured in O. niloticus was 6 years. High correlations exist between otolith length-otolith weight (R2 > 0.88), length-fish length (R2 > 0.92), as well as weight-otolith weight (R2 > 0.81). Weight-otolith weight correlation equal results in asymptotic length regression analyses (R2 > 0.88). The growth parameters calculated using the von Bertalanffy growth equation had an asymptotic length (L∞) of 31 cm, a growth rate (K) of 0.90 per year, with growth performance index (Ø'L) of 2.93. The results are fundamental in building an effective population estimate and fisheries management of O. niloticus in Lake Hayq.
Two newly established Avicennia marina restoration sites along the northwestern Arabian Gulf, including Al-Faw City and Khor Al-Zubair in southern Iraq, were investigated to assess early faunal colonization of restored mangrove habitats. Crabs were sampled from one-year-old mangrove seedlings (mean height ≈ 30 cm). A total of 351 individuals belonging to three species, Opusia indicum, Manningis arabicum, and Nasima dotilliformis, were recorded across ten experimental sites. Crab assemblages differed significantly among sites. At Al-Faw City, O. indicum and M. arabicum dominated, whereas M. arabicum and N. dotilliformis were most abundant at Khor Al-Zubair. Non-parametric analyses revealed significant differences in species abundance among sites (p < 0.05). Diversity indices indicated higher community diversity at Al-Faw City (Shannon–Wiener H' = 0.637; Pielou’s J' = 0.918) compared with Khor Al-Zubair (H' = 0.538; J' = 0.776). Community structure analyses using non-metric multidimensional scaling (non-metric multidimensional scaling [NMDS] stress = 0.12) and permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) confirmed significant differences between sites (pseudo-F = 62.27, p = 0.007). Opportunistic observations of barnacle aggregations and mudskippers further suggest rapid habitat utilization. Overall, the results demonstrate that newly restored mangrove stands can support rapid, site-specific colonization by benthic fauna, highlighting the capacity of mangrove restoration projects to re-establish functional benthic communities within a short time frame in the northwestern Arabian Gulf.
This study aimed at assessing the small-scale fisheries in Central Gondar, Ethiopia. Information was obtained through focus group discussions (FGDs), questionnaire interviews (QIs), and key informant interviews (KIIs). Across selected sampling sites, a total of 385 fishers were interviewed using pre-tested questionnaire between June 2024 and May 2025. The analysis of data involved the use of descriptive statistics. All respondents were male fishers. Most fishers (78.5%) were between 15 and 46 years old. Educational levels were generally low, with 75.5% of fishers being illiterate; 17.9% had primary education, 3.1% secondary, and only 2.3% attained a diploma or higher degrees. While 45.3% had ≤ 5 years of fishing experience, 1.2% had more than 18 years. Analysis of fisher participation revealed that 92.7% were part-time fishers, whereas 7.3% were occasional fishers. According to fishers, the main fishing activity took place from February to May, and with moderate activity from October to January, but very low activity from June to August, displaying a clear temporal trend. The major fishing gears utilized were cast nets (48.1%), mosquito and hand nets (22.3%), monofilament nets (14.8%), and hooks and lines (7.3%). Analysis of the survey data shows that, 34.0% of fishers caught 1–2 kg of fish per day, 58.4% caught 3–4 kg, and 7.5% caught more than 4 kg. Gutted fish was the main product sold in nearby markets. The survey indicated that 12.5% of fishers earned less than 500 Ethiopian Birr (ETB) per day, while 40.0% reported earnings of 500–800 ETB, 44.4% earned 900–1,200 ETB, but only 3.1% reached 1,300–1,600 ETB per day. The main locally consumed and commercially important fish species were Labeobarbus degeni, Labeobarbus nedgia, Labeobarbus beso, and Labeobarbus intermedius. Generally, the small-scale fishery plays a vital role in ensuring food security and generating income for local communities. Fishers associated the decline of fish populations with illegal and unregulated fishing in the locality, highlighting the urgent need for a joint management strategy that would improve facilities, expand the scope of extension services, and encourage the use of ecologically safe fishing practices.
Gastropods synthesize bioactive compounds as defense mechanisms against environmentally induced oxidative stress. This study evaluated the antioxidant activity, phytochemical content, and bioactive compounds in two gastropod species, Nerita balteata and Cassidula aurisfelis, collected from two distinct mangrove zones: the port-impacted area of Tanjung Api-Api and the conserved area within Berbak Sembilang National Park, South Sumatra, Indonesia. Ethanol maceration was used for extraction, followed by antioxidant testing using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. Phytochemical screening employed qualitative tests for alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, triterpenoids/steroids, and tannins, while gas chromatography–mass (GC–MS) analysis was conducted to identify bioactive compounds. Results showed strong antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 37.188 μg/ml for N. balteata and 33.301 μg/ml for C. aurisfelis. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, and triterpenoids. GC–MS profiling detected compounds such as alcohols, esters, lactones, steroids, and fatty acid derivatives. The findings suggest that gastropods from both polluted and conserved habitats possess strong antioxidative properties and diverse biochemical compounds, which may serve ecological and pharmacological functions. This highlights the need for integrated environmental monitoring and collaborative efforts across disciplines to better understand the impact of pollution-induced oxidative stress in aquatic ecosystems.
Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated (IUU) fishing remains a critical challenge to the governance and sustainability of small-scale fisheries, creating significant economic, ecological, and social pressures on coastal municipalities. This study aimed to evaluate local responses to IUU fishing in the coastal waters of the ATOM Alliance municipalities composed of Alicia, Talusan, Olutanga, and Mabuhay in Zamboanga Sibugay, Philippines using the Philippine IUU Fishing Index and Threat Assessment Tool (I-FIT) developed by Department of Agriculture–Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (DA-BFAR) and United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Fish Right Program. The assessment employed five response indicators: (R1) enforcement team fully operational; (R2) targeted and purposive information, education, and communication (IEC) programs; (R3) local government compliance with national fisheries laws; (R4) systematic data collection on IUU fishing used to inform reduction strategies; and (R5) approved IUU fishing reduction plan. These indicators denoting IUU fishing risk were scored from 1 (low risk) to 4 (very high risk), with data quality rated from 1 (low reliability) to 3 (high reliability) by stakeholders through workshop, focus group discussion, key informant interview. ATOM Alliance municipalities collectively are under moderate to nearly high risk, with an average response score of 2.75, similar to the national average of 2.76. Results showed moderate risk in Mabuhay (2.00) and Alicia (2.60), and high risk in Talusan (3.00) and Olutanga (3.40). Data quality was highest in Alicia and Talusan (3.00), medium in Mabuhay (2.60), and lowest in Olutanga (1.50). Key findings highlighted strengths and gaps: (R1): enforcement capacity stronger in Alicia and Mabuhay but weak in Olutanga and Talusan; (R2): IEC programs consistent in Alicia and Mabuhay but sporadic in Talusan and Olutanga; (R3): Mabuhay and Talusan 83.33% compliant with the Fisheries Compliance Audit (FCA), while Alicia and Olutanga had no FCA records; (R4): data gathered but not consistently analyzed and applied; (R5): most municipalities lacked approved reduction plans. Overall, the study highlights the importance of coordinated capacity-building, standardized governance, and proactive IUU reduction strategies for sustainable small-scale fisheries management. This study directly supports the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 14.4 by addressing IUU fishing.
The potential for octopus fisheries in Indonesia is significant; however, this sector is currently not managed effectively. Specifically in Ende, octopus fisheries management has been established through a community-based approach. Yet, it remains focused primarily on octopus resources, while other factors such as habitat, socio-economic conditions, and institutional aspects have not been adequately addressed. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the extent to which the ecosystem approach has been implemented in the management of octopus fisheries in Ende by employing an Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management (EAFM) assessment. This approach advocates holistic management encompassing target species, habitat and ecosystem, fishing techniques, social dynamics, economic viability, and institutional arrangements. Primary data were collected through interviews involving fishers, collectors, heads of NGOs, and officials from the Provincial Marine and Fisheries Office. Secondary data were obtained from fishers’ catch logbooks and other relevant documents. Data analysis utilised the EAFM approach with a Likert scale scoring from 1 to 3, where a higher score indicates better management conditions. The results of this study indicate that the overall EAFM assessment for octopus fisheries yielded a score of 2.46, reflecting a moderate implementation of the EAFM. Improvements are necessary, particularly in domains rated as poor or moderate, specifically in habitat, economy, and institutional frameworks.
Uroteuthis chinensis (mitre squid) is a commercially important cephalopod species in Indonesian waters, particularly along the north coast of Central Java. Understanding its morphological variation is essential for stock identification and sustainable fisheries management. This study aimed to analyze the morphometric and meristic characteristics of U. chinensis collected from Rembang and Tegal waters. A total of 224 specimens were examined (109 from Rembang and 115 from Tegal) using 19 morphometric characters and two meristic characters (number of sucker ring teeth on the tentacles and third arms). The Shapiro-Wilk test, Whitney U test, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and Spearman’s correlation were performed to analyze morphometric and meristic variation and relationship. Whitney U test indicated significant differences (p < 0.05) in most morphometric characters between populations, especially in mantle, fin, and arm dimensions. The PCA extracted three principal components that cumulatively explained 71.2% of the total variance. Left fin length, mantle length, and head width were identified as the most significant contributors to morphological differentiation. However, PCA scatterplots displayed overlapping clusters between Rembang and Tegal, suggesting limited morphological divergence. Spearman’s correlation indicated that certain morphometric traits, particularly fin length, tentacle length, and total length, were strongly correlated with mantle length (p > 0.7), especially in the Rembang population. In contrast, the Tegal population showed weaker correlations, with only fin length showing a strong relationship. These findings suggest, that although U. chinensis populations from both sites likely belong to the same biological stock, some degree of morphometric variation exists, possibly due to environmental or ecological factors. The study underscores the importance of combining morphometric and meristic analyses to support effective stock identification and the sustainable management of squid fisheries in Indonesia.
The study assessed the impacts of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on the survival, hematology, and growth of striped dwarf catfish (Mystus vittatus). This small indigenous catfish was selected as a model fish species for evaluating nanoparticle-based dietary interventions in aquaculture. Plant-extract–mediated nanoparticles are gaining attention as functional feed additives due to their high bioavailability, reduced dosage requirements, and potential to modulate immune and physiological responses. The AgNPs were synthesized using mango leaf extract and uniformly incorporated into feed pellets. Four experimental diets were created with three replications per treatment: 0 mg (control), 10 mg (T10), 30 mg (T30), and 50 mg (T50) AgNPs per kilogram of feed. Fingerlings (45 days of age; average weight 0.71 g) were obtained from a private fish hatchery. Fish were fed to apparent satiation three times daily for 75 days. Growth and hematological parameters were measured following standard procedures. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were seen in hematology and growth among the treatments. The T30 treatment (30 mg kg–1) showed higher weight gain percentage (210.5 ± 0.665%), specific growth rate (1.51 ± 0.002% day–1), and survival rate (86.66 ± 1.92%). The T30 also had higher red blood cells (2.03 ± 0.06 × 106 /μL), hemoglobin (10.10 ± 0.46 g/dL), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (49.75 ± 0.78 pg). Feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio also improved at this dose, indicating efficient nutrient utilization. These responses suggest enhanced metabolic activity and resilience of the fish. However, white blood cell (WBC) count showed no significant change among treatments, suggesting no evidence of infection. Stable WBC counts confirmed that dietary AgNPs did not trigger immune stress. Therefore, the findings suggest that biosynthesized AgNPs in the diet can improve striped dwarf catfish growth, hematology, and survival, indicating potential as a feed additive.
Aquaculture is an essential contributor to global food security, yet disease outbreaks and sustainability concerns remain major challenges for the sector. In response, growing attention has been directed toward nanoparticle-based immunostimulants, particularly those developed through algae-mediated and green synthesis approaches, as promising alternatives to conventional disease control methods. This study employs a bibliometric approach to explore research trends and scientific developments in this emerging field. Bibliographic data were retrieved from the SCOPUS database on 10 February 2025 using an intentionally broad search applied to the TITL2E-ABS-KEY fields, combining terms related to algae, nanoparticles, green synthesis, and aquatic organisms such as fish and shrimp. To ensure analytical relevance, the initial dataset was refined through targeted metadata-level screening, retaining only studies that explicitly addressed nanoparticle-related applications in aquaculture health and immunity. After screening and deduplication, 1,086 research articles published between 2019 and 2024 were included in the analysis. Bibliometric analyses were conducted using the bibliometrix package in R to examine publication growth, leading journals and authors, international collaboration patterns, keyword co-occurrence, and thematic evolution. The results reveal a steady increase in research output, with a marked rise in publications in recent years, and show that the literature is primarily organized around green and biogenic synthesis methods, toxicity and safety evaluation, and immune-related functional applications. Research activity is largely concentrated in Asia, particularly in China and India. Overall, this study provides a clear overview of the evolving research landscape and offers bibliometric insights to help guide future research and support the responsible development of nanoparticle-based immunostimulants in aquaculture.
Brackish water ecosystems form unique ecological structures in which aquatic organisms of both freshwater and marine origin coexist, resulting in high levels of biodiversity distinct from those of typical freshwater or marine systems. However, the biodiversity and accurate taxonomic identification of microfauna within these ecosystems remain poorly understood. In this study, two rotifer strains collected from Hwajinpo Lagoon, a coastal lagoon along the eastern coast of Korea, were investigated using a single isolation-based culture approach for species identification. Based on morphological analyses, the collected rotifers were assigned to the class Monogononta and the genus Brachionus. Notably, these strains exhibited morphological characteristics distinct from those of Brachionus plicatilis and Brachionus rotundiformis, which are commonly reported inhabitants of brackish environments, suggesting potential taxonomic differentiation from previously described species. Furthermore, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based molecular evidence provided additional support for the observed taxonomic differentiation. These findings suggest that the rotifer strains examined in this study may represent potentially distinct indigenous lineages and demonstrate their potential as indigenous biological resources for aquaculture and research applications.
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of 17α-methyltestosterone (MT) and letrozole (aromatase inhibitor, AI) on inducing sex change in female longtooth grouper (Epinephelus bruneus). A total of 78 female juvenile fish (404 ± 43.1 g) were randomly assigned to three groups. Two groups received an intramuscular injection of MT or AI hormones (5 mg/kg body weight), while the control group was injected with the hormone carrier (ethanol and coconut oil mixture, 1:5 V/V) at the same dosage at weeks 0, 3, and 6. Brain, pituitary, and gonadal tissues were sampled at weeks 3, 6, and 12 to evaluate the progression of sex change through gonadal histomorphology and expression of key reproduction-related genes including follicle-stimulating hormone beta subunit (fshβ), luteinizing hormone beta subunit (lhβ), androgen receptor (ar), estrogen receptor alpha (erα), estrogen receptor beta 1 (erβ1), and estrogen receptor beta 2 (erβ2). Histological observations revealed evidence of masculinization in both treatment groups, characterized by the appearance of spermatogenic cells within the gonads. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction results showed that MT treatment primarily influenced ar and erβ2 expression in the gonads (p < 0.05), with no significant effect on gonadotropin expression in the pituitary (p > 0.05). Conversely, AI treatment significantly increased the expression of gonadotropins and sex steroid hormone receptors, including ar, erβ1 and erβ2 (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that gonadal sex steroid receptors play a significant and direct role in mediating sex change compared to pituitary gonadotropins in longtooth grouper. Methyltestosterone induces masculinization through direct androgenic effects. Therefore, administration of AI can be used as a sustainable method for sex change, which minimizes the side effects associated with exogenous androgen administration. This study provides a fundamental and practical approach for the artificial production of male broodstock in grouper aquaculture, offering potential applications in improving seed production and breeding efficiency.
Biofloc technology (BFT) offers a sustainable aquaculture strategy by generating high-quality microbial protein in situ, thereby reducing dependence on fishmeal in aquatic feeds. This study aimed to develop and evaluate a low-fishmeal diet for juvenile Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) reared under BFT conditions using low-salinity groundwater in Kuwait. Two experimental diets were formulated to contain 20% (FM20) and 10% (FM10) fishmeal. Juveniles with an average initial weight of 0.44 ± 0.01 g (mean ± SEM) were stocked into six circular polyethylene tanks at a density of 200 individuals per tank. During the 8-week feeding trial, water quality parameters remained consistent across treatments. Growth performance and feed utilization indicators, including total production (TP), yield (Y), average daily growth (ADG), protein efficiency ratio (PER), feed conversion ratio (FCR), survival rate (SR), and condition factor (CF), did not differ significantly between treatments. However, shrimp fed the FM20 diet achieved significantly higher final body weight (FBW), weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), and feed efficiency (FE). Whole-body proximate analysis revealed significantly greater protein and lipid contents and lower moisture content in the FM20 group. Although amino acid profiles showed no significant differences, FM10-fed shrimp exhibited higher levels of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), and lower levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Essential fatty acids (EFA), including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), were significantly elevated in the FM20 group, whereas arachidonic acid (ARA) was lower. Among plasma metabolites, shrimp receiving the FM20 diet had significantly higher total protein (TP) and glucose (GLU) concentrations. No significant differences were observed for glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), total cholesterol (TCHO), triglycerides (TG), or plasma ion concentrations (Na+, K+, Cl–). These findings indicate that a 10% fishmeal diet can be used for juvenile P. vannamei cultured in a BFT system with low-salinity groundwater under desert aquaculture conditions, without compromising water quality or osmoregulatory function. However, further reduction in fishmeal may affect growth, nutrient deposition, and key physiological parameters.
2-Ethylhexyl 4-methoxycinnamate (EHMC) is one of the most common ultra violet (UV) filters used in personal care products. Despite its widespread presence, there remains a significant gap in understanding its ecological impact, particularly on marine fish species. In this study, we evaluated the toxic effects of EHMC on embryonic development of the chameleon goby (Tridentiger trigonocephalus). Fertilized eggs were incubated and exposed to EHMC (5, 50 and 500 μg/L) in vitro for 144 hours. We assessed morphological changes, yolk sac volume, heartbeat rate, hatching rate and survival rate until hatching. At 48 hours post expo-sure (HPE), the first tail malformation was observed at 500 μg/L; it was also observed in all treatments at 60 HPE. In addition, the occurrence of blood congestion and spinal curvature increased EHMC dose dependently. At 72 HPE, the heartbeat rate decreased significantly in all treatments compared to controls. The yolk sac absorption exhibited significant delays in all treatments. The survival rate decreased in a dose-dependent manner with a significant difference at 500 μg/L of EHMC. The hatching rate also decreased in a dose-dependent manner, with a significant difference at 500 μg/L of EHMC. The notochord length of hatched larvae decreased significantly in all treatments. Taken together, our findings suggest that even low concentrations of EHMC could interfere with marine fish embryonic development.
Growth traits are critical targets in aquaculture breeding, although their genetic architecture can vary across developmental stages. In this study, we examined stage-specific heritability, genetic correlations, and genomic associations of growth traits (body weight, BW; and body length, BL) in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus), a high-value species farmed in East Asia. We genotyped 200 juveniles and 200 adults from 10 full-sib families using a 60K single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array and evaluated BW and BL. Heritability estimates revealed a developmental contrast. Adult BW (h2 = 0.485) and BL (h2 = 0.427) showed moderate to high heritability, while juvenile BW (h2 = 0.023) and BL (h2 = 0.009) had near-zero values. Genetic correlation analysis supported these patterns. Adult BW and BL were strongly correlated (rg ≈ 0.95), whereas juvenile traits showed weak correlations, and cross-stage correlations with adult traits were consistently near zero. These findings suggest limited potential for early selection and highlight adult traits as more reliable targets for breeding programs. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were performed separately for juveniles and adults using mixed linear model (MLM) and Bayesian-information and linkage-disequilibrium iteratively nested keyway (BLINK) models. Significant SNP associations were consistently detected in adults but not in juveniles, likely reflecting low heritability, moderate sample size, and environmental noise during early development. In adults, GWAS identified 20 significant SNPs under the MLM model and 5 SNPs under the BLINK model, with 2 overlapping loci, resulting in 23 unique significant SNPs associated with growth traits. Candidate genes near significant SNPs included dot1l, mrps22, megf6, rgmd, and Tafa-1, representing growth-related genomic regions. Collectively, our results suggest stage-specific genetic architectures of growth in olive flounder, provide candidate loci for molecular breeding, and indicate that breeding improvement may be more effective when focusing on adult traits with higher heritability and robust correlations. Future efforts should combine functional validation of candidate genes with large-scale GWAS to uncover small-effect variants, improve genomic prediction accuracy, and accelerate genetic gain in aquaculture.
This study investigated the inhibitory effects of Mao (Antidesma thwaitesianum Müll. Arg.) residue extract against Aeromonas hydrophila and Streptococcus agalactiae in Nile tilapia. A. thwaitesianum is a tropical plant indigenous to Southeast Asia, recognized for its abundance of bioactive compounds such as flavonoids and tannins. Mao residue was extracted by water, 50% ethanol, or 95% ethanol. Antibacterial efficacy was assessed by the disc diffusion method, while the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration were determined using the broth dilution method. In addition, qualitative phytochemical analysis of the crude extracts was conducted. The extracts at different concentrations were then supplemented into fish feed to evaluate their antibacterial resistance. The findings revealed that Mao residue extracted with 95% ethanol exhibited the strongest growth inhibition against both pathogens. The phytochemical analysis of extract revealed the presence of various secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, coumarins, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and glycosides. In the feeding trial, Nile tilapia were fed commercial pellet feed supplemented with Mao extract at concentrations of 0%, 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1%. No statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed among treatment groups in terms of growth performance, feed conversion ratio, or survival rate. However, the bacterial challenge test revealed that fish fed diets supplemented with 0.5% Mao extract exhibited the highest resistance to both A. hydrophila and S. agalactiae. In conclusion, this study suggests that dietary supplementation with 0.5% Mao residue extract possesses antibacterial potential against A. hydrophila and S. agalactiae.
Accurate genetic identification of the Oyster Pompano Trachinotus anak is often impeded by mislabeling of reference sequences as Trachinotus ovatus in nucleotide Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) searches within the global GenBank database, highlighting the need for further validation. In this study, mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences were generated from morphologically identified T. anak collected from a single mariculture site in northern Vietnam to resolve this taxonomic ambiguity. The obtained sequences exhibited mean interspecific genetic distances ranging from 5.5% to 17.4% compared with 16 congeners and showed a pronounced genetic divergence (15.2%) from T. ovatus. Both Bayesian Inference and Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic analyses consistently recovered T. anak as a distinct and well-supported lineage, clearly separated from T. ovatus. Furthermore, multiple species delimitation approaches and interspecific haplotype network analyses reinforced species discrimination by identifying distinct Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units (MOTUs) and discrete clustering patterns characterized by a high number of polymorphic sites. In addition, the length–weight relationship analysis from a single mariculture site indicated negative allometric growth, while the regression analysis demonstrated a strong relationship between length and weight, confirming that body length is a reliable predictor of body mass for this species under the studied culture conditions. Collectively, the present research corroborates previous findings and effectively resolves the long-standing species identification dilemma between T. anak and T. ovatus in Asian mariculture systems. This study also provides baseline data on growth patterns of cultured pompano in Vietnam, which will be valuable for fish health monitoring, feed management, harvest optimization, and assessment of overall stock performance in aquaculture operations.
Glutaredoxin 5 (Grx5) is a member of the monothiol Grx family characterized by the conserved CGFS active-site motif and its involvement in iron–sulfur (Fe–S) cluster metabolism and cellular redox regulation. Although Grx5 proteins have been extensively studied in several model organisms, their biological roles in crustaceans remain poorly understood. In the present study, a Grx5 homolog from the white shrimp Penaeus vannamei (PvGrx5) was identified and characterized to investigate its molecular features and potential physiological functions. The PvGrx5 cDNA encodes a protein containing the conserved CGFS motif typical of monothiol Grxs. Multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that PvGrx5 clusters with other arthropod Grx5 homologs. This result indicates strong evolutionary conservation within this lineage. Structural modeling further revealed that PvGrx5 adopts a characteristic thioredoxin-like fold composed of a central β-sheet surrounded by α-helices, supporting its classification as a canonical monothiol Grx potentially involved in Fe–S cluster metabolism. Expression analysis showed that PvGrx5 transcripts were detected in all examined tissues, with relatively higher expression observed in gills and hemocytes. Furthermore, PvGrx5 expression was significantly upregulated following stimulation with pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), including lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan (PGN), and polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)], suggesting that this gene responds to immune-related stress signals. Recombinant PvGrx5 (rPvGrx5) was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli and exhibited growth inhibitory effects against the shrimp pathogens Vibrio harveyi and Lactococcus garvieae, with a more pronounced effect observed for L. garvieae. Collectively, these findings provide the first molecular characterization of PvGrx5 in P. vannamei and suggest that this monothiol Grx may participate in physiological processes linking Fe–S cluster metabolism, cellular redox regulation, and immune responses in shrimp. This study expands current knowledge of Grx-mediated redox systems in crustaceans and provides a basis for further investigations into the roles of PvGrx5 in oxidative stress regulation and host defense.
Ultraviolet (UV) B is one of the types of UV light that possesses significant energy, and overexposure to UVB leads to various skin damage. In our previous study, we obtained a single compound, 3-hydroxy-5,6-epoxy-β-ionone (HEBI) from Sargassum horneri, which exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity. We aimed to explore the photoprotective effect of HEBI against UVB in this study, through human keratinocytes, human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) cell and zebrafish model. The results demonstrated that HEBI considerably enhanced cell viability, scavenged reactive oxygen species (ROS), and reduced apoptosis in UVB-mediated HaCaT cells. In UVB-mediated HDF cells, HEBI effectively mitigated oxidative stress, promoted collagen production, and downregulated the expression of matrix metalloproteinases and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, HEBI treatment effectively inhibited UVB-triggered lipid peroxidation and cell death photodamage in zebrafish by scavenging ROS and nitric oxide. Therefore, we suggested that HEBI possesses a strong photoprotective effect and can be used in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.
This study evaluates the sustainability of Danish seine fisheries at Brondong Fishing Port, Indonesia, using the rapid appraisal for fisheries (RAPFISH) method with multidimensional scaling (MDS). A total of 46 attributes across five dimensions—ecological, economic, social, technological, and ethical—were assessed through expert-based scoring and validated with secondary data from 2014–2024. The results indicate critical ecological challenges, with the ecological dimension scoring unsustainable (19.78), while the technological (37.64) and ethical (43.93) dimensions were categorized as less sustainable, and the economic (61.63) and social (63.16) dimensions moderately sustainable, yielding an overall index of 45.23 (less sustainable). Key leverage attributes included trophic level change, premature catch, gear selectivity, market access, local labor involvement, and management fairness. Monte Carlo validation confirmed the robustness of the MDS results (differences < 5%), while secondary data revealed a decoupling between declining production and fluctuating economic value, underscoring the paradox of economic resilience amid ecological fragility. These findings highlight the urgent need for integrated policy reforms that combine ecological recovery, technological modernization, and inclusive governance, and contribute novel insights by being the first multidimensional RAPFISH application in Brondong with explicit inclusion of ethical sustainability.
