This study examines the techno-economic implications of cold ironing for an oceangoing bulk carrier under the Greenhouse Gas Fuel Intensity (GFI)-based compliance methodology of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) Net-Zero Framework. The vessel was assessed under base-case and possible cold ironing deployment scenarios, covering port stay, anchorage, and bunkering operations, using one year of operational data. The analysis explicitly integrated cold ironing utilization into the ship-level GFI formulation and quantified Tier 1 and Tier 2 compliance deficits, remedial unit requirements, and associated compliance costs for the 2028-2035 reporting periods. The results showed that the reference vessel remains within the Tier 2 compliance region, under current operating conditions, implying annual contributions to the IMO Net-Zero Fund exceeding USD 1.2 million by 2028 and approaching USD 1.75 million by 2030 under the proposed remedial unit pricing structure. A full-scale cold ironing application can reduce the attained annual GFI by 1.7% and yield substantial economic benefits through reduced auxiliary fuel consumption and lower remedial unit payments. Cold ironing remains economically viable for electricity prices below USD 0.30 per kWh. While cold ironing alone does not achieve direct GFI compliance, the study demonstrates its effectiveness as a cost-efficient, near-term mitigation option.
Maritime logistics is a core component of the global supply chain, enabling logistics facilities to offer value-added services including maritime transport and other modes, as well as to provide inbound and outbound logistics from the point of origin to the final destination. Despite significant advancements in fields such as operational issues, risk management, sustainability, adaptability, and outcomes of innovative technologies, research on digital marketing strategies in maritime logistics remains limited. This study aims to provide an overview of digital marketing strategies in maritime logistics by analyzing digital technologies and marketing channels through a systematic literature review (SLR). By conducting an SLR, this study aims to fill the gap concerning the importance of an integrated approach to digital marketing channels and technologies and to propose essential frameworks for scholars and practitioners to improve digital marketing strategies in maritime logistics.
The traditional Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS) serves a crucial function in ensuring navigational safety. Nevertheless, its alert mechanisms operate independently and reactively, presenting a significant challenge for maritime operations. This study introduces a novel decision-support methodology grounded in the Distance Safety Index (DSI) to enhance ECDIS functionality. The DSI is a value calculated from a Truncated Signed Distance Field that continuously integrates static data from the Electronic Navigational Chart and dynamic targets sourced from Automatic Identification System and radar. This methodology defines two distinct indices for static hazards and dynamic threats, which are subsequently merged into a comprehensive, real-time safety map. The spatial gradient of this field offers straightforward guidance for optimal avoidance maneuvers. This integrated approach facilitates early warnings and markedly enhances situational awareness among navigation officers. The framework provides a practical and efficient augmentation of real-time navigational decision-making within existing ECDIS platforms.
This study aims to uncover the impacts of cyberattacks on third-party logistics (3PL) service providers and to examine their potential ripple effects among individual stakeholders and across the overall supply chain network. The goal is to contribute to developing a safe and uninterrupted supply chain for all stakeholders by introducing effective mitigation strategies against these attacks. Content analysis was used to examine data gathered from semi-structured interviews with eighteen key stakeholders. Findings reveal that cyberattacks on 3PL service providers disrupt not only their operations but also the entire supply chain, affecting all stakeholders. These attacks cause both short-term disruptions, such as compromised data and operational delays, and long-term consequences, including loss of customer trust, damaged relationships, and significant financial losses. In addition, the ripple effects on all stakeholders can be prevented or reduced through implementing the identified mitigation strategies, thereby enhancing supply chain stability. This study advances the literature on supply chain cybersecurity by analyzing the ripple effects of cyberattacks on 3PL service providers and introducing a multidimensional mitigation framework.
The maritime industry is under increasing pressure to comply with International Maritime Organization (IMO) regulations targeting net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. This study evaluates an Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC)-based waste heat recovery system integrated into an offshore platform supply vessel, explicitly considering four distinct operating modes: cruising, dynamic positioning, standby, and port. A steady-state thermodynamic ORC model developed in MATLAB is employed to represent average operating conditions in each mode. Among the ten candidate working fluids, R1233zd(E) is identified as optimal, delivering a net power output of 192.74 kW at full engine load. Four energy management scenarios are examined: a conventional baseline, integration of an ORC, an ORC-battery hybrid system, and an ORC system combined with cold ironing during port operations. The results indicate that the ORC-cold ironing configuration achieves the highest environmental benefit, reducing total cycle-level CO2-eq emissions by approximately 26.7% relative to the baseline case. From an economic perspective, direct ORC integration yields the lowest levelized cost of energy of $0.1481/kWh and a discounted payback period of 6.27 years, while the ORC-cold ironing configuration has a payback period of 7.70 years. Sensitivity analysis demonstrates that fuel price escalation and carbon taxation are the dominant drivers affecting economic feasibility.
Housekeeping is a fundamental element in creating a safe, healthy, and efficient work environment on ships. However, empirical research on the effect of housekeeping on occupational safety and health (OSH) and on seafarers’ performance remains limited. This study aims to analyze the effect of housekeeping on OSH and seafarers’ performance and to examine the mediating role of OSH in this relationship. Using a quantitative, explanatory design, data were collected from 375 Indonesian seafarers working on various types of commercial vessels. The analysis was conducted using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling. The results show that housekeeping has a positive and significant effect on OSH and that OSH has a significant effect on seafarers’ performance. Housekeeping has also been shown to improve seafarers’ performance directly and indirectly through OSH mediation. These findings confirm that housekeeping is not merely a technical activity, but an integral part of a safety culture that influences seafarers’ behavior and work effectiveness. In practice, the results of this study recommend that shipping companies integrate housekeeping standards into their safety management system, strengthen OSH training, and conduct continuous monitoring to improve ship safety and operational performance.
This bibliometric analysis examines research at the intersection of maritime sustainability and education. It traces the structure of the field by analyzing 159 publications from 2010 to the present. The field is focused on practical applications. It is driven by the industry’s need for a workforce capable of managing sustainability transitions. Curriculum reform is the primary means of translating new regulations and technologies into educational content. Thematic evolution reveals a clear progression. It moves from early concepts to the integration of International Maritime Organization governance, and finally to implementation barriers, such as autonomous shipping. Social network analysis shows that knowledge production is concentrated in specialized institutions. Regional collaboration is strong. While this structure helps solve local problems, it may limit the ability to address global systemic issues. Maritime education is now regarded as a vital tool for sustainable change. The study identifies gaps in social sustainability and fair transitions. It suggests that future research should link broad trends with classroom teaching. The goal is to support a sustainable maritime future through improved education.
The maritime sector faces increasing regulatory and societal pressure to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, particularly under the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) and the FuelEU Maritime regulation. This study examines cold ironing as a compliance and sustainability strategy, focusing on its environmental and economic implications across vessel types. Using 2023 Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification data from the THETIS database, five adoption scenarios (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) are analyzed to assess GHG mitigation potential and regulatory cost impacts. The results show that full adoption of cold ironing can reduce average GHG emissions by 6.33%, enabling passenger and cruise ships to meet near-term FuelEU targets and generating substantial cost savings under the EU ETS, particularly for high-emission vessels such as oil tankers and container ships. However, adoption is strongly influenced by business and management factors, including investment in port infrastructure, availability of renewable energy, and ownership structures. While cold ironing alone cannot achieve long-term decarbonization goals, it represents an effective transitional measure to enhance environmental performance, reduce compliance risks, and improve competitive positioning. More broadly, the study highlights how regulatory frameworks and technological strategies interact to shape sustainable transport operations, offering policy and managerial insights relevant beyond the maritime sector.
The study evaluated the effect of leisure internet use on individual work performance and the possible moderating role of attitudes toward artificial intelligence in this relationship. Responses from 206 freight forwarders were analyzed using the PROCESS macro (v.5.0) to implement the Johnson-Neyman (JN) approach for probing regions of significance. Findings indicated that, while was an initial direct negative effect of leisure internet usage on individual work performance, the moderation analysis showed a statistically significant positive interaction between leisure internet usage and attitudes toward artificial intelligence. The negative effect of leisure internet usage on individual work performance diminished as attitudes toward artificial intelligence increased. The JN analysis revealed a critical point in artificial intelligence attitudes (6.02 on a 10-point scale), beyond which leisure internet usage no longer had a statistically significant negative effect on individual work performance. To protect productivity, organizations should develop strategies that foster a more positive technological orientation toward AI among employees, shifting the focus away from merely restrictive internet policies. The boundary condition of these specific findings is defined by the sample of freight forwarders, requiring caution when generalizing to the broader industrial context.
The power potential of the the two-layer exchange flow in the & Idot;stanbul Strait (Bosphorus) was assessed using a 3D hydrodynamic model that resolves the full geometry of the strait. Steady-state solutions for the mean annual barotropic flow rate under both homogeneous and stratified reservoir conditions were used to quantify the advective transport of kinetic energy in the upper and lower layers. Results indicate substantial energy availability, with peaks in the southern strait in the upper layer and downstream of the northern sill in the lower layer, and these peaks persist under both hydrographic conditions. Under stratified conditions, power densities from the upper layer reach up to 3.84 kW/m2 but remain confined to the upper 10 m and overlap with heavy marine traffic, limiting practical harvesting in the narrow southern section. The lower layer peak effective kinetic energy flux accounts only 35% of the upper-layer peak yet achieves comparable power densities of up to 2.69 kW/m2 just after the northern sill. Simulations with varying barotropic flow rates under stratified reservoir conditions show limited variability in the lower-layer peak section before the hydraulic jump following the north sill, where harvesting attempts could affect the exchange dynamics, and strong variability in the second peak farther downstream, where impacts on the Mediterranean effluent may have ecological consequences.
Ships involved in maritime transportation are exposed to various occupational health and safety risks due to the complexity of onboard operations and the unpredictability of environmental conditions during navigation. This study aims to identify the factors leading to occupational accidents on merchant ships, to conduct a risk analysis, and to determine which types of ships are more frequently associated with such incidents. To achieve this, the Fine-Kinney method and the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) were employed. The Fine-Kinney analysis revealed that liquid cargo ships have more hazards classified as very high risk than other ship types, with management inefficiency identified as the primary hazard. The AHP analysis indicated that “insufficient sea experience” is a significant risk factor among the hazards, and that “liquid cargo ships” are at particularly high risk of occupational accidents. The findings suggest that the AHP method is advantageous for risk prioritization and that both methods should used complementarily to address methodological limitations in ship-based risk assessments.
To evaluate the longevity and performance of point-absorber wave energy converters (WECs), it is crucial to understand their response to extreme sea conditions. However, data on their hydrodynamic behavior under such stresses is limited. In this study, small-scale experiments using smooth particle hydrodynamics-generated focused waves were performed. These focused waves interacted with a hybrid WEC setup—combining a floating moored oscillating water column (FOWC) and a back-bent duct buoy (BBDB)—and with a point absorber to analyze their mutual effects. Numerical validation against laboratory measurements shows discrepancies in free-surface elevation and pressure of less than 5%, confirming model accuracy. Under hybrid operation, device placement significantly influences efficiency: positioning the system at the front of the wave tank increases the capture width ratio (CWR) by 16.9%, while irregular waves enhance CWR by an additional 7.1% compared to regular waves. Irregular wave conditions generate sway amplitudes up to 40% larger, whereas heave responses of FOWC and BBDB differ by less than 10%. Pitch motions exhibit resonance-driven amplification, reaching 25% above regular-wave levels. Wave-induced forces are dominated by the x-direction component, which exceeds the y-direction component by more than an order of magnitude. The results highlight the enhanced energy capture and dynamic stability of hybrid WEC configurations.
The Wells turbine is an air turbine in the Oscillating Water Column (OWC) system with lower performance than the Impulse turbine at small diameters. However, the Wells turbine can operate at lower wave heights compared to the Impulse turbine. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the performance improvement of the Wells turbine at low wave heights by modifying the blades to incorporate tubercle twisting. The tubercle is inspired by the excellent maneuverability of the humpback whale flipper, while the twisting of the helical blade improves the turbine performance. The experimental method was conducted in the Wave Chamber of the Energy Design Laboratory at the Sumatra Institute of Technology, with an average wave height of 28.69 cm. The experiment was conducted by comparing the performance results of the Wells and Tubercle-twisting turbines using a kinetic performance approach. The experimental results show that the C p max of the Wells turbine occurs at a flow coefficient (phi) of 0.88, with a value of 0.059. In contrast, the tubercle-twisting turbine occurs at phi =1.71, reaching a C p max of 0.394. This means that tubercle twisting can improve the performance of the Wells turbine by up to 567.79% at low wave heights.
Intelligent transport technologies are currently used effectively in container handling processes, and developments in this area have the potential to enhance logistical efficiency. In the literature, vehicles known as automated lifting vehicles (ALVs) are autonomous and intelligent versions of straddle carriers. ALVs are capable of independently positioning containers within the yard and transferring them to quay crane accessible zones without requiring yard crane support. Thanks to their high maneuverability, these vehicles offer significant advantages not only in operational processes but also in the spatial optimization of container yards. This study examines the yard area optimization potential of ALV systems. In this study, a limited use area at the Los Angeles TraPac Limited Liability Company terminal, where ALVs are actively employed, was optimized using the non-linear generalized reduced gradient algorithm. For the first time in the literature, an angled stacking layout was proposed based on the vehicles’ maneuvering capabilities. The results indicate that the area can accommodate between 2,337 and 3,116 containers, depending on the ALV model. This finding highlights that autonomous transport systems can contribute not only to operational efficiency but also to spatial effectiveness in container terminals.
Ship propulsion efficiency plays a crucial role in reducing fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in the maritime industry. While Propeller Boss Cap Fins (PBCFs) are widely adopted to suppress hub vortices and enhance wake flow, the influence of axial spacing between the propeller and PBCFs remains underexplored. This study examines the impact of propeller-PBCF spacing on hydrodynamic performance, using computational fluid dynamics simulations solving the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equations, implemented in ANSYS Fluent 2023. A 600-mm B-series propeller, representative of electric-boat applications, was modeled. Numerical reliability was ensured through grid independence testing and validation against experimental data. Key performance parameters—thrust and torque coefficients, wake fraction, pressure distribution, and turbulent kinetic energy—were analyzed. Results indicate that axial spacing significantly affects wake dynamics and propulsive efficiency. The optimal configuration occurred at a axial spacing ratio of 0.2 c (31.2 mm), yielding a 2.25% efficiency improvement at an advance coefficient (J)=0.346 compared with the baseline. Flow visualization revealed reduced wake asymmetry, diminished low-pressure cores, and lower turbulence intensity. These results identify axial spacing as a previously neglected but practical design variable for improving propeller hydrodynamics and advancing energy-efficient ship propulsion.
