This study empirically examines the effect of audit tenure, firm size, audit fee, financial distress, and solvency on audit report lag in non-primary consumer companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) for 2021–2023. This study employs secondary data from the annual financial statements of non-primary consumer companies listed on the IDX during 2021–2023. The population of this study consists of non-primary consumer companies listed on the IDX in 2021–2023. After excluding outliers, the sample size consists of 107 data, selected using a purposive sampling method and analyzed with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The results of this study indicate that firm size significantly affects audit report lag in non-primary consumer companies listed on the IDX during the period 2021–2023. In contrast, audit tenure, fee, financial distress, and solvency do not significantly affect audit report lag in these companies.
Based on the recent slow growth of foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows to Sub-Saharan African countries and the benefits it creates, continuous efforts are being made by scholars on the needs to research the factors that promote FDI inflows, especially in developing countries. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to re-examine the drivers of foreign direct investment inflows in Sub-Saharan African countries from the period of 1999 to 2023. The analysis of determinants of foreign direct investment (FDI) was done based on the neoclassical trade theory and theoretical framework of Dunning OLI eclectic paradigm. The paper was able to show that there is no general theory of FDI in the literature, but several theoretical models are suitable to explain it. Panel data analysis was employed by using econometric techniques of pooled mean group, mean group, fully modified ordinary least squares, dynamic ordinary least squares, and the Dumitrescu-Hurlin panel Granger causality test. Results show that there are long-run relationships among foreign direct investment, trade openness, human capital, financial development, and inflation. The result further indicates that financial development and trade openness are the major drivers of FDI inflows to SSA countries. The causality results show that MKT and FDI, HC and FDI, HC and OPEN, and FD and HC have bidirectional causality. The study recommends policies geared toward trade and investment openness and liberalized financial development in SSA countries.
If 2020 represented the online education phenomena explosion, an explosion obviously caused by the pandemic, an explosion whose effects are fading today, with hybrid education failingto establish itself, but only forthe hybrid jobsfield, 2025 seems to be the year of the Artificial Intelligence (AI). The paper aims to address, through reports made by Price Waterhouse Cooper (PwC), Google or World Economic Forum (WEF), studies or reports produced between July 2024 and January 2025, the state of use and implementation of AI in Romania in areas such as the labor market, education or public administration. Also, in this paper, I held virtual dialogues with Generative AI (GenAI) class software, such as Microsoft's Copilot and Chat GPT, and I have obtained interesting answers for the topic addressed in the paper. It can be appreciated that the coming years will be significantly influenced by AI, GenAI and othersoftware of thistype, and the changesthatwill be brought to society will be spectacular.
This research sought to examine the effects of Illicit Financial Flows (IFFs) on the mobilization of domestic resources and the delivery of healthcare services in Zimbabwe. Employing a qualitative research design, data was gathered through key informant interviews and a review of relevant documents. Participants were selected purposefully from various sectors, including the Ministry of Health and Child Care, the Procurement and Regulatory Authority of Zimbabwe, Non-Governmental Organizations, media representatives, and academic institutions. The findings revealed that IFFs in Zimbabwe's healthcare sector take multiple forms, particularly through fraudulent billing practices such as the inflation of invoices, charging for unnecessary medical procedures, and billing for services that were not provided. Additionally, the research identified that cross-border financial transactions, tax evasion, and the exploitation of healthcare organizations for money laundering are consistent with the intricate and international dimensions of IFFs in the healthcare domain. The study concluded that IFFs pose a significant barrier to the mobilization of domestic resources, especially in the context of health service provision. It recommended the implementation of specific and targeted interventions within the healthcare procurement and regulatory systems to combat financial misconduct.
This paper presents the most relevant internal and international theoretical knowledge in the field of business management redesign. It highlights the contributions of the most well-known specialists in business process redesign - both from early works such as Business Process Reengineering and from more recent studies that combine radical redesign processes with moderate change. The aim of this paper is to gain a better understanding of the conceptual boundaries of the terms used in business management redesign, the necessity of applying these processes in current businesses, and the key factors influencing their successful implementation.
This paper explores the critical factors influencing the growth and sustainability of startups, focusing on the interplay between agility and stability as key drivers of success. Startups often operate in a high-risk, high-reward environment, supported by accelerators and incubators that provide mentorship, funding, and resources. Despite their potential for rapid growth, startups face challenges such as misaligned performance metrics, leadership gaps, and ineffective strategies. This research emphasizes the importance of robust leadership, strategic clarity, and prioritization to bridge the gap between vision and execution. It underscores the need for startups to balance innovation with scalability, leveraging structured pipelines and processes without sacrificing flexibility. Additionally, the study highlights the role of external stakeholders, such as investors and customers, in shaping a startup's trajectory. Tools like persona mapping and the Business Model Canvas are discussed as valuable resources for refining strategies and aligning operations. By adopting a test-and-learn mindset and integrating emerging technologies, startups can build resilient models that drive long-term growth. The findings advocate for blending startup agility with corporate stability to foster innovation and create sustainable value, offering actionable insights for entrepreneurs, investors, and industry leaders navigating the dynamic startup ecosystem.
This paper examines the overall performance of the banking sector through a comprehensive analysis of key financial indicators reflecting profitability, efficiency, asset quality, and solvency. Using aggregated data for the banking sector over the period 2017–2023, the study evaluates performance dynamics before, during, and after the COVID-19 crisis. The analysis focuses on return on equity (ROE), return on assets (ROA), cost-to-income ratio (CIR) or non-performing loans (NPL). The findings reveal a significant deterioration in banking performance in 2020, followed by a strong and sustained recovery in subsequent years. Overall, the results indicate enhanced resilience and stability of the banking sector, highlighting the effectiveness of regulatory reforms, prudent risk management practices, and structural adjustments in supporting sustainable banking performance.
With the rapidly evolving business landscape and increasing globalisation, organisations are under significant pressure to find a harmonious balance between effective project execution and aligning projects with the long-term vision of the organisation. Thus, linking project strategy to organisational strategy is an essential factor in ensuring coherence and efficiency in achieving long-term goals. The energy industry is one of the areas in which organisational strategies play a key role in defining the direction of development and achieving sustainability and efficiency goals. However, the way these strategies are implemented varies significantly from company to company. This article aims to analyse the alignment between organisational strategies and projects implemented by energy companies, based on concrete examples of success and failure.
Measuring performance in the public sector represents one of the most complex challenges of contemporary management. The importance of this topic is further emphasized by public administration reforms, the digitalization of services, and citizens’ growing expectations regarding the quality and efficiency of public services. The present paper examines the specific challenges of the public sector, the main factors of public-sector performance measurement, the role and relevance of non-financial indicators in the public sector.
This study examines the relevance of financial performance indicators in explaining the market performance of listed companies. The paper analyzes the extent to which accounting-based and market-based indicators convey information reflected in firm valuation. The analysis focuses on key market-based measures, including market capitalization, the price-to-earnings ratio, the market-to-book ratio, the price-to-sales ratio, and the marketto-assets ratio, alongside firm-level financial performance indicators. The study highlights the role of these indicators in capturing investor expectations regarding profitability, growth opportunities, and risk.
This study examines inflation trends from 2021 to 2024 in Europe, China, Russia, and the USA, highlighting the unique economic challenges and policy responses shaping each region. Global disruptions, including the COVID-19 pandemic, the Ukraine war, and energy crises, triggered widespread inflationary pressures, but their impacts varied significantly. Europe experienced one of the sharpest inflation spikes, peaking at 8.4% in 2022 due to its heavy reliance on imported energy and geopolitical instability. Russia faced extreme inflation volatility, reaching 13.8% in 2022, driven by sanctions, ruble depreciation, and high government spending. The USA also saw inflation surge to 8% in 2022 but managed a faster recovery, with rates declining to 2.4% in 2024, supported by aggressive monetary tightening. In contrast, China maintained low inflation, with rates peaking at just 1.97% in 2022, reflecting subdued domestic demand and state-controlled pricing.Key influencers of these trends include energy dependence, fiscal and monetary policy, labor market dynamics, and global supply chain disruptions. The findings emphasize the importance of tailored regional strategies, including energy diversification, resilient supply chains, and balanced fiscal policies, to achieve l ong-term economic stability. These insights offer critical lessons for managing future inflationary shocks across diverse economic systems.
This paper can be considered a complementary material to other personal studies regarding the ways in which companies can significantly improve their businesses by implementing either radical change processes or continuous improvement strategies. To cope with current changes and challenges, companies can apply strategies and processes based on reengineering principles. These reengineering processes are also known as redesign processes, which can be applied across many levels of change. These levels can range from radical changes applied to business processes to moderate and light changes applied to specific components of the business (at the product level, processes, materials used, information technologies, employee specialization, etc.). In this paper, I will present, based on the specialized literature and practical cases, the evolution of redesign processes, how they are currently understood and applied, as well as the main challenges generated by the current business environment.
Digitalization has transformed business negotiation, integrating technologies such as artificial intelligence, blockchain, and data analytics. These solutions increase efficiency and transparency, but also raise ethical issues, such as algorithmic opacity, the risk of information manipulation, and unequal access to technological resources. Key challenges include price discrimination, data security and the impact on SMEs, which may be disadvantaged by automated trading platforms. Blockchain offers solutions for transparency, and strict regulations are essential for the fairness of the trading process. Case studies on Amazon and Walmart highlight both the risks of dynamic pricing and the benefits of blockchain traceability. The future of digital commerce depends on clear and transparent standards, corporate regulation and oversight, ensuring a fair and sustainable framework.
Worker status occupies a central position in European Union law, functioning as the primary legal gateway through which individuals gain access to fun damental rights. This article examines how the concept of “worker” has been autonomously developed by the Court of Justice of the European Union in order to ensure the effectiveness of free movement and social protection within the internal market. Through an analysis of key jurisprudential milestones, the paper identifies the cumulative criteria defining worker status and explores the fundamental rights attached to this qualification, including equal treatment, fair working conditions, social security coordination, and collective rights. Particular attention is paid to the challenges posed by atypical and platform-based forms of employment, which increasingly test the traditional boundaries of labour law. The analysis also briefly considers the Romanian legal framework as an example of national implementation, highlighting the gap between formal alignment with EU law and practical enforcement of worker-related fundamental rights. The article argues that an expansive and functional interpretation of worker status remains essential for safeguarding fundamental rights and preserving the social dimension of the European Union.
Gender discrimination remains a persistent issue in Romania despite comprehensive legal frameworks and policy measures. This article provides an academic analysis of gender discrimination, outlining its conceptual definitions and prevalent forms - especially direct and indirect discrimination - and reviewing the legal framework at both European Union (EU) and national levels. It presents empirical evidence of gender inequalities in Romania using the Gender Equality Index and Eurostat data, highlighting significant gaps in employment and other indicators in comparison to EU averages. The article also examines institutional responses, including a comparative case analysis of Emel Boyraz vs. Turkey and SC Terapia SA vs. CNCD (Romania), to illustrate the enforcement of anti-discrimination laws in practice. The findings reveal that while Romania has aligned its legislation with EU standards, challenges remain in effective implementation. The conclusions offer policy implications, identify current gaps - such as cultural stereotypes and enforcement difficulties - and propose recommendations to advance gender equality.
Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) is an essential tool in the decision-making process regarding the financing of European projects. It allows a systematic assessment of the economic, social and environmental benefits, compared to the costs involved. This study explores the importance of the CBA method in the efficient allocation of resources, highlights applicable models, analyses the criteria used within European programs, with concrete examples from various fields. The paper focuses on the economic and social impact of applying the CBA method as well as the challenges and limitations of this approach.
Foreign banks' expansion into developing and underdeveloped nations has generated a lot of controversy and debate among policymakers, academics, and business professionals. The goal of the research is to come out the encouragement of away bank entrance in Ethiopian economy, identifying the positive impact, negative impact and regulatory framework of the national bank of Ethiopia. To accomplish the detached of the study examination of literature-based tactic was working; the influence of foreign bank entry on emerging nations' economies is examined in this essay, with an emphasis on how it will affect the banking industry, financial stability, economic growth, and credit availability. According to the research, foreign banks' presence may have both beneficial and detrimental effects on the economies of emerging nations. On the plus side, foreign banks can introduce fresh capital, knowledge, and technology, which can promote greater financial inclusion and spur competition. The stability of the domestic financial system can also be threatened by foreign banks, particularly if they engage in dangerous lending practices or take on excessive risk. In general, this study comes to the conclusion that foreign bank entry can have a substantial inspiration on Ethiopian economy and that policymakers must carefully weigh the potential advantages and hazards of foreign bank entry. Policymakers must in particular make sure that sufficient regulatory frameworks are in place to limit the risks connected with the entry of foreign banks while simultaneously fostering opposition and innovation in the banking industry.
In a volatile economic environment, risk management is a key factor for maintaining the stability and growth of companies. This article analyses successful strategies applied in four key sectors of the Romanian economy: banking, IT, manufacturing and retail. The case studies highlight innovative measures, such as digitalizing financial services to prevent fraud (Banca Transilvania), diversifying markets to reduce economic dependence (UiPath), automating processes for efficiency and sustainability (Dacia), and optimizing logistics to adapt to market changes (eMAG). These examples demonstrate that proactively adapting to risks allows companies to transform challenges into opportunities for sustainable development.
Human resources represent the main revenue-generating asset for achieving goals and fulfilling the mission of any organization, regardless of its size or field of activity. In an increasingly dynamic competitive environment, employers seek to find the most suitable employees who can contribute to the company's growth and help differentiate it from its competitors. At the same time, employers are concerned with finding the best methods to retain employees and motivate them in their continuous professional and personal development. The question arises: "How can we retain and motivate high-performing employees who are talented and possess skills and competencies for their jobs that exceed the company average?" In this paper, I will present several mechanisms and tools used by companies to motivate young, high-performing talents, and how much effort companies invest in appreciating and retaining them long-term. The purpose of this research was to identify these mechanisms or policies, understand how they are applied, and how they contribute to the professional development of employees - as well as how these employees, in turn, contribute to the company’s development and reputation.
Digital transformation is reshaping organizational structures and comparative management across global economies. Companies integrate artificial intelligence, automation, and data analytics to enhance efficiency and decision-making. Developed nations lead digitalization through rapid innovation and investment, while emerging economies face challenges in infrastructure and skills gaps. Comparative management is crucial in understanding how organizations adapt strategies to technological advancements. Case studies on Amazon and Alibaba highlight different approaches—automation versus digital ecosystem integration. Additionally, national digitalization policies shape market competitiveness. While digital transformation boosts efficiency, it also raises concerns regarding cybersecurity, workforce reskilling, and regulatory compliance. The study underscores the need for adaptive leadership, digital literacy, and policy alignment for sustainable technological integration in global business environments.
