Artificial intelligence is becoming an increasingly influential component of prosthodontics, reshaping digital workflows into intelligent clinical systems that may enhance diagnostic precision, treatment planning, and restorative outcomes. This narrative review aims to examine the role of artificial intelligence in prosthodontic clinical decision-making, with particular emphasis on treatment planning, restoration design, manufacturing processes, risk assessment within the clinical workflow, and the prediction of potential complications. Contemporary artificial intelligence approaches, including deep learning, generative modeling, and multimodal data integration, enable the simultaneous interpretation of heterogeneous clinical information derived from radiographic imaging, intraoral scans, facial scans, and occlusal records. Within this framework, artificial intelligence has demonstrated substantial potential in prosthetically driven implant planning, automated prosthesis design, and the generation of patient-specific restorations tailored to individual anatomical and occlusal characteristics. These capabilities may enhance marginal adaptation, occlusal harmony, esthetic outcomes, and manufacturing precision, while also promoting greater standardization and reproducibility across clinical workflows. In parallel, predictive artificial intelligence models have shown promising performance in identifying biological and mechanical risk profiles by integrating clinical, radiographic, and biomechanical variables, thereby supporting earlier intervention in prosthodontic care. Despite these advances, current artificial intelligence applications in prosthodontics remain constrained by limited training data, insufficient testing in real clinical environments, and uncertain performance across different patient groups. Overall, available evidence suggests that artificial intelligence may provide clinically relevant support in prosthodontics by assisting diagnostic interpretation, prosthetically driven treatment planning, restoration design, and complication risk assessment.
Background: Evidence regarding the effects of bruxism and periodontitis on root resorption is scarce and remains controversial in the literature. This case report aims to investigate the potential relationship between chronic periodontitis, severe bruxism, and aggressive external root resorption affecting multiple teeth in a patient with no systemic predisposition. Materials and Methods: Following clinical and conventional radiographic (panoramic and periapical) examinations, Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) was performed for a detailed analysis of the resorptive lesions. An affected tooth with an extraction indication was subjected to histopathological examination. To exclude potential systemic etiologies, a comprehensive laboratory workup was conducted, including differential blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, Hb%, alkaline phosphatase, T3, T4, TSH, serum potassium, and serum calcium levels. Results: Panoramic radiographs revealed cervical resorption in tooth #13 and a radiolucent area in the apical region of tooth #26. CBCT analysis confirmed localized external root resorption in the mesial root of tooth #26, accompanied by apical periodontitis involving all three roots. Histological findings confirmed the diagnosis of ERR, while the radiographic appearance of tooth #13 supported a suspicion of multiple external root resorption. Hematological and biochemical analyses showed no systemic pathology that could increase susceptibility to resorption.Conclusion: After excluding all other etiological factors, it was concluded that the severity and extent of the root resorption in this case may be associated with the combined effects of the patient's periodontitis and excessive occlusal forces related to severe bruxism.
Background: Maxillary impacted canines represent one of the most clinically significant eruption disturbances due to their association with severe complications such as root resorption and complex orthodontic treatment requirements. Accurate three-dimensional localization is therefore essential for diagnosis and treatment planning. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a deep learning-based automated decision support system using a nnU-Net architecture for the detection, segmentation and positional classification of impacted maxillary canines on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included 49 CBCT datasets obtained from the archive of the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology. All datasets were anonymized and converted from DICOM to NIfTI format. A total of 44 datasets were used for training and 5 for testing. Manual segmentation of impacted canines was performed using CranioCatch annotation software (CranioCatch, Eskişehir, Türkiye) to establish ground-truth annotations. The nnU-Net v2 architecture was used for model training and automatic segmentation. Model performance was evaluated using the Dice similarity coefficient, Jaccard index, Hausdorff distance, and confusion matrix-based metrics, including precision, recall, and F1 score. Results: The model demonstrated variable performance across different classes. The highest segmentation performance was observed in palatal impactions (Dice = 0.685, recall = 0.744), whereas horizontal and vestibular impactions showed poor segmentation (Dice = 0). Despite very high overall accuracy values (>0.999), high false negative rates were observed in underrepresented classes, indicating significant class imbalance. Conclusion: The nnU-Net model demonstrated promising performance in detecting and segmenting palatal impacted canines; however, its performance was limited in other classes due to dataset imbalance and anatomical variability. Future studies with larger and more balanced datasets are required to improve clinical applicability.
Background: The aim of the present study was to determine whether differences exist in the expression of the multidimensional components of DF A among school-aged children in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Subjects and Methods: This cross-sectional observational study included mentally and physically healthy participants of both sexes, aged 8-15 years, attending a scheduled dental appointment involving either invasive or non-invasive procedures. Prior to treatment, participants completed IDAF-4C core module and the IDAF-S stimulus module independently. Behavioral responses during treatment were assessed using the Frankl Behavior Rating Scale by an independent observer. Results: The findings were presented descriptively in tables. Differences were identified in the expression of the multidimensional components of DF A assessed with the IDAF-4C module. The behavioural component demonstrated the lowest level of expression, followed by the cognitive and physiological components, whereas the emotional component demonstrated the highest level of expression (Friedman test = 238.963; p < 0.0005). Differences were also observed according to the invasiveness of dental procedures, with all components demonstrating higher (more negative) scores during invasive dental treatments: emotional component (Mann-Whitney U = 21,894.000; p = 0.004), behavioural component (Mann-Whitney U = 21,211.500; p = 0.009), physiological component (Mann-Whitney U = 23,570.500; p < 0.0005), and cognitive component (Mann-Whitney U = 20,749.500; p = 0.048). Conclusion: There were no statistically significant differences in the expression of the multidimensional components of the DF A among school-aged children in BiH between the younger and older age groups of respondents. A statistically higher level of DF A components was observed in association with invasive treatments, indicating a link between the intensity of dental fear and the presence of specific stimuli.
Background: The structure of primary caries-affected dentin may influence adhesion and clinical outcomes of restorative materials. This study evaluated the microtensile bond strength (µTBS) of six bioactive restorative materials to sound (SD) and caries-affected (CAD) primary dentin. Materials and Methods: Occlusal cavities were prepared in 84 extracted primary molars which were randomly assigned into SD and CAD groups (n=42). Artificial CAD was created using a demineralizing solution. Each group was subdivided into six subgroups (n=7) restored with bioactive composite (Activa BioActive Restorative), self-cure composite (Stela), alkasite (Cention Forte), giomer (Beautifil Bulk), glass hybrid cement (Equia Forte HT), and nanohybrid composite (Tetric PowerFill). To simulate aging, samples underwent thermocycling for a total of 10,000 cycles. Stick-shaped specimens (~1 mm²) underwent µTBS testing at 0.5 mm/min. Failure pattern analysis was assessed under a stereomicroscope. Results: Significant differences among the materials were observed in both SD and CAD groups (one-way ANOVA, p < 0.001). Self-cure composite and alkasite did not show differences in µTBS when SD and CAD were compared. All materials showed predominantly adhesive mode of failure. Conclusion: µTBS of bioactive restorative materials to primary dentin is influenced both by the material type and dentin substrate.
Background: The relationship between the morphometric characteristics of the incisive papilla and dental arch width represents an important aspect in assessing anatomical and prosthetic relationships in the anterior maxilla. The aim of this study was to examine the correlation between maxillary dental arch width and morphometric characteristics of the incisive papilla (length, width, shape). Materials and Methods: A total of 180 subjects of both sexes, aged 20-40 years, with complete dentition and different skeletal classes were included in the study. Results: The results indicate that the transverse dimensions of the maxillary dental arch (13-23, 14-24, and 16-26) are significantly associated with the morphological parameters of the palate and the incisive papilla. The width of the incisive papilla emerged as the most significant predictor in all regression models, confirming its importance as a stable anatomical landmark in prosthetic rehabilitation of edentulous patients. The shape of the incisive papilla did not show a statistically significant influence on dental arch width, nor was there a significant interaction between sex and papilla shape. Conclusion: The width of the incisive papilla represents the most significant predictor of the transverse dimensions of the maxillary dental arch. This correlation has important implications in prosthodontics for understanding individual anatomical variations and improving clinical practice.
Background: The aim of this study was to compare the effect of continuous chelation using Dual Rinse hydroxyethylidene diphosphonate (HEDP) as a single irrigant with 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and 0.2% chitosan on the push-out bond strength of AH Plus and Bio-C root canal sealers to root dentin. Materials and Methods: One hundred twenty single-rooted mandibular premolars were standardized to 17 mm and randomly assigned to three irrigation groups and six sealer subgroups (EDTA-AH Plus/Bio-C; HEDP-AH Plus/Bio-C; chitosan-AH Plus/Bio-C). Root canals were prepared with a reciprocating NiTi system. Final irrigants were ultrasonically activated for 1 min. Obturation was performed with AH Plus or Bio-C using cold lateral compaction. After storage (37 °C, 100% humidity, 1 week), 1 ± 0.1 mm slices were obtained from apical, middle, and coronal thirds. Push-out testing was performed at 1 mm/min. Failure modes were examined under a stereomicroscope. Data were analyzed using parametric or nonparametric tests (p < 0.05). Results: AH Plus demonstrated significantly higher bond strength than Bio-C (p = 0.041). No significant difference was found among irrigation protocols when sealer type was disregarded (p = 0.086). Cohesive failure predominated (69.2%), and failure mode distribution differed significantly among groups (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Continuous chelation using Dual Rinse HEDP as a single irrigant demonstrated similar push-out bond strength compared with 17% EDTA and 0.2% chitosan. This approach may serve as an alternative to conventional multi-step protocols by potentially reducing clinical chair time and simplifying treatment steps.
Dens Invaginatus is a developmental dental malformation characterized by complex internal anatomy. According to the classification of Oehlers, Type III is the most severe form and is characterized by extension of the invagination structure along the root, with possible communication with the periodontal tissues. Its management is challenging due to the complex morphology and the increased likelihood of periapical pathology. The aim of this report is to present and analyze two clinical cases of Type III Dens Invaginatus in maxillary lateral incisors, associated with periapical lesions, including one tooth with an immature apex, which were managed with conservative endodontic treatment. Diagnosis and treatment planning were based on clinical and radiographic findings. In both cases, successful infection control and satisfactory healing, as well as the formation of an apical barrier in the tooth with the immature apex, were obsessed at follow-up at least after 6 months. A thorough understanding of the complex anatomy and appropriate selection of techniques and materials are critical factors for prognosis.
Background/Aim: Selecting appropriately sized maxillary anterior teeth is of great importance for achieving satisfactory outcomes in complete denture therapy. When pre-extraction records are unavailable, clinicians use recommended anatomical landmarks for this purpose. Predictive value of these parameters in previous studies was inconsistent. The aim of this study was to assess sex-specific associations between selected hard palate measurements and the mesiodistal width of maxillary anterior teeth (ATW) in an adult Bosnian-Herzegovinian population. Materials and Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study used 180 maxillary casts (114 women, 66 men). Recorded palatal dimensions included hamular distance, hard palate length, and distances from the incisive papilla to the right and left hamular notches. The mesiodistal width of the six maxillary anterior teeth was summed to obtain ATW. Sex differences were assessed using independent-samples and paired-samples t-tests. Associations between palatal measurements and ATW were evaluated using simple and multiple linear regression (α=0.05). Results: Men had higher mean values for almost all palatal and dental variables, with no significant difference observed for the left lateral incisor (p=0.155). ATW was significantly greater in men compared with women (t=3.96, p<0.001). Papilla-hamular notch distances (p=0.002) were significantly associated with ATW in men, while all palatal measurements showed significant simple correlations (p≤0.002) with ATW in women. In multiple regression, no palatal dimension remained independently predictive in men (R²=0.173, p=0.019), while hamular distance was the only significant predictor in women (β=0.219, p=0.020; R²=0.169, p<0.001). Conclusions: Hard palate measurements show sex-specific relationships with the width of maxillary anterior teeth. Although several dimensions have significant associations with ATW, their predictive value is modest. Therefore, these parameters may serve only as supportive guides when selecting artificial teeth.
Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are frequently associated with early microstructural alterations in the trabecular architecture of the mandibular condyle that may precede overt morphological changes. Fractal analysis (FA) has emerged as a quantitative imaging-based method for assessing complex trabecular bone patterns and has been increasingly applied in dental radiology for the evaluation of subchondral bone quality. The present systematic review aimed to critically appraise the current clinical evidence regarding the diagnostic value of FA in detecting condylar trabecular alterations in systemically healthy adult individuals with TMD. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and national databases up to September 15, 2025. Clinical studies evaluating fractal dimension (FD) values of the mandibular condyle in TMD patients and healthy controls were included. Nine clinical studies met the eligibility criteria. The majority of included studies reported significantly lower FD values in TMD or degenerative joint disease groups compared with healthy controls, indicating reduced trabecular complexity and potential early bone deterioration. However, substantial methodological heterogeneity was observed regarding imaging modality, voxel size, region of interest selection, and FA algorithms, which limited direct comparability of FD values across studies. Overall, FA appears to be a promising noninvasive adjunctive imaging tool for detecting early condylar microstructural changes in TMD; nevertheless, standardized imaging protocols and well-designed multicenter studies with larger sample sizes are required to confirm its diagnostic and prognostic utility.
Artificial saliva (AS) is an aqueous solution designed to mimic the properties of natural saliva and is widely used in various in vitro studies. This investigation aimed to identify the most frequently selected AS compositions across different research categories. A systematic search was conducted using Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus databases, focusing on articles published in the last decade with the keywords "artificial saliva" and "in vitro studies." A total of 569 articles were reviewed and categorized based on research objectives: (a) dental tissue behavior and biocompatibility, (b) micromechanical surface properties, (c) chemical changes in materials, (d) food-drug interactions, and (e) microbiological and biofilm studies. AS compositions were grouped and analyzed using the Bonferroni test for frequency comparison. Salt-based solutions were the most used (42%), followed by formulations containing both salt and urea (20.2%). Despite widespread use, many studies lacked detailed descriptions of AS composition or preparation methods, complicating reproducibility. Furthermore, standardized protocols for AS formulations are absent, and specific chemical compositions tailored to each research category remain underdefined. Future research is essential to establish optimal AS formulations for distinct experimental contexts and improve consistency across studies.
Introduction: Dental fusion is a rare developmental anomaly caused by the union of two adjacent tooth germs, resulting in an enlarged tooth structure. It can occur in both primary and permanent dentitions and may predispose affected teeth to esthetic problems, malocclusion, periodontal, and endodontic complications. Accurate diagnosis-is critical for selecting an appropriate, often conservative, treatment strategy. Case report: A 55-year-old male presented with pain and swelling in the anterior maxilla. Clinical and radiographic examinations revealed complete fusion of the right maxillary central incisor with a supernumerary tooth, associated with an acute apical abscess and a periapical radiolucency. The tooth was managed conservatively with nonsurgical endodontic treatment, followed by definitive coronal restoration to ensure an adequate seal and functional rehabilitation. Follow-up evaluations at 6 months, 18 months, and 3 years confirmed clinical success, evidenced by the resolution of symptoms and absence of swelling. Simultaneously, radiographic assessment via serial images demonstrated a progressive reduction of periapical radiolucency, consistent with ongoing periapical osseous healing. Conclusions: This report demonstrates that even complex and rare developmental anomalies such as complete fusion with a supernumerary tooth can be successfully managed using a nonsurgical endodontic approach when diagnosis and treatment planning are guided by careful radiographic evaluation. Long-term follow-up supported sustained clinical success and radiographic healing, underscoring the value of accurate morphologic assessment and treatment planning in achieving predictable outcomes.
Background: Chronic periodontitis is a biofilm-induced inflammatory disease leading to progressive destruction of periodontal supporting tissues. Mechanical debridement by scaling and root planing (SRP) remains the gold standard of therapy; however, complete elimination of pathogenic microorganisms from deep periodontal pockets is challenging. Adjunctive laser therapy has been proposed to enhance clinical outcomes. Objective: To compare the clinical effectiveness of two diode laser wavelengths (980 nm and 445 nm) as adjuncts to subgingival curettage/SRP in the treatment of periodontal pockets, and to evaluate their outcomes relative to SRP alone. Materials and Methods: Comparative analysis of two independent prospective studies with identical methodology were analyzed. The first study included 24 subjects (1,164 periodontal pockets) treated with SRP + 980 nm diode laser (SmilePro 980, Biolitec, Germany). The second study included a same number of subjects and a comparable number of periodontal pockets were treated (862 periodontal pockets) with SRP + 445 nm diode laser (SiroLaser Blue, Dentsply Sirona, Germany). Control groups received SRP alone. Clinical parameters included Plaque Index (PI), Gingival Index (GI), Bleeding on Probing (BOP), Probing Pocket Depth (PPD), and Clinical Attachment Level (CAL), assessed at baseline and 1 month post-therapy. Results: Both laser groups demonstrated statistically significant reductions in PI, GI, BOP, and PPD compared with baseline (p < 0.05). When compared to SRP alone, both adjunctive laser therapies showed significantly greater improvement in PPD reduction and CAL gain (p < 0.05). No statistically significant difference was observed between the 980 nm and 445 nm laser groups in overall clinical outcomes (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Both diode laser wavelengths (980 nm and 445 nm) significantly enhance short-term clinical outcomes when used adjunctively with SRP compared to SRP alone. No clear superiority of one wavelength over the other was demonstrated under the applied clinical conditions.
Dental cements play a crucial role in contemporary dentistry, as they are used in various clinical procedures, including the fixation of fixed prosthetic restorations, fabrication of temporary and permanent restorations, as well as in preventive and restorative therapy. The development of new materials has led to significant improvements in their physicochemical, mechanical, and biological properties, enabling broader and safer clinical application. Today, different types of dental cements are in use, such as zinc phosphate, polycarboxylate, glass ionomer, resin-modified, and resin cements, which differ in their indications and clinical performance. The aim of this review article is to present the contemporary classification of dental cements, their basic properties, mechanisms of adhesion to dental and prosthetic tissues, as well as their advantages and limitations in clinical practice. Special emphasis is placed on the criteria for selecting an appropriate cement depending on the clinical situation, which may contribute to the longevity of restorations and improvement of therapeutic outcomes.
Background: To evaluate clinical crown dimensions of maxillary central incisors, the width-to-height ratio (W/H), gingival contour classes, and lip line types in individuals older than 60 years and their associations with sex and age. Materials and Methods: Forty participants (22 women, 18 men; mean age 74.53 ± 9.13 years) were examined at a gerontology center. Crown height and width were measured using a calibrated dental caliper, while gingival contour and lip line were assessed clinically during spontaneous smiling. Data were analyzed with SPSS 31.0, applying Mann-Whitney U and chi-square tests (p < 0.05). Results: No significant sex-related differences were found in crown dimensions or W/H ratio. class 2 gingival contour and a low lip line predominated. Increasing age was associated with reduced crown height, higher W/H ratio, greater prevalence of class 2 contour, and decreased maxillary tooth exposure during smiling. Discussion: The findings indicate that aging-related morphological changes substantially influence anterior dental proportions and soft-tissue display, which should be considered during aesthetic and prosthetic treatment planning. Such an approach may improve treatment predictability, patient satisfaction, and long-term functional stability, particularly in populations with complex systemic conditions and cumulative dental wear, where standardized aesthetic norms are often inappropriate. Conclusion: Aging significantly modifies tooth morphology, gingival phenotype, and lip line position. Despite limitations related to sample size and single-center design, the results provide clinically relevant baseline data for geriatric dental rehabilitation and support an individualized approach integrating functional, aesthetic, and psychological considerations. Further multicenter studies are therefore strongly recommended.
Masticatory muscles dysfunction is the most frequent damage to them that is encountered in everyday prosthetics. The most frequent type of muscle dysfunction can also be accompanied by limitation of the mobility of the mandible, and difficulty in chewing. The causes of functional muscle disorders are emotional stress, increased muscle functional activity, various traumas, infectious pathologies, etc. Purpose of the Study: To determine the causes of abdominal muscle dysfunction as well as the methods of its treatment. Material and Method: The study includes about 227 subjects in the age group of 18-45 years, who completed a questionnaire prepared specifically for this topic, and where they provided data: regarding the use of chewing gum, teeth grinding and fatigue of the muscles of the upper extremities. The collected data were statistically analyzed to verify, if there is any correlation between the use of chewing gum and masticatory muscles pain. The treatment of muscle dysfunction and pain is done according to the causes, avoiding trauma, stress and excessive use of gum. In addition to these treatments, in special cases, drug treatment with inflammatory drugs and analgesics, as well as prosthetic treatment has been possible. Results: The study showed that 208 (91.7%) of the examinees used chewing gum. About, 45.8% of those examined used the gum up to 30 minutes, while 54.2% over 60 minutes. Of the examinees, 157 (69.2%) did not feel pain in the chew muscles, while 59 (26%) of the examinees felt pain in the masticatory muscles. According to gender, women predominate where they were around 75.5%, while men 24.5% with prevalence value P=0.046. The examinees had masticatory muscle pain on palpation, which phenomena was observed more in women 84.70%, compared to men, where it was observed in nearly 15.3% of them, with prevalence value P=0.020. From the study, it was observed that there is a significant association between gender and the use of gum, from which it was concluded that women are more regular and frequent users of gum, compared to men, respectively associated with more pronounced pain and dysfunction in muscles with prevalence values P=0.046. Conclusions: From our study, it was concluded that there is a statistically significant relationship between gender and masticatory muscles pain, where 84.7% of women present with pain and in prevalence values P=0.020.
Background/Aim: This article examines the purpose, significance and broader impact of orthodontic treatment, emphasizing its preventative and corrective roles in maintaining optimal oral health. It highlights how occlusion influences an individual's daily life, self-esteem and social interactions, illustrating that orthodontic therapy extends beyond functional improvement to encompass psychological and aesthetic benefits. The decision to undergo such orthodontic interventions is shown to depend largely on the severity and prognosis of malocclusion, patients' aesthetic expectations and their perception of the potential outcomes compared to the associated risks. The primary objective and key focus of the study is the cost-benefit relationship of various orthodontic interventions. Material and Methods: Through comparative analysis, the article evaluates the financial implications of different orthodontic approaches and treatment methods, examining how costs vary internationally based on healthcare systems and regulatory frameworks. It specifically contrasts the expenses and advantages of commonly used appliances, including fixed metal braces, fixed ceramic braces and removable clear aligners. Results: The findings reveal that while conventional metal braces remain the most affordable option, aesthetically superior alternatives, are increasingly preferred particularly among young female patients. This preference is attributed to the growing social emphasis on facial appearance and confidence, with numerous clinical studies indicating that patients, especially younger females, prioritize discreet and visually appealing treatment options, even at higher costs. This research underscores the psychological satisfaction and enhanced self-image associated with improved facial and dental aesthetics during and after the completion of orthodontic therapy which often outweigh the financial considerations. Conclusion: This article assesses that the overall benefits of orthodontic treatment, especially for young female patients, consistently surpass the financial investment required. The introduction of nearly invisible appliances has further strengthened this trend, providing an effective balance between functionality, comfort and aesthetics, thereby reinforcing the integral role of orthodontic interventions in promoting both oral health and psychological well-being.
Introduction: As salivary pH and electrolytes are indicators of cardiac health or sympathetic nervous system. This study aims to investigate the relationship between stress, coherence, and autonomic function by analyzing salivary pH and electrolytes as biomarkers of cardiac health and sympathetic nervous system activity. Materials and Methods: Heartrate Variability (HRV) recordings were taken for six minutes. Saliva samples were collected by the spit method. The specimens were meticulously transferred to the spectroscopy laboratory at a temperature of -20 °C in a dry ice container. Following 30 minutes of centrifugation at 7000 rpm, a transparent supernatant was obtained. Biochemical analysis of saliva samples was performed without further storage and freezing through Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy. Results: In the male participants with age group 18-29 years containing normal salivary pH, 69.1% had parasympathetic predominance. In the males with age group 18-29 years containing normal, acidic and alkaline salivary pH had low coherence in 67.3%, 88.9% and 66.7% of subjects respectively. Younger age group containing acidic salivary pH, 50% had sympathetic predominance. However, as age increased, the percentage of sympathetic predominance in acidic salivary group increased. i.e. in the 54-65 years age group, 100% had sympathetic predominance. The subjects who had sodium in their saliva were having sympathetic predominance i.e. in the age group of 42-53 years of females who had sodium in their saliva, 100% subjects were having sympathetic predominance. Conclusion: Our study strongly suggests a potential link between oral salivary indicators and autonomic nervous system regulation, which plays a crucial role in cardiovascular health. Oral salivary parameters could serve as potential predictors or indicators of autonomic sympathetic predominance, internal stress, cardiac coherence, and heart rate variability.
Objectives: Three-dimensional (3D) printed resin restorations require a washing process to remove residual surface resin. However, the effects of different washing methods and durations on the properties of these resins remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the impact of various post-washing methods and durations on the surface roughness and translucency of 3D-printed resin materials. Methods: 3D-printed resin specimens were washed using three methods: ultrasonic bath (U), rotary washer (RW), and manual brushing (MB) (n=12). The control group was rinsed for 10 seconds without further processing, leaving residual resin. All specimens were washed with isopropyl alcohol for 3, 6, 10, or 30 minutes and post-cured for 30 minutes. Surface roughness (SR) was measured using a mechanical profilometer (DR230, Dragon Electronics, Beijing, China), while translucency (TP) was assessed with a spectrophotometer (EasyshadeV, VITAZahnfabrik, Germany) using the CIEDE 2000 system. Statistical analysis was performed with IBM SPSS Statistics 25.0. Results: The washing method and duration had a statistically significant effect on SR and TP. Among all methods, U was the least abrasive across all time intervals. SR was significantly higher in the MB group compared to the RW group (p<0.05). Additionally, TP was highest in the 30-min U group and lowest in the 6-min MB group, with a statistically significant difference (p<0.05). Conclusion: Washing method and duration significantly affect the surface quality and translucency of 3D-printed resins. The ultrasonic bath resulted in the smoothest surface, while manual brushing increased roughness. Longer ultrasonic washing improved translucency, highlighting the need for optimized washing protocols.
