The identification of atmospheric nitrogen-fixing and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria emerges as a sustainable fertilization alternative to the use of agrochemicals that pollute the environment. The objective of this research was to molecularly analyze the diversity of nitrogen-fixing and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria in Neltuma pallida. Rhizospheric soil samples were collected from juvenile Neltuma pallida trees located in the practice field of the Forestry and Environmental Engineering program at the National University of Tumbes, in the locality of Garbanzal. Bacteria were isolated from the soil, morphologically characterized, and evaluated in nitrogen fixation assays by inoculating 5 µL of bacterial suspensions (1×10⁸ CFU/mL) in triplicate using ASHBY culture medium. Subsequently, isolates with the highest nitrogen fixation were selected for phosphate solubilization assays, which were inoculated into NBRIP medium supplemented with bromophenol blue (25 ppm), using the same bacterial concentration. Data analysis was performed using R Studio software. Finally, identification of the isolates was carried out by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene, and evolutionary relationships were established through a phylogenetic tree. In total, 50 bacterial strains were isolated, of which 41 had the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen. Among these, 10 stood out for their high fixation efficiency and, of these, five also showed the ability to solubilize phosphate. However, only two strains exhibited high efficiency in both functions. Phylogenetic relationships grouped the species into three clades (Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes). The species identified with dual capacity (nitrogen fixation and phosphate solubilization) were Bacillus megaterium, Erwinia spp., Bacillus flexus, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, and Pantoea spp., whereas those that only fixed nitrogen included Bacillus endophyticus, Olivibacter spp., Pantoea septica, and Lysinibacillus xylanilyticus.
Cleistocalyx operculatus (Roxb.) Merr. & Perry is a medicinal plant widely distributed in Vietnam and several Asian countries, traditionally used in herbal tea and folk medicine. Owing to the growing scientific interest in this species, this study combines bibliometric analysis and a comprehensive literature review to evaluate research trends, phytochemical constituents, biological activities, and potential applications of C. operculatus. Bibliometric analysis of scientific publications revealed a marked increase in research output during the last decade, with phytochemistry, antioxidant activity, antimicrobial effects, and bioactive compounds emerging as major research themes. Published studies have identified a wide range of phytochemicals, including flavonoids, chalcones, terpenoids, phenolic compounds, phloroglucinol derivatives, and essential oils. Among them, 2′,4′-dihydroxy-6′-methoxy-3′,5′-dimethylchalcone (DMC) has been recognized as a key bioactive compound responsible for several pharmacological effects. Extracts and isolated compounds from C. operculatus exhibit diverse biological activities, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anti-obesity, anticancer, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, and neuroprotective properties in both in vitro and in vivo studies. Furthermore, the plant shows promising applications in functional foods, edible coatings, green synthesis of nanoparticles, wastewater treatment, and biomedical materials. Despite these advances, further studies on standardization, toxicity, clinical validation, and large-scale cultivation are required to facilitate industrial and pharmaceutical applications. Overall, C. operculatus represents a valuable natural resource and an emerging research subject with considerable potential for future development in food, pharmaceutical, and biotechnological sectors.
Minthostachys mollis, commonly known as muña, is an aromatic medicinal plant widely distributed in the Andean region and traditionally used to treat various conditions. In recent years, scientific interest in this species has increased due to its chemical composition, biological activities, and potential applications in different sectors. The objective of this study was to systematically and bibliometrically analyze the scientific literature on Minthostachys mollis in order to synthesize the available evidence on its phytochemical composition, biological activities, and potential applications. To this end, a systematic search was conducted in the Scopus database from 2005 to 2026. The selection of studies was carried out following the guidelines of the PRISMA protocol. Likewise, a bibliometric analysis was performed to identify research trends. The results showed a progressive increase in the number of publications in recent years, with greater scientific output in countries in the Andean region, particularly Peru and Argentina. Phytochemical studies indicated that the essential oil of Minthostachys mollis is mainly composed of monoterpenes such as pulegone, menthone, and limonene. In addition, several studies reported relevant biological activities such as antimicrobial, antifungal, insecticidal, repellent, antioxidant, and pharmacological properties. These findings highlight the potential of this species as a source of bioactive compounds with applications in the pharmaceutical, agricultural, and food sectors. However, challenges remain related to variability in chemical composition, standardization of extracts, and evaluation of safety and efficacy under real-world conditions of use. In this context, future research should focus on phytochemical standardization, the development of innovative formulations, and the validation of their applications through more advanced experimental studies.
Macrotermes nigeriensis is increasingly recognized as a nutrient-dense edible insect with significant potential for food and non-food applications. This review synthesizes current evidence on proximate composition, mineral and vitamin content, amino acid and fatty acid profiles, functional properties, and safety considerations of its powder. Existing studies consistently report high levels of protein, essential minerals (Fe, Zn), and vitamin C, together with low concentrations of antinutritional factors. When incorporated into various food matrices (including cakes, biscuits, and fermented cassava beverages) M. nigeriensis powder markedly enhances protein density, micronutrient content, and, in some cases, sensory acceptability. Protein isolates exhibit desirable emulsifying and foaming properties, supporting their potential use in food formulation. Beyond nutrition, the species also provides oils that may serve as unconventional feedstock for biodiesel production. Overall, M. nigeriensis represents a promising sustainable protein resource, but further multidisciplinary investigation is required to support its large-scale utilization. Future research should focus on: (i) long-term safety and toxicological evaluation, (ii) nutrient bioavailability and digestibility, (iii) detailed lipid profiling and its health implications, (iv) standardization of processing and preservation methods, and (v) consumer acceptance and market feasibility beyond endemic regions.
The objective of this review is to synthesize current scientific knowledge on the physiological processes that govern porcine reproduction and their interactions with key metabolic and hormonal factors. It addresses gametogenesis (oogenesis and spermatogenesis), the estrous cycle, folliculogenesis, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, as well as critical fertilization events such as sperm capacitation, the acrosomal reaction, and fertilization itself. Embryogenesis and gestation are also examined, with emphasis on underlying biochemical and hormonal mechanisms. Special attention is given to metabolic analytes—glucose, triglycerides, and cholesterol—and their influence on the synthesis and regulation of reproductive hormones including estradiol (E2), progesterone (P4), and testosterone. The review focuses on physiological and biochemical aspects specific to domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus), offering a targeted analysis relevant to both livestock production and biomedical research. The integration of metabolic and endocrine perspectives enhances our understanding of how nutrient availability, energy balance, and environmental stress affect reproductive efficiency. Key findings highlight the central role of the HPG axis in coordinating gonadotropin release and steroidogenesis, the impact of metabolic homeostasis on gamete quality and embryo viability, and the importance of hormonal feedback in regulating the reproductive cycle. Practical applications such as estrus synchronization and artificial insemination are discussed in light of these physiological insights. In conclusion, porcine reproductive physiology is shaped by a complex interplay of hormonal and metabolic factors that determine fertility and gestational success. Despite recent advances, further research is needed to better understand metabolic–hormonal crosstalk, particularly during gestation, and to enhance outcomes in both agricultural and biomedical contexts.
Parasitic nematodes in crops are a serious threat in worldwide agricultural production. The concerns regarding the environmental and toxicological risks associated with the usage of chemical substances encourage the pursuit of more environmentally friendly alternatives to control phytopathogenic nematodes. It's been considered viable to employ biological control agents, like bacteria, which besides having mechanisms that can control nematodes are also growth promoters for plants. This review's goal is to broaden the comprehension over bacterial agent mechanisms to suppress nematodes population and its phosphorus solubilization capability. Bacteria have antagonist interactions capable of producing metabolites, increasing the systemic resistance to plants and space competition. Chemical compounds produced by bacteria can mineralize organic phosphorus from the soil and supply it for plant adsorption. Rhizospheric bacteria have synergic action to improve growth and plant protection. This review's approach aims to contribute to the understanding of rhizobacterial potential, which dual action in vegetative growth and as nematophagus agents, makes them key tools for a sustainable management of phytopathogenic nematodes. This perspective opens the possibility to include these microorganisms and their metabolites in innovative plans for agricultural management, which can respond to productivity demand and climate change challenges.
Camu camu is an Amazonian fruit shrub from the Myrtaceae family, naturally growing in floodplains of the Amazon basin. Its significance lies in its fruit production, characterized by high vitamin C content and bioactive components. This study aimed to identify promising accessions within the camu camu germplasm collection in the Peruvian Amazon by evaluating multiple morphological traits and high phenotypic stability across different cropping seasons. A panel of 215 individuals from 43 accessions was evaluated over three growing seasons (2021/2022, 2022/2023, and 2023/2024) to identify stable accessions. Twenty-six quantitative descriptors were analyzed, including traits related to leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds, and fruit yield per plant. The Weighted Average of Absolute Scores Biplot (WAASB), based on the Best Linear Unbiased Predictions (BLUPs) of the genotype-environment interaction, was employed to assess the stability of accessions across three growing seasons. Factor analysis was also used to identify relationships among multiple variables. The genotype x environment interaction (GEI) effects were significant for all descriptors, except for ºBrix, while environmental effects were significant for most descriptors. A cumulative variance of 74% was explained by eight principal components. The BLUP analysis and WAASB index effectively identified stable camu camu accessions with high agromorphological values, emphasizing their contribution to the genetic variability of the collection. Furthermore, the MET evaluation facilitated the selection of accessions with multiple traits adapted to diverse environments. Results highlight the efficiency of BLUP and WAASB in assessing genotypic stability, resource optimization, and sustainability in breeding programs for this species.
Lipid and protein oxidation remain key challenges that limit the technological, sensory, and nutritional quality of meat products. This systematic review compiles evidence published from 2011 to 2025 on the antioxidant properties of edible mushrooms and their ability to reduce oxidative breakdown in meat matrices. Searches were performed in Scopus and Web of Science, yielding 821 records, of which 60 met the inclusion criteria in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Across studies, Pleurotus ostreatus, Agaricus bisporus, Flammulina velutipes, and Hericium erinaceus consistently showed significant reductions in lipid peroxidation (20% – 40% decreases in TBARS) and moderate reductions in protein carbonylation. These antioxidant effects were mechanistically linked to synergistic interactions among phenolic acids, ergothioneine, flavonoids, and β-glucans. Additional benefits included improvements in color stability, water-holding capacity, and fiber and amino acid profiles. However, substantial variability was present across different species, extraction methods, and inclusion levels. Evidence supporting the inhibition of protein oxidation remains limited, bioaccessibility data are scarce, and standardization of mushroom-based meat products is lacking. Overall, edible mushrooms show strong potential as multifunctional, clean-label antioxidant systems; nonetheless, more mechanistic, quantitative, and digestion-focused studies are needed for industrial-scale application. These findings indicate promising applications in clean-label meat reformulation, although industrial validation and standardized reporting of oxidative markers remain required.
Seed germination represents a metabolically active but transcriptionally limited transition that depends largely on post-transcriptional regulation. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key regulators of gene expression through mRNA slicing or translational inhibition, and may play an important role in controlling stored mRNAs during early germination. In this study, we combined bioinformatic analysis and experimental validation to identify conserved miRNAs involved in maize (Zea mays) germination. Mature miRNA sequences from Zea mays and Oryza sativa were retrieved fromPMRD and miRBase v22.1, identifying conserved candidates across cereals. From this set, ten miRNAs were selected based on sequence conservation and reported roles in seed biology. Target prediction using thermodynamic modelling (ViennaRNA; MFE <= -25 kcal/mol) revealed potential interactions between specific miRNAs and mRNAs encoding ribosomal proteins, suggesting regulation of the translational machinery. Expression analysis by Northern blot across germination stages (0, 6, 12, and 24 h) and vegetative tissues showed distinct patterns. miR528 and miR396a were highly expressed in seeds but absent in vegetative tissues, while miR408 decreased after imbibition. miR414 and miR415 displayed transient expression during germination. Notably, miR160a was strongly expressed during germination, suggesting a role beyond vegetative development. These results support a model in which miRNAs regulate stored mRNAs and translation during germination. This work provides candidate miRNAs for functional studies and potential targets for improving seed vigor and early seedling establishment in maize.
Climate change is a critical threat to food securityin high Andean regions, where potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)is a strategic crop. In the Peruvian Altiplano, projected increases in temperature and decreases in precipitation heighten the vulnerability ofrainfed farming systems. In this context, simulation models are essential to anticipate impacts and design adaptation strategies. This study evaluated the effects of climate change on the yield of three potato varieties (Imilla Blanca, Imilla Negra, and Andina) in Taraco and Juliaca, using the AquaCrop model calibrated and validated with experimental field data collected between 2018 and 2021. Trials were conducted under a randomized complete block design, with three sowing dates. Calibration employed phenological, biomass, and yield data, assessed through statistical indicators (r, RMSE, d, and EF), showing robust performance. With the validated model, yield projections were simulated up to 2050 under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios in both rainfed and irrigated conditions. Results indicated significant reductions in Taraco, especially under rainfed conditions and early sowing dates, while in Juliaca yield increases were projected under irrigation, albeit with high variability among models. The Andina variety exhibited greater resilience to water stress, whereas Imilla Negra was the most vulnerable under rainfed conditions. These findings emphasize that irrigation access, the selection of resilient varieties, and adjustments in sowing calendars are key strategies to mitigate impacts and strengthen food security in the Peruvian Altiplano.
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) production is a cornerstone of Ecuador's economy. This research evaluates the efficiency of 609 production units during 2019, addressing the need for statistical robustness in agricultural efficiency estimators. Using a national representative survey, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) was applied under Variable Returns Scale (VRS) and Constant Returns to Scale (CRS). To account for sampling noise, the Simar and Wilson (2007) bootstrap procedure (2,000 replications) was implemented to provide bias-corrected scores and 95% confidence intervals. The bootstrap-corrected analysis revealed a mean technical efficiency of 0.632 (95% CI: 0.596-0.668), suggesting a potential 36.8% input reduction without output loss. Significant provincial heterogeneity was observed: Manab & iacute; led in technical efficiency (0.743), while El Oro achieved the highest cost efficiency (0.435) due to superior allocative performance. Conversely, Loja showed high technical proficiency (0.645) but the lowest allocative efficiency (0.197). Findings underscore that "one-size-fits-all" policies are inadequate; instead, province-specific interventions, focusing on scale optimization and financial training, are required to enhance the sustainability of Ecuador's rice bioeconomy.
Philodendron 'Super Atom' is among Indonesia's most favoured ornamental foliage plants, yet traditional propagation methods pose challenges. Establishing an in vitro propagation protocol for this plantwas crucial to sustainably produce high-quality planting materials to meet consumer demand. All experiments were conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD) with four replicates. High axillary shoots with regeneration issues were used as explant sources, initiated on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 1 mg L-1 thidiazuron (TDZ) and 3 mg L-1 N6-benzylaminopurine(BAP). A total of 4.8 shoots per explant were regenerated on MS medium supplemented with 0.3mg L-1 BAP and 0.005 mg L-1 IAA. A slight enhancement in axillary shoot proliferation was noted on MS medium with 0.5 mg L-1 BAP, 0.5mg L-1 TDZ, and 0.025 mg L-1 alpha-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), yielding 6.7 shoots explant-1, and 0.2 mg L-1 BAP and 0.01 mg L-1 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), yielding 6.9 shoots explant-1. A significant improvementwas achieved on MS medium fortified with 0.2mg L-1 BAP and 0.005 mg L-1 indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), resulting in 13.6 shoots explant-1. Rooted shoots were readily observed in the proliferation medium. A 100% survival rate of plantlets was successfully acclimatized using a mixture of burned rice husks, hyacinth organic manure, and cocopeat (1:2:1, v/v/v), as well as burned rice husks and hyacinth organic manure (1:1, v/v). The findings ofthis study can serve as a model for developing and establishing new in vitro mass propagation protocols for other Philodendron species with appropriate modifications.
The intensification of agriculture generates environmental pollution and affects the biodiversity of ecosystems. The use of imidacloprid is impacting the main natural pollinators of soursop, papaya, and lime crops. There are no records of the quantification and residual levels of imidacloprid in flowers, which is important for pollinating insects. The objective of this study was to determine the residual levels of imidacloprid in soursop, papaya, and Persian lime flowers in commercial, productive, and backyard orchards in central Veracruz, Mexico. Sampling was carried out in the tropical agroecosystem of central Veracruz, in the municipalities of Cotaxtla, Tlalixcoyan, and Medellin de Bravo; soursop flowers were sampled from backyard orchards, as well as open flowers in papaya and Persian lime orchards. For the determination and quantification ofimidacloprid, the ELISA method was used with the imidacloprid detection kit. Concentrations in soursop flowers were 1.2 ng/ml, papaya 0.75 ng/ml, and Persian lime 0.65 ng/ml; high values of 0.85 ng/mlwere found in flowers collected from orchards under conventional management. Imidacloprid concentrations in Persian lime, papaya, and soursop flowers pose a potential risk to natural pollinators. Exposure to imidacloprid can lead to mortalityin the larvae and adults of species such as wild bees, which are importantforcrop production.
Citrus gummosis is a complex disease primarily associated with Phytophthora spp. in Mexico, particularly P. nicotianae (syn. P. parasitica) and P. citrophthora, which have historically been recognized as the main causal agents in the country's citrus-growing regions. However, several studies have reported additional fungal pathogens, such as Lasiodiplodia spp., involved in gummosis-like symptoms. The objective of this research was to identify phytopathogenic fungi associated with gummosis symptoms in orange orchards in Tuxpan, Veracruz. A total of 100 bark samples were collected from symptomatictrees across five representative zones of the municipality. Fungal isolation was performed on potato dextrose agar (PDA), yielding 25 isolates, from which five were selected based on morphological characteristics. Molecular identification was conducted through PCR amplification and concatenated sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and the translation elongation factor1-alpha (tef1) gene. The sequences were compared with reference data in the NCBI and Fusarium MLST databases. Phylogenetic analysis using Bayesian inference revealed that the isolates corresponded to Neocosmospora solani (2 isolates), Fusarium oxysporum (2 isolates), and an undescribed Fusarium species (1 isolate). The presence of N. solani and F. oxysporum as dominant species (99% sequence identity) suggests their potential role in the etiology of citrus gummosis. These findings expand the current understanding of citrus gummosis etiology in Mexico and underscore the importance of considering alternative fungal pathogens in diagnostic and management strategies.
Traditional methods for extracting bioactive compounds fromMucuna pruriens involve high solvent use, long extraction times, and low yields. As a result, finding more efficient extraction techniques remains an important research focus. In this context, ultrasound-assisted extraction has become a promising alternative for extracting flavonoids from M. pruriens. These compounds play a crucial role in various applications, including nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, medicine, and cosmetics. Therefore, this study aimed to optimize the extraction yield of flavonoid content from Mucuna pruriens seeds by employing a Box-Behnken Design, focusing on the effects of ultrasound power, pulse cycle, and extraction time as factors, and using an acidified ethanol-water solution (80:20 v/v plus 2% HCl 2N) as the extraction solvent. Under optimal conditions, the ultrasound-assisted extraction method yielded a higher flavonoid content (77.30 & micro;g/mL) than the magnetic stirring technique (60.92 & micro;g/mL). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis identified and quantified significant amounts of gallocatechin, epicatechin, and epigallocatechin. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy suggested the presence of additional compounds, including amino acids, proteins, glycerides, aliphatic compounds, and alkaloids. Antioxidant assessments indicated that the optimal ultrasound conditions enhanced antioxidant activityin the DPPH and FRAP assays (323.51 and 259.07 mmolTE/g, respectively) compared to the conventional extraction method (294.13 and 164.19 mmolTE/g, respectively). Toxicity evaluations were conducted by exposing C. elegans to varying concentrations of extracts from both methods for 24 h, with LC50 values calculated at 143.65 & micro;g/mL for the ultrasound extract under optimal conditions and 132.18 & micro;g/mL for the magnetic stirring method. These findings provide supportfor the functional applications ofMucuna pruriens flavonoids as natural antioxidants.
Spatial variability of soil properties is a key factor that influences productivity, nutrient management,and overall sustainability in tropical agricultural systems. This is especially true where differences in soil types make it difficult to apply site-specific management strategies. In this context, the study sets out to compare the performance of the same analytical workflow based on multispectral UAV imagery, multiple linear regression, and geostatistical interpolation, across two tropical farming systems that differ in their level of structural heterogeneity. One was a station-wide multicrop system, and the other was a rice system under varying planting densities, both located at the El Porvenir Agricultural Experimental Station in San Mart & iacute;n, Peru. The study included 60 soil samples from the multicrop component and 27 from the rice system. All samples were georeferenced and taken at 30 cm depth, then analyzed in the lab for pH, electrical conductivity, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium,soil organic carbon, and texture. The exact same workflow was applied to both systems: Spearman correlation, stepwise multiple linear regression, and ordinary kriging. Resultsshowed that the rice system gave better predictive accuracy for specific variables like nitrogen and phosphorus. On the other hand, the multicrop component proved more useful for mapping spatial patterns and defining management zones, thanks to its greater heterogeneity. In addition, indices based on NIR and red edge bands had stronger links with the main soil properties. Overall, the performance of the approach clearly depended on the structural heterogeneity of each system: more uniform environments favored point-based predictions, while more variable ones were better suited for operational zoning.
Accurate estimation of rice productivity at the sub-field level is still a major challenge in tropical agroecosystems, mainly because of the high spatial variability and the limits of traditional monitoring methods. This study looked at how well the soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI), pulled from multispectral images taken by UAVs, could separate productive and non-productive zones in rice fields under tropical lowland conditions in San Martin, Peru. We used a randomized complete block design across two locations with three rice varieties and captured multispectral images at key phenological stages using UAV platforms. Field yield came from georeferenced destructive sampling-we adjusted grain weight to standard moisture and expressed everything in t ha-1. Based on those actual measurements, we set threshold criteria to classify zones as either productive or nonproductive. SAVI values were then extracted and fed into supervised classification models: logistic regression, supportvector machine (SVM), knearest neighbors (KNN), random forest, and decision tree. The results showed that SAVI values between 0.50 and 0.70, typically lined up with productive zones, while 0.30 to 0.50 corresponded to non-productive areas. Logistic regression and SVM came out on top with overall accuracy around 88.9%, F1-scores above 92%, and pretty balanced sensitivity and specificity. These findings suggest that combining SAVI with supervised machine learning offers a solid, practical way to map rice productivity spatially. The approach looks promising forsupporting intra-field monitoring and helping make betteragronomic decisions in tropical rice systems.
Aiming for the valorization of agricultural biomass residues such as coffee husks and plastics wastes such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a method for transforming them into activated carbon by using ammonia chloride as activation agent is presented in this study. Firstly, mixtures of PET waste were processed through a pyrolytic process at different operational conditions through a factorial experimental design. The obtained material with the best characteristics of specific surface area (SSA) and mass yield was obtained at 600 degrees C and 2.5 hours of treatment. These parameters were then used for performing the activation of coffee husks residues and mixtures of them with PET (in mass rates of1:1 and 1:2 of PET and biomass, respectively) All the obtained materials were then characterized through a Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and a Differential Scanning Calorimetry-Thermogravimetric Analysis (DSC-TGA) technique, and other physicochemical properties (particle size, bulk density, humidity content and ash content) were also measured, all properties were then compared with characteristics of commercial activated carbon. The activated carbon obtained from coffee husks residues showed a low specific surface area (SSA) and a higher pyrolysis yield. The mixtures of biomass and PET showed lower SSA and higher pyrolysis yield than the ones obtained from PET. The mixture of 1:1 is the best on SSA and yield. The textural analysis was performed (BET, BJH, XRF, XRD and SEM-EDS) on the samples of pure pet and mixture 1:1. This shows that the method allows the utilization of coffee and PET residues to produce activated carbon in a more sustainable way respect to other methods of activation (the proposed method uses low mass relations 10% and no postprocessing). This material was then tested for CO2 removal determining the adsorption isotherm model and the kinetic parameters of sample 1:1 and activated carbon from PET.
