Bitkisel üretimde toprak ve su kaynaklarının rasyonel kullanımı açısından, su kaynaklarının doğru planlanması, etkin yönetimi ve düzenli olarak izleme-değerlendirme çalışmalarının yürütülmesi büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışma, Erzincan Ovası’nda sulamaya açılmış Altınbaşak-Altınada sulama şebekesi sahasında, 2021–2025 yılları arasındaki su kullanım etkinliği parametrelerini belirlemek, mevcut sorunları ortaya koymak ve çözüm önerileri geliştirmek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada değerlendirme parametreleri olarak; aylık ve yıllık bazda şebekeye iletilen su miktarı, sulama oranı, birim alan başına ve sulanan alan birimi başına kullanılan sulama suyu miktarı ile sulama randımanları gibi çeşitli performans göstergeleri kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre, sulama oranının %78,54 ile %84,83 arasında değiştiği ve ülke ortalaması olan %69’un üzerinde olduğu belirlenmiştir. Buna karşılık, yıllık sulama randımanı değerlerinin %38,51 ile %40,41 arasında değiştiği ve ülke ortalaması olan %48,4’ün altında kaldığı tespit edilmiştir. Araştırma yıllarında yıllık brüt su sağlanma oranlarının 1,13 ile 1,32 arasında değiştiği ve tüm yıllarda 1’den (%100) büyük olduğu görülmüştür. Sulama şebekesinde birim alana (ha) iletilen su miktarının 5769,44 m³/ha ile 7538,89 m³/ha arasında değiştiği belirlenmiştir. Sulanan birim alana sağlanan sulama suyu miktarının ise 7093,58 m³/ha ile 9597,91 m³/ha arasında değiştiği saptanmıştır.
A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of different doses of phosphorus and potassium on the growth, yield, and postharvest quality of broccoli at Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal from October 2023 to February 2024. The experiment was laid out in a two-factorial RCBD, including twelve treatments replicated thrice. The first factor consisted of different doses of phosphorus (i.e. 60, 80, 100 kg/ha, and 120 kg/ha) and the second factor contained three doses of potassium (i.e. 50, 70, and 90 kg/ha). Significantly taller plant (78.66 cm) was obtained with phosphorus @ 120 kg/ha. Likewise, higher economic yield of 10.04 mt/ha was obtained with phosphorus @ 120 kg/ha which was statistically similar with phosphorus @ 100 kg/ha. Significantly lower physiological loss in weight of 6.66% was observed at two days after harvest with phosphorus @ 60 kg/ha. Significantly higher vitamin C content (83.39 mg/100g) was obtained with phosphorus @ 120 kg/ha which was statistically similar with phosphorus @ 100 kg/ha. The higher head yield of 10.20 mt/ha was produced with potassium at 90 kg/ha. Higher vitamin C content of 84.64 mg/100 g, TSS of 9.23 ⁰ Brix was obtained with potassium @ 90 kg/ha. Significantly lower physiological loss in weight of 11.83% was observed at three days after harvest with potassium @ 50 kg/ha. Thus, it is suggested that the production of Calabrese broccoli can be improved by application of phosphorus @ 100 kg/ha and potassium @ 90 kg/ha at Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal.
This study evaluated long-term irrigation water use and agricultural water productivity in the Kuruçay Pond Irrigation Scheme, a municipality-operated open-canal scheme located in Tavşanlı, Kütahya, Türkiye. Official institutional records for the 2012–2025 period were used to analyse irrigated crop pattern, irrigation water diverted from the source into the irrigation network, crop-based irrigation water productivity, and water economic productivity. Non-parametric trend and correlation analyses were also applied to support the interpretation of temporal changes and relationships among selected indicators. The results showed that active irrigation use remained very limited compared with the 325 ha net command area. The actually irrigated area ranged from 4.5 to 26.8 ha, corresponding to irrigation ratios of approximately 1.4%–8.2%. In contrast, source-level water delivery intensity over the actually irrigated area was relatively high in several years. Crop-based physical water productivity varied considerably among crops. Tomato showed the highest values, followed by sugar beet and potato, whereas alfalfa produced lower physical water productivity despite its important share in irrigation water use. Scheme-level water economic productivity ranged from 0.30 to 1.45 US$ m⁻³. Trend analysis did not indicate a statistically significant monotonic change in selected scheme-level indicators, while correlation results showed that water economic productivity was closely associated with water delivery intensity and crop-pattern composition. The findings indicate that agricultural water productivity in small municipality-operated open-canal schemes is shaped by active irrigation use, crop selection, plot structure, canal operation, and institutional management conditions. Short-term improvements should focus on canal maintenance, flow measurement, crop-pattern guidance, and technical support, while long-term modernization should consider land consolidation followed by a closed piped irrigation network.
In this study, it is investigated the effects of 8 different cottonseed oil refining stages (decanter input, decanter output, after neutralization, after the first washing, after the second washing, dryer output, bleaching output, deodorization output) on quality and fatty acid composition. Color value, refractive index, free fatty acidity, soap amount, peroxide value, conjugated diene-triene amount, α-tocopherol amount and fatty acid composition of cottonseed oils obtained from the refining stages were determined. A continuous decrease in color values was observed. The value of refractive index, free fatty acids , peroxide value varied between 1.4625-1.4645 (Nd-40⁰C), 0.03-2.28% and, 0-7.8 meq O2/kg, respectively; the amounts of soap, conjugated diene, conjugated triene, α-tocopherol were between 0-871.63 ppm, 4.13-14.12, 1.68-6.42 and, 51.99-76.88 µg/g, respectively. Concerning fatty acid composition, the amount of oleic, linoleic, palmitic acid were determined between 17.0-17.4%, 53.9- 54.4% and, 23.68-23.76%, respectively. While the refining stages have a significant impact on the quality of cottonseed oil; they did not cause a significant change on the fatty acid composition.
Rhizoctonia solani is a soil-borne phytopathogenic fungus with a broad host range and worldwide distribution. It causes damping off of seedlings and mature plant root rot, resulting in huge yield losses in numerous crops, including broad leaf mustard. The wide host range of Rhizoctonia solani, high survival rate of its sclerotia under diverse environmental conditions and lack of fully resistant cultivars, necessitate a shift in research focus toward chemical control approaches. The present investigation was conducted in central laboratory of IAAS, Lamjung campus, Nepal to test the efficacy of fungicides against Rhizoctonia solani pathogen. Three fungicides, namely Carbendazim, Mancozeb and Chlorothalonil at three concentrations 100, 150 and 200 ppm were tested in vitro using “Poisoned Food Technique”. The experiment was carried out in Completely Randomized Design with ten treatments and five replications where unamended potato dextrose agar media served as the negative control. A progressive increase in the percentage inhibition of radial growth in the fungus was noted as the concentration of the fungicides increased. Among the tested fungicides, Carbendazim at all concentrations and Mancozeb at 200 ppm were found to be most effective showing 100% growth inhibition whereas, Chlorothalonil at 100 ppm was found to be least effective exhibiting 56.23% growth inhibition over control on the last day of measurement. The results showed a highly significant difference at 5% significance level among the fungicides in their ability to inhibit the growth of Rhizoctonia solani. Future line of research should therefore focus on translating these findings into effective field-level management strategies. Integrating these fungicides with other management strategies including resistant cultivars, crop rotation and cultural methods should be explored to develop a more sustainable and holistic disease management approach.
