Background: Anosmia accompanies hypogonadism cases, which develop as a result of the deficiency of hormones such as follicule-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), GnRH. Although the relationship of female sex hormone change with sinonasal functions has been widely discussed in the literature, the number of studies examining males is limited. Methods: The study group was composed of 30 patients who presented to the infertility unit and were randomized with their consent. The control group consists of 22 patients having 20 million sperms per 1 mL in spermiogram without any sinonasal disease and previous surgical history. Testosterone, FSH, LH, and prolactin levels were measured for all the patients. SNOT-22 questionnaire was administered to assess the sinonasal functions, and Connecticut (CCCRC) smell test was conducted to assess the MCT and sinonasal function for all the patients. Results: In the present study, 52 (30 patients in the azoospermia group and 22 patients in the control group) male patients were involved. When compared to the control group, the azoospermia group had significantly lower scores in smell identification and a lower mean smell score (P=.006 and P=.021, respectively). Statistically significant and mid-level relationship was found between LH and smell identification score in the azoospermia group (r=0.458; P=.016). Conclusion: The sinonasal functions of the azoospermia group followed up with the diagnosis of infertility were negatively affected. Since there was a statistically significant relationship between LH and sinonasal function and the number of studies carried out on male sex hormones in literature is limited, more comprehensive studies are needed. Cite this article as: Yıldırım D, Eyigör H, Yıldız M, Selçuk ÖT, Arslan İ, Uysal A. Subtle olfactory impairment in azoospermia: investigating the association with male hormones. B-ENT. 2026;21(3):122-128.
Background: Obesity is a global public health issue that exacerbates chronic oxidative stress, potentially leading to organ damage and hearing impairment by increasing the production of free oxygen radicals. This study aims to examine hearing levels at extended high frequencies in adults with obesity compared to those without obesity and to explore the relationship between hearing thresholds and body mass index (BMI). Methods: This prospective case-control study included 43 adults with obesity and 43 non-obese, otherwise healthy volunteers. Participants were classified based on their BMI as either adults with obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) or non-obese (BMI <30 kg/m2). High-frequency audiometry (125 Hz-16 kHz) and speech tests, including speech reception threshold (SRT) and speech discrimination scores (SD%), were conducted. Individuals with BMIs greater than 30 had higher hearing thresholds at frequencies of 250 Hz, 500 Hz, and 1000 Hz than those with BMIs less than 30. Results: Adults with obesity had significantly higher hearing thresholds at the 16 kHz frequency compared to non-obese individuals. Additionally, the SRT was higher in both ears of adults with obesity than in non-obese participants. The SD% was significantly lower in the obesity group compared to the non-obese group. Conclusion: Obesity is associated with sensorineural hearing loss at both low and high frequencies. These findings suggest that obesity may contribute to early cochlear damage, and regular monitoring of hearing, particularly at extended high frequencies, should be considered in individuals with obesity to prevent further auditory decline. Cite this article as: Tahir E, Kent AE, Aytekin M. Obesity may lead to hidden, high- and low-frequency hearing loss. B-ENT. 2026;21(3):116-121.
Pneumoparotid disease is a rare cause of swelling and pain of the parotid gland. It is defined as the presence of air in the parotid gland, caused by an elevated intra-oral pressure which provokes the retrograde insufflation of air in Stensen’s duct and the glandular parenchyma. It should be properly recognized to avoid recurrent parotitis and complications like subcutaneous emphysema or even pneumomediastinum. Diagnosis is best made on computed tomography since ultrasound imaging can mislead the diagnosis toward sialolithiasis. Treatment is symptomatic and focused on Cite this article as: van Waterschoot J, Waer P, Grenier J. Self-induced pneumoparotid: case report. B-ENT. 2026;21(3):152-154. the etiology of the elevated intra-oral pressure.
Arnold-Chiari malformations (ACM) are known in a group with congenital spinal cord and hindbrain abnormalities. The prevalence in the pediatric population is estimated to be 1%, and the most common symptoms are headache, neck pain, visual disturbances, vertigo, and ataxia. The authors present 2 cases with ACM I and audio-vestibular symptoms in this case series. Case I was a 7-year-old male patient who had been suffering from positional vertigo and headache for approximately 5 years. Case II was a 21-year-old female who complained of positional vertigo lasting for seconds and was accompanied by headache, triggered by head movements. The initial vestibular symptoms of ACM I patients can be confused with subclinical benign paroxysmal positional vertigo or vestibular migraine of childhood. Clinicians should make sure that they rule out all possible central vestibular pathologies in these cases before planning vestibular rehabilitation. Cite this article as: Ertugrul G, Comert A. Can early vestibular symptoms cause Arnold-Chiari type I to be missed?. B-ENT. 2026;21(3):147-151.
Background: This study is conducted to examine the correlation of intraoperative extension of mucormycosis infection with radiological investigations done preoperatively and to determine which radiological investigation was more useful. Methods: The patients who were diagnosed with mucormycosis underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with gadolinium contrast and computed tomography (CT) scan with contrast of the brain with paranasal sinuses and orbit preoperatively. Nasal debridement was done and the extensions seen operatively were compared with the preoperative radiological investigation. Results: Maxillary sinus was the most common paranasal sinus involved intraoperatively and radiologically with positive correlation found to be similar with MRI and CT scan. Among extrasinus involvement, the MRI had much better correlation than CT scan. Also, MRI was useful in detection of complications like orbital cellulitis, cavernous sinus thrombosis, and internal carotid artery thrombosis. Conclusion: Based on this study, CT scan was much better correlated intra-operatively when related to bony structures like para-nasal sinuses and palatal involvement, whereas MRI had better correlation with orbital and brain involvement and pterygopalatine and infra-temporal fosa involvement. Also MRI was useful in detection of suspected complications like orbital cellulitis , cavernous sinus thrombosis and internal carotid artery thrombosis. Cite this article as: Modi N, P P, Tota S, Trivedi S. Correlation of intraoperative extension of mucormycosis infection with radiological investigation. B-ENT. 2026;21(3):106-110.
Background: Patients with neurological conditions often present with oropharyngeal dysphagia, which impacts their quality of life. Many of these patients require assistance from a caregiver for their complex health needs. The goal of this study was to evaluate patient-caregiver agreement in the perception of the physical, functional, and emotional burden of dysphagia in the patient. Methods: Fifty-two adult patients with oropharyngeal dysphagia of neurological etiology and respective caregivers responded to the European Portuguese version of the Dysphagia Handicap Index (EP-DHI) questionnaire independently. Caregivers were asked to respond based on what they thought would be the answer given by the patient. Results: The study found statistically significant differences in responses between patient and caregiver in the functional (14.7 ± 10.4 vs. 12.7 ± 9.2, P=.03) and emotional (12.0 ± 9.4 vs. 10.4 ± 8.9, P=.02) subscores of the EP-DHI. Although no statistically significant differences in total score and physical score between patient and caregiver were found, spouses as caregivers tended to undervalue the emotional subscale (9.4 ± 7.3 for patients and 7.7 ± 6.2 for caregivers, P=.01), and children underrated the functional subscale (16.9 ± 11.4 by patients and 13.2 ± 10.0 by caregivers, P=.02). Conclusion: Caregivers are a reliable proxy in evaluating the general and physical impacts of dysphagia on quality of life in patients with neurological conditions. However, they undervalue the functional and emotional burdens. Cite this article as: Casanova MJ, Carvalho IS, Freitas SV, Martins A, Magalhães A, Meireles L. Caregiver perception of quality of life in neurological patients with dysphagia. B-ENT. 2026;21(3):111-115.
Background: Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is a disorder characterized by episodic vertigo attacks lasting seconds triggered by head position. Vestibular neuritis (VN) is a disorder of peripheral origin with symptoms such as severe vertigo, nausea, and vomiting in the acute phase. Both BPPV and VN are among the most common causes of vertigo. In clinical practice, many individuals with peripheral vestibular disorders also suffer from psychological symptoms such as depression and anxiety. The aim of this study was to determine the levels of anxiety and depression in patients diagnosed with BPPV or VN in the acute stage. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 46 patients with BPPV and 26 with VN aged between 18 and 65 years who presented to the otorhinolaryngology outpatient clinic with complaints of dizziness. Data were collected within 48 hours of symptom onset. The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and the Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI) were used to collect data. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in the BAI, BDI, and DHI subscores (physical, emotional, and functional) and total scores between the BPPV and VN groups (P-values ranging from .324 to .915). However, DHI scores in both groups indicated moderate dizziness disability, while BDI scores were minimal in both groups. Although BAI scores were moderate in both groups, higher scores were observed in the VN group compared to the BPPV group. Conclusion: Psychological symptoms frequently accompany vestibular disorders, such as BPPV and VN. In conjunction with medical treatment, providing psychological support can enhance the overall management of vertigo in affected patients. Cite this article as: Öçal FCA, Karababa E, Akba! Gülek RN, Sunar A, Aydın E. Prevalence of anxiety and depression in patients diagnosed with vestibular neuritis or benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. B-ENT. 2025;21(1):24-30.
Background: Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common disorder negatively affecting the quality of life and has become an important health problem due to its association with many diseases, especially asthma. It is among the most common chronic diseases in adults and children. It is also one of the causes of Eustachian tube dysfunction (ETD). This study will be significant since tests for ETD are both invasive and take more time in outpatient clinic settings. The aim of the study was to evaluate ETD in patients with AR with an easy and prompt method in outpatient settings using the ETD Questionnaire-7 (ETDQ-7) and to reveal the connection between these 2 disorders. Methods: Adult patients aged 18-65 years who presented to the Otorhinolaryngology Department of Hospital with rhinitis-related symptoms were initially screened. From this cohort, 117 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of AR, who underwent both Toynbee maneuver and tympano metric assessment and exhibited findings consistent with ETD, were included in the study. Results: Eustachian tube dysfunction was detected in 55 (47.0%) of the 117 patients included in the study. Additionally, statistical analysis was performed in terms of age groups and gender. According to the results of the scale applied to the patients, the cut-off value was found to be 15.8 and Cronbach’s ! value was determined to be 0.813. This indicated a significant relationship between AR and ETD. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, the ETDQ-7 scale appears to be useful for evaluating ETD in patients with AR in outpatient clin ics. It is also considered an easy procedure to apply, since it is noninvasive. Cite this article as: Bulut O, Erdem D. Evaluation of Eustachian tube functions in adult allergic rhinitis patients using Eustachian tuben dysfunction questionnaire-7. B-ENT. 2025;21(1):19-23.
Venous malformations (VMs) are the most common low-flow vascular malformations in the head and neck region. They can occur anywhere in the head and neck region, and rarely even occur endolaryngeally. Magnetic resonance imaging is crucial in the diagnosis and evaluation of the extensiveness of VMs and remains the gold standard imaging modality. Thanks to next generation sequencing, TEK, and PIK3CA mutations were recently identified as somatic mutations in VMs and may provide an opportunity to identify selected targeted therapies in addition to already existing modalities such as surgery and sclerotherapy. The mainstay of therapy for localized VMs remains surgery. In this case report, the excision of a PIK3CA mutated laryngeal venous malformation by TransOral Robotic Surgery is described. Cite this article as: Eecke MV, Coppens DAG, Kenis C, et al. Excision of a PIK3CA mutated laryngeal venous malformation by TransOral robotic surgery (TORS). B-ENT. 2025;21(1):43-47.
Background: Surgical simulation models enhance both technical skills and confidence, offering an effective introduction for medical students and surgical residents in facial aesthetics and otolaryngology. This study presents a cost-effective, partially reusable 3D-printed nasal osteotomy tool, thus performing multiple osteotomies at minimal expense. The primary objective is to provide a practical platform for building competence in nasal osteotomy before operating on live patients. Methods: Thirty medical students with no prior nasal osteotomy experience were enrolled in this prospective observational study. They received theoretical instruction on nasal osteotomy, followed by hands-on training with a 3D-printed face model. Participants performed osteotomies, then completed pre-and post-training surveys assessing improvements in practical skills. Statistical analysis of these surveys was performed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results: Within the study's scope, a cohort of 30 medical students underwent assessment. The pretest involved 3 questions, while the posttest included 5 questions. Statistical analysis of the results revealed a statistically significant difference between the measurement scores obtained in the pretest and posttest. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the 3D-printed nasal osteotomy simulator serves as a valuable introductory platform for novices and an adaptable tool for advanced trainees. By offering a safe, cost-effective, and partially reusable model, this approach may help accelerate the learning curve, reduce procedure-related risks, and increase confidence in facial aesthetic surgery. These outcomes may also foster interest in otolaryngology among early trainees, addressing a gap in surgical education.
A rare case of a soft tissue myoepithelial tumor in the parapharyngeal space of a 30-year-old female is reported. The patient presented with a left parapharyngeal swelling identified after a history of tonsillectomy for recurrent tonsillitis. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a 3.5 cm cystic mass initially suspected to be a branchial cyst. Fine needle aspiration was inconclusive, necessitating surgical excision via transoral robotic surgery. The lesion was removed en bloc without complications. Histological examination confirmed a soft tissue myoepithelial tumor with cytologic atypia, low mitotic activity, and no necrosis. Immunohistochemical analysis showed positivity for SOX-10, S-100, CK8/18, and focal E-cadherin and epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) staining, with a low Ki-67 proliferation index. No EWSR1 rearrangement was detected. Postoperative positron emission tomography-computed tomography and thoracic imaging excluded metastatic disease. After multidisciplinary discussion, no adjuvant treatment was administered, and close imaging follow-up was initiated. Two years postoperatively, the patient remains disease-free without recurrence or metastasis. Parapharyngeal space tumors are rare, and myoepithelial tumors in this location pose diagnostic challenges due to their rarity and nonspecific presentation. Transoral robotic surgery proved an effective, minimally invasive treatment option,and regular follow-up is critical due to the uncertain malignant potential of such tumors. Cite this article as: Lenaerts A, Vorst SVD, Deheneffe S, Nollevaux MC, Delahaut G. Transoral robotic surgery for cystic myoepithelioma of the parapharyngeal space. B-ENT. 2025;21(1):52-55.
Background: Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a promising non-invasive functional imaging technique that is compatible with hearing devices. However, fNIRS is only recently adopted in auditory research, and considerable variability exists in the experimental designs and analysis techniques used. Hence, the current study aimed to set up and test an fNIRS protocol to localize cortical activation to audiovisual, visual, and auditory speech in normal-hearing adults. Methods: A group of 31 normal-hearing adults was included. A semi-random block design was applied, using speech samples of bi-syllabic Dutch words as stimuli, randomly alternating between auditory, visual, and audio-visual presentations. Besides, a silent control condition was included. Optodes were placed bilaterally on the auditory and visual cortices. Data were analyzed using MNE-Python. Cortical activation pat terns per condition were determined. Results: Results showed that cortical activity was localized in the left temporal cortex during auditory speech stimulation. However, this activation was not significantly different from baseline. During visual speech stimulation, significant activation was found in the occipital cortex. This region also showed significant activation during audiovisual speech stimulation, in addition to non-significant activity in the left temporal cortex. Conclusion: The current study provides evidence that fNIRS can be a useful neuroimaging technique in auditory research, especially for mea suring cortical activation patterns during auditory, visual, and audiovisual speech stimuli. Future work will compare the current results obtained in normal-hearing individuals to the activation patterns of cochlear implant users and hearing aid users. Cite this article as: Ceuleers D, Eqlimi E, Swinnen F, Hannah H, Dhooge I. Localization of cortical responses to audiovisual, visual, and auditory presented speech using fNIRS: An exploratory study in normal-hearing adults. B-ENT. 2025;21(1):31-38.
Primary laryngeal cryptococcosis is a rare condition presenting with non-specific symptoms such as dysphonia or sore throat. Historically, laryn geal cryptococcosis was limited to severely immunocompromised patients; however, there has been a growing trend towards the immunocom petent population, especially those using inhalation corticosteroids. Direct laryngoscopy with accurate biopsies and specific histopathological fungal stains play a crucial role in correctly diagnosing the disease and thus prompting appropriate antifungal treatment. Once diagnosis is confirmed, the infection is readily treatable with prolonged oral antifungal therapy. In this paper, the authors present a case of laryngeal crypto coccosis in a patient with chronic oral and inhalable corticosteroid use. Cite this article as: Van Eecke M, Vandenbulcke O, Meulemans J. Primary laryngeal cryptococcosis: a case report. B-ENT. 2025;21(1):48-51.
Endoscopic ear surgery is evolving as a treatment modality for temporal bone pathologies.We wish to discuss the advantages and difficulties of the use of the endoscope to assess and address ossicular chain pathology.
When a patient presented at our institution with pulsatile tinnitus, we discovered an underlying vagal paraganglioma and wanted to make a clear overview on what is known of the benign tumor. A PubMed search was conducted for relevant review and original research articles based on their clinical relevance and scientific strength. Vagal paragangliomas present as a painless cervical mass, but symptoms can also be caused by compression of adjacent vascular and neural structures. Twenty percent of patients have a positive familial history of paraganglioma, and almost 50% of cases can be explained by an underlying genetic mutation, with SDHD being the most common. Diagnosis with computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging, or 68Ga-DOTA-SSTRTs Positron emission tomography/CT has a 100% specificity. The treatment of choice is a conservative wait-and-scan policy. When tumor growth or tumor-related complications are seen, radiotherapy is an effective treatment to obtain tumor stabilization. Surgery is the treatment of choice in secreting vagal paragangliomas with cardiovascular symptoms, malignant vagal paragangliomas, or tumors with a significant intracranial extension and mass effect.
Background: The aim of this study is to examine the correlation between self-rated talkativeness and self-rated vocal loudness and to assess significant differences in individual patient-reported and objective voice characteristics for patients with low, normal, and high self-rated talkativeness. Methods: For this study, the voice clinic prospectively collected data from September 2019 to November 2021 from patients with mucosal and muscle tension disorders on one end and muscle deconditioning disorders on the other end, as these are voice pathologies in which self-rated talkativeness and self-rated vocal loudness are suspected to play a role. In this study, 221 patients were included. The dataset contained patient responses on self-rating scales of talkativeness and vocal loudness and both individual patient-reported and objective voice characteristics determined by the medical staff. The scores of the self-rating scales of talkativeness and vocal loudness were compared. Subsequently, the self-rated score of talkativeness was plotted against the individual patient-reported and objective voice characteristics. Patient demographics were used as an overlay to seek additional insight. Results: First, a significant positive correlation between the self-rating score of talkativeness and the self-rating score of vocal loudness was observed. Secondly, the only voice characteristic that was significantly higher with increasing self-rated talkativeness was the voice handicap index. No statistically significant difference was seen for all other parameters. Conclusion: Assessing talkativeness by a self-rating scale can help create a profile of patients in a voice clinic. The high degree of self-rated talkativeness correlates well with increased loudness of speech. The patient-reported perception of voice complaints measured by the voice handicap index is significantly higher in patients with high self-rated talkativeness. The other individual patient-reported and objective voice characteristics do not differ significantly for patients with normal to high self-reported talkativeness. Cite this article as: Verhoeven E, Everaert J, Rathé M, Coppens A, Delsupehe K. Correlation between talkativeness, vocal loudness, and the voice handicap index. B-ENT. 2024;20(4):213-219.
Background: Laryngeal cancer (LC) accounts for 30-40% of head and neck malignancies and is the most common malignancy in the field of otolaryngology. The 5-year survival rate of LC is 70-80% in the early stages of the disease and 50% in the advanced stages. In this respect, its mortality is lower than many other types of cancer, but second primary malignancies (SPM) are significant mortality and morbidity factors for LC patients. The aim of this study is to gauge the SPM rates of LC patients and the changes in these rates according to different parameters. Methods: Five hundred fifty-six LC patients were included in the study, and the records of the patients were analyzed retrospectively. The patients’ age and gender, details of smoking and alcohol consumption, localization of the tumor, tumour, node, metastasis stages, histological types, primary treatment options, SPM localizations, SPM’s histological types, treatment options for SPM, dates, and causes of death were all determined, and the SPM rate changes according to these parameters were calculated. The overall survival time, disease-free survival time, 1 and 5-year survival rates of SPM+ and SPM– patients, and survival rates according to SPM localization were also calculated. Results: The mean age was 59.38 Å} 10.18 (49.2-69.56), and SPM was detected in 49 patients (8.8%). The rate of SPM was significantly lower in glottic tumors (P = .001). Second primary malignancies rates were higher in T3-4 tumors, and there was a statistically significant difference with T3 tumors (P = .016). Significantly more SPM was detected in poorly differentiated tumors (P = .001). Second primary malignancies localization was pulmonary in 38 patients (77.55%). For patients with SPM, 1-year overall survival was 89.6%, and 5-year overall survival was 33.4%. For LC patients without SPM, 1-year overall survival was 89%, and 5-year overall survival was 67.8%. Conclusion: Our study showed that non-glottic LC carries a higher risk of SPM, which is consistent with the literature. In addition, we found that poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx carries a higher risk of SPM development. No previous study could be located in the literature which shows a correlation between the risk of developing SPM according to the histological type of LC. However, a definite relationship between the parameters and the development of SPM can be determined in the studies carried out, which means that the survival rate can be increased significantly as risky patients can be identified at the primary treatment stage. Cite this article as: Bozkurt Hatipoğlu E, Saylam G, Bayır ., Karahan S, Han ., Hakan Korkmaz M. Investigation of second primary lung malignancy rates in laryngeal cancer patients. B-ENT. 2024;20(4):220-225.
The scala tympani is the preferred position for cochlear implant electrode array insertion to ensure optimal outcomes. Here, we report the case of an adult with bilateral rapidly progressive profound SNHL and bilateral ossification of the scala tympani. Image-guided surgical planning was used to assist bilateral simultaneous cochlear implantation, gain direct access to the scala vestibuli, and determine the electrode array length. The short-term postoperative auditory performances are presented and highlight that meticulous planning and management by an experienced cochlear implant team enable optimal auditory performances even in anatomically difficult cases. Cite this article as: De Bie C, Clement C, Mertens G, et al. Simultaneous bilateral cochlear implantation in an adult with bilateral ossificationof the scala tympani: image-guided planning of scala vestibuli insertion and postoperative hearing outcomes. B-ENT. 2024;20(4):265-268.
Background: To assess the reading and listening comprehension skills of individuals with hearing loss (HL) in different background noise and listening settings. Methods: The study comprised 50 people aged 18 to 60, with 25 having HL and 25 having normal hearing (NH). This study compared reading and listening comprehension skills in 2 groups, analyzing reading comprehension in 3 conditions (silent, babble noise, and competing noise) and differences between 2 listening comprehension tests (dialog and monolog) within each group. Results: The significant difference in reading and listening comprehension skills resulted from lower scores in the HL group. Significant differences in reading comprehension were detected within the HL group across conditions, with the highest performance in quiet settings, followed by babble noise, and the lowest in competing noise. In all situations, NH patients had similar reading comprehension skills. Individuals with hearing loss performed better in dialog-based listening comprehension, while those with normal hearing perform consistently in monolog and dialog. Conclusion: These findings highlight the difficulties that people with HL encounter in both reading and listening abilities, underlining the importance of individualized training programs. Cite this article as: Tuz D, Degirmenci Uzun E, Aslan F, Müderris T. Assessing reading and listening comprehension skills of adults with hearing loss in different listening environments. B-ENT. 2024;20(4):232-238.
Background: To investigate the relationship of preoperative audiometric data with middle ear risk index (MERI) and its subcategories relate to ossicular head fixation (OHF) and stapes foot plate fixation (SFPF) for determining the outcome risks before tympanoplasty in chronic otitis media (COM). Methods: Preoperative air conduction thresholds (ACTs) and bone conduction thresholds (BCTs) in 185 COM patients who underwent surgery were compared to their risk index for tympanoplasty outcomes (MERI) and its components comprising OHF and SFPF. Preoperative BCTs were analyzed for their effect in predicting the presence of OHF and SFPF intraoperatively. Results: Preoperative ACTs and BCTs from 500 to 4000 Hz were all significantly correlated with MERI scores. Worse preoperative ACTs at 500, 1000, and 2000 Hz were significantly related to OHF.Worse preoperative BCTs at 1000 and 2000 Hz were significantly linked to OHF. From 500 to 4000 Hz, preoperative ACTs were significantly worse, while and BCTs were significantly worse, in ears with, compared to without, SFPF. Combined preoperative BCT cut-off values of ≥20 dB at 1000 Hz and ≥25 dB at 2000 Hz were better predictors than that of 500 Hz and 4000 Hz at 20 dB, and it had a 13.5-fold greater association with SFPF. Conclusion: Preoperative ACTs and BCTs at 500-4000 Hz are related to MERI and its risk factors OHF and SFPF. The best predictors of SFPF in COM were in the combination of the BCT ≥20 dB at 1000 Hz and ≥25 dB at 2000 Hz. Cite this article as: Verim A, Şeneldir L, İhvan ., Tepe Karaca ., Ertugay ... Relation of preoperative audiometric data with middle ear risks in chronic otitis media. B-ENT. 2024;20(4):245-251.
