A new synthesis process of IPP,a neonicotinoid insecticide,is studied in this article. The overall yield of the two step reaction is 82.9%(based on the aminate,an intermediate of IPP),and the content of IPP is 95.6% by screening of catalyst and solvent for fused ring reaction and etherification. The yield 88.1% of fused ring reaction is obtained with triethylamine,ethanol acted as a catalyst and a solvent respectively,which is increased by 20% than the yield of relative literature. Compared with the usual routine,the new synthesis process has the advantages of high yield,low cost,and easily available raw materials,and so on.
The experimental result showed that, there was very satisfactory spray comtrol efficacy against rice diseases and insects such as rice stem borer (Chilo suppressalis), rice leaf-roller (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis) rice planthopper, rice sheath blight (Thanatephorus cucumeris) using five kinds of formula containing abamectin·imidacloprid·triazophos (3 g, 20 g, 5g a.i./667 m 2) for 2 times on early rice and 3 times on late rice in the whole process of pilotless helicopter spray, the average control efficacy was 88.47% , 90.98% , 90.67% and 81.80%, respectively, the control efficacy was basically equivalent (+0.67%, -1.07%, +1.09%, +1.41% , respectively) to artificial spraying using electric paint sprayer. Therefore, it was practicable for comtrolling rice diseases and insects in growth period by using AF-811 small pilotless helicopter spray.
Synergistic effects of binary mixtures of imidacloprid,diafenthiuron or chlorfenapyr were determined by leaf-dipping method to delay the production and development of insecticide resistance for Myzus persicae. The optimal ratios for imidacloprid·diafenthiuron(1∶8.5)and imidacloprid·chlorfenapyr(1∶3.8)were screened with evident synergistic activity,and their co-toxicity coefficients(CTC)were 250.11 and 201.51,respectively. The field trials showed that the calibration control efficacy of imidacloprid·diafenthiuron and imidacloprid·chlorfenapyr against green peach aphid was 92.62% and 90.85%,respectively at the application rate of 14 g/667 m2 and 3 g/667 m2 on the 7 th day after spraying.
A new synthesis method of 2-chloro-2-chloromethyl-4-cyanobutyraldehyde,a precursor of 2-chloro-5-chloromethyl-pyridine,is studied in this article.It is synthesized from acrylaldehyde with chlorination and Michael addition reaction.The content of 2-chloro-2-chloromethyl-4-cyanobutyraldehyde is 95%,and the overall yield of the two step reactions is 58%(based on acrylaldehyde) .Compared with the usual routine,this method has the advantages of easily available raw materials,short steps,high yield,low cost and so on.
In this article,seed dressing was conducted to determine the control efficacy of 25% pymetrozine suspension concentrate(SC) ,60% imidacloprid flowable concentrate for seed coating(FSC) ,35% carbosulfan powder for dry seed treatment(DS) ,70% thiamethoxam water dispersible granule(WG) and 10% imidacloprid wettable powder(WP) .The results showed that,at the seventh day after transplanting,control effects of above pesticides against Sogatella furcifera(Horvath) were 92.13%,84.29%,80.62%,79.54% and 69.54%,respectively.Meanwhile,at dough stage,the control effects of above pesticides against southern rice black streaked dwarf virus disease were 96.15%,92.30%,89.77%,75.64% and 70.51%,respectively.
The formulation of 20% glyphosate oil concentrate was prepared by wet milling. The experiments were carried out to screen surfactants,thickening agents and other auxiliary. The optimium components of this formulation were:glyphosate 20%,emulsion A 15%,dispersant TERSPERSE2510 3%,thickening agent organic bentonite 0.5%,thickening agent aluminum magnesium silicate 1.5%,and dispersion medium for vegetable oil ND-OD-1. Field test results showed that efficacy of 20% glyphosate oil concentrate against weeds was better than that of 30% glyphosate SL at the equal application rate.
The change of rice pesticide market is analysed in this paper,then new opportunities for rice pesticide market are discussed from following ten aspects,such as rice seed-dressing agents,Chilo suppressalis,Sesamia inferens,rice sheath blight,the southern rice black-streaked dwarf disease,herbicide for system of rice lightification planting,rice molluscicide,rice systematic control,technique of water,labor and pesticides saving,control of herbicide phytotoxicity,biopesticide application in nuisanceless rice production.
A field experiment was conducted to determine the efficacy of fomesafen 20% EC against broadleaf weeds in the soybean field.The results showed that the control efficacy was 85.1%～94.4%% at 15 day after post emergence treatment with fomesafen 20% EC at the application rate of 150～360 g a.i./hm2 in the wheat field,and 85.6%～96.2%(based on weed plant fresh weight)control efficacy at 30 day after treatment.
In order to evaluate the acute toxicity of different mechanism insecticides to Apis mellifera, contact method and oral method were respectively used to measure the acute toxicity of four insecticides containing indoxacarb to Apis mellifera in the laboratory. The results showed that the oral toxicity to Apis mellifera was indoxacarb acetamiprid thiamethoxam emamectin benzoate. The oral toxicity of indoxacarb to Apis mellifera was moderately toxicity while acetamiprid as higher toxicity, thiamethoxam and emamectin benzoate were highly toxic; the contact toxicity to Apis mellifera was emamectin benzoateacetamipridindoxacarbthiamethoxam, the contact toxicity of emamectin benzoate, acetamiprid and indoxcacarb to Apis mellifera was higher toxic, thiamethoxam was highly toxic.
The correlation between resistance of Fusarium graminearum to tebuconazole and relative leakage was studied by comparing changes of relative leakage between the sensitive and resistant isolates at different concontrations of tebuconazole.The result showed that tebuconazole at 1 μg/mL and 0.045 1 μg/mL(EC50),the change values of relative leakage of susceptible isolate were obviously bigger than that of resistant isolates.However,with the tebuconazole concentration increased,relarive leakage of resistant isolates were increased.Under the treatment of tebuconazole with the concentration of 4 μg/mL or 16 μg/mL,the change values of relative leakage of resistant isolates were increased significantly.Therefore,a new method by which resistant and susceptible isolates could be identified quickly,was provided for detection of resistance of plant pathogenic fungi.
The complexation extraction treatment of profenofos wastewater using tributyl phosphate(TBP) as extractant and cyclohexane as diluent was studied,and back-extraction of phenol from loaded organic phase using sodium hydroxide solution was investigated.The experimental results indicated that the extraction rate of phenol by 5% TBP cyclohexane solution was over 95% when temperature was 30 ℃ and pH was 3 - 4.The stripping extraction rate of phenol was over 90% when the concentration of sodium hydroxide was 10%,the temperature of back-extraction of phenol was 50 ℃ and stripping ratio was 1∶1.COD was reduced to 4000 mg/L from 30081 mg/L,and the biodegradability was improved from 0.07 to 0.35.
Synthesis methods of tolfenpyrad were reviewed,the best synthesis route of tolfenpyrad was proposed. Its synthesis process and application were introduced in detail.
Toxicities of 11 insecticides from seven different classes to the 3rd-instar larvae of cotton armyworm Helicoverpa armigera(Hubner),collected from Tai'an of Shandong province were measured using leaf dipping method in the laboratory. The results showed that there existed some differences among toxicities of 11 insecticides to test insect. Emamectin benzoate,chlorantraniliprole and flubendiamide had the highest toxicity with LC50 of 0.06~4.94 mg/L,and spinosad,indoxacarb,chlorpyrifos and chlorfenapyr had a moderate LC50 value of 10.00~61.21 mg/L,and methomyl,methoxyfenozide and tebufenozide had low toxicity,and alpha-cypermethrin had the lowest toxicity with LC50 of 506.22 mg/L. Therefore,it was suggested that the conventional insecticides should be replaced with new insecticides which had novel mechanism of action and high efficacy in integrated control of Helicoverpa armigera(Hubner),and meanwhile the new insecticides should be applied reasonably in order to inhibit the development of Helicoverpa armigera(Hubner)resistance to insecticides.
Progress and prospect of chloroacetic acid manufacturing technology were reviewed in the paper.The characteristics of the technologies for industrial production of chloroacetic acid was analyzed.The development and trends of chloroacetic acid both in home and abroad were also explored.
A method for determinating acetochlor in paprika products was developed.The acetochlor in paprika products was extracted with acetonitrile,purified with GPC.Under the optimized chromatograph conditions,the acetochlor in paprika products was separated by medium polarity column DB-1701,and determined by a electron capture detector(ECD).The result showed that acetochlor standard curve was Y=26 394x+282.78,and the correlation coefficient was 0.990 7.The average recovery ranged from 78.5%～97.6%.The minimum detection limit was 0.000 5 mg/kg in the paprika products.
This article introduced the management of pesticide safety in Japan,including regulations,management institutions,registration and after registration management.It was intended to be a reference for China's pesticide management.
Protoporphyrinogen oxidase is the enzyme in the last step of common tetrapyrrole biosynthesis pathway.The enzyme is the target of many classes of herbicides including diphenyl ethers,cyclic imides,oxadiazole etc.In the presence of protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicides,cell leakage,interruption of photosynthesis,and finally death of weed plants are caused by light-induced peroxidation.This paper summarized the development,properties and some protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicides.
As one of the important pests in tobacco field,Myzus persicae(Sulzer)not only directly harms tobacco leaves,debases the quality of tobacco leaves,but also spreads virus diseases.Currently,chemical control is the main method on controlling the spread of aphids and virus diseases of tobacco,but with the widespread use of pesticides,the insecticide resistance of Myzus persicae(Sulzer)has become a severe challenge in current tobacco aphid control.The research of insecticide resistance of Myzus persicae(Sulzer)is significant to tobacco production.Current situation and integrated management of the insecticide resistance of Myzus persicae(Sulzer)were reviewed in this paper.
A field experiment was conducted to determine the efficacy of tribenuron-methyl·clodinafop-propargyl 15% WP against grasses in the wheat field. The results showed that the control efficacy was 80.0%～90.5% at 20 day after post emergence treatment with tribenuron-methyl·clodinafop-propargyl 15% WP at the application rate of 45～135 g a.i./hm2 in the wheat field,78.8%～89.5%control efficacy at 110 day,and 81.5%～91.5%(based on weed plant fresh weight) control efficacy at 110 day after treatment.
A HPLC method was developed for the quantitative determination of 50% Bromoxynil octanoate·MCPA-isooctyl EC with the C18 column,acetonitrile+water=85+15(v/v) as mobile phase,at flowing rate 1.0 ml/min and detection wavelength 230 nm。The average recoveries of this method were 99.99%,100.03%,the coefficients of variation were 0.12%,0.04%,the standard deviations were 0.03,0.01,and the linear correlations were 0.999 8,0.999 9 respectively.
