This study examined the effects of Early Childhood Education (ECE) on the academic achievement of students in Technical Education, with a specific focus on Lagos, State Technical College, Odomola, Epe. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. The population comprised 300 students across the three training levels at the technical college, from which a purposive sample of 118 students was selected. Data were collected using the 'Early Child Education Academic Achievement Questionnaire (ECEAAQ)' and analyzed using descriptive statistics, such as mean and standard deviation. Findings revealed that Early Childhood Education has a moderate influence on the academic achievement of technical college students, particularly in areas related to learning readiness, problem-solving, psychomotor skills, classroom behaviour, and the ability to cope with complex technical concepts. Results further showed a moderate but noticeable difference in language proficiency between students who attended Early Childhood Education programmes and those who did not. In addition, moderate cognitive differences were observed in favour of students with ECE exposure. The study concludes that although the influence of Early Childhood Education on later academic performance in technical colleges is moderate rather than strong, it is educationally significant. The study recommends that government commitment be sustained to expanding access to quality Early Childhood Education, targeted teacher professional development, and increased parental and community awareness of the long-term benefits of Early Childhood Education for successes in academic and technical education.
The world today is a global village, facilitated more by the evolution of Information and Communication Technology (ICT). Since it is believed that Education is an instrument par excellence in engendering growth and development of any nation, studying other people's (nations) educational systems is imperative and underscores the significance of comparative and international education, as this affords nations to know what is available elsewhere and good for partnership or worth emulating, particularly in the field of Education. This paper gives a comparative overview of Primary Education in Nigeria and Australia, highlighting the similarities and differences in their curriculum. It also examines the objectives, philosophy, funding and administration of Primary Education in the two countries. Using the historical method of analysis, the paper concludes by stressing that the two countries have distinct strengths and challenges and emphasizes the need for them to learn from each other to better develop primary education in both countries; recommendations were proffered towards this end.
The study explores linguistic decolonization in the 21st century in Africa which encompasses a transformative process aimed at reclaiming and revitalizing indigenous languages and redefining linguistic identity in post-colonial contexts. The growing recognition of the importance of linguistic diversity and the role of language in cultural identity serves as a foundation for this decolonization effort. In contemporary Africa, there is a resurgence of interest in indigenous languages as mediums of instruction, national unity, and cultural representation. This shift challenges the dominance of colonial languages that have been used in education, government, and media. Linguistic decolonization is not merely about language revival; it is about redefining power dynamics, ensuring equitable access to education, and fostering cultural pride among younger generations. The theory of linguistic decolonization posits that languages are not just tools for communication but are deeply intertwined with identity, heritage, and social justice. It advocates for policies that support multilingualism, the development of language resources, and the inclusion of indigenous languages in the formal education system. The study has utilized Ngugi wa Thiongo’o and Walter Mignolo’s ‘Decolonizing the mind’ and ‘Pluriversal approach to languages.’ Some of the tenets of linguistic decolonization include: language as a tool of power; the promotion of indigenous languages; the critique of linguistic imperialism; cultural identity; and many more. Ultimately, the results of the study show that the success of linguistic decolonization in Africa hinges on the collective will of communities, policymakers, and stakeholders to embrace the continent’s diverse linguistic heritage and promote cultural revitalization in an increasingly globalized world.
Sudha Murty’s The Magic of the Lost Temple focuses on folk culture, which plays a powerful role in developing social skills, ecological awareness, and moral values. The novel has a subplot based on a local legend about a lost stepwell that villagers consider an imaginary story, which later gains evidence through archaeological excavation and transmitted memory. This paper explores how Murty incorporates folk elements into this legend to convey cooperation, respect for elders, collective responsibility, and empathy. The urban girl Nooni adapts to the folk culture of Somanahalli by developing various social skills and environmental sensitivity through everyday experiences and listening to stories from her grandmother rather than receiving moral advice. Through the storytelling by Nooni’s grandmother, the legend becomes a medium for cultural memory and moral instructions which are transmitted through generations. This paper examines how Murty teaches a moral lesson on ecological responsibility, traditional water resource conservation, indigenous knowledge of sustainable water management, and a harmonious relationship between humans and nature through the legend of the lost stepwell. Folk legendary tales about hidden or forgotten architectures in India often find authentication in modern times through archaeological excavation. The study investigates how the child's curiosity initiates a journey of discovery. Through the child's curiosity, the novel bridges between tradition and modernity. This novel places folklore not as an imaginary context but as a discovery of historical truth. The paper explores the relevance of folk culture in promoting sustainable living and socially conscious citizens in a rapidly changing world.
The escalating need for sustainable agricultural processing technologies and alternative energy solutions within rural areas underscores the imperative for low-cost, human-powered systems. This research involved the design and construction of a versatile, pedal-powered bicycle designed for maize shelling, physical fitness improvement, and electrical energy production. The constructed system incorporates a structural steel frame, a shelling drum equipped with spikes for maize shelling, a pedal–crank mechanism to facilitate human power input, and an alternator for the conversion of electromechanical energy. The device functions through pedalling, thereby simultaneously enabling agricultural processing, exercise, and electricity generation. Performance assessments of the constructed bicycle revealed its suitability for convenient operation by a broad spectrum of users possessing typical physical and mental fitness. Male and female operators, when using the exercise device, exhibited fatigue after approximately 35 and 20 minutes of continuous pedalling, respectively, which corresponds to the recommended durations for daily physical activity. The maize shelling unit demonstrated a shelling efficiency of 98.7%, processing an average of 200 maize cobs per hour. Moreover, the electrical power output produced by the alternator was estimated at roughly 720W, a level adequate for powering small electrical devices. These findings suggest that the pedal-powered bicycle developed is an efficient and sustainable solution for agro-processing, physical fitness, and decentralized electricity generation. Consequently, with further optimization and commercialization, the system could improve maize processing efficiency, promote human well-being, and serve as a viable alternative energy source in both rural and urban environments.
Continuous assessment remains a cornerstone of effective teaching and learning, particularly among the students with disabilities. However, traditional assessment practices often fail to adequately capture the learning progress of students with learning disabilities due to their limited flexibility, delayed feedback, and uniform evaluation standards. This paper reconceptualises continuous assessment through the lens of Synergistic Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS), proposing an adaptive, data-driven, and learner-centered framework for improving assessment outcomes among students with learning disabilities. Anchored in Connectivism Theory, the paper synthesises empirical and theoretical literature to demonstrate how Intelligent Tutoring System can individualise assessment, enhance learner engagement, reduce cognitive load, and promote equity among students with learning disabilities and their counterpart. The study adopts a conceptual and systematic literature review approach to articulate the pedagogical, technological, and assessment-related implications of ITS for education of the student with disabilities. The paper concludes by proposing a synergistic ITS–continuous assessment model capable of transforming assessment practices for learners with diverse needs.
This qualitative case study investigates the role of structural painting as a pedagogical and ritualistic intervention in preschool classrooms, examining its impact on early childhood learning environments. Grounded in the Reggio Emilia philosophy that conceptualizes physical space as a "third teacher" (Strong-Wilson & Ellis, 2007), the research explores how aesthetic elements such as colour, texture, and surface treatment influence children's cognitive engagement, emotional security, and social interactions. The study employed a descriptive methodology to document a structural painting intervention at Bennett Caulley Memorial School, involving systematic observation and photographic analysis of the entire process from surface preparation to final coating. Applying Van Gennep's (1960) rites-of-passage model, the research reveals that the stages of separation (surface preparation), transition (priming), and incorporation (finish coating) symbolically mirror a child's journey from the domestic sphere into formal education. Findings demonstrate that thoughtfully executed structural painting transforms neglected classrooms into vibrant, stimulating spaces that communicate respect and care, leading to increased student engagement and community pride. Conversely, neglected environments fail to meet developmental needs, resulting in disengaged learners and diminished institutional identity (Maxwell, 2007). The study concludes that structural painting constitutes a fundamental social and educational responsibility and recommends that preschools implement regular, well-planned painting interventions guided by child development research and involving stakeholder participation.
Study design- Prospective study Objective: To determine the prevalence of hypertension in patients attending the spine clinic in the National Orthopaedic Hospital, Dala Kano, Nigeria Method: From 1st January 2022 to 31 December 2023, the blood pressure of all patients attending the spine clinic at the National Orthopaedic Hospital, Dala, Kano, was recorded twice and graded using the WHO grading. Semi-structured questionnaires were also administered to highlight socio-demographic characteristics and the presence or absence of hypertension. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 21.0 Result: The total sample size is 1452, with females 965 (66.5%) preponderance (males 487-33.5%). The mean age of the study sample was 48.3 ± 9. The overall prevalence in the study group is 483 (33.3%). The female has the highest hypertension rate, 294/1452 (20.2%), compared to the male rate of 189/1452 (13.0%). The number of new cases with hypertension is 318 (65.8%), with the highest prevalence among women, 111 (23.0%). The prevalence of hypertension is lowest in the uneducated patients and highest in the employed patients. Conclusion: The prevalence of hypertension is high in the study group, but this is in concordance with other studies in our country. There is also a higher female preponderance of hypertension in patients attending the spine clinic and patients with higher levels of education. This problem will increase surgical costs and lead to unintended surgical complications if not properly addressed. Large-scale studies and public education on risk factors will help prevent morbidity and mortality in this community.
The object of the theories of Moral Development is to minimise the social problems by improving people's behaviour. Aiming this broad objective, scholars have spent ages experimenting with the moral development process, identifying moral standards, measuring morality and categorising people based on their morality. Accordingly, scientists and educators conducted numerous studies over the years to conceptualise the moral development process. However, such attempts have not been successful enough, as society is experiencing an increase in crime (Hipp, 2017). The heightened incidence of violent behaviour has become a major concern across the world (Fablo, 2002). Besides this undesirable behaviour, educators claim that the studies of moral development have reached maturity (Killen & Smetana, 2006). Unarguably, if the studies have reached saturation, there must be some solution to the problem. This behaviour pushes society to conduct a comprehensive study of existing theories of moral development.
This study evaluated the extent to which the Secondary Education Quality Improvement Project (SEQUIP) increased girls’ completion rates in Alternative Education Pathway Learning Centres (AEPLCs) in Mwanza Region, Tanzania, using the CIPP Evaluation Model (Stufflebeam, 1971). A convergent mixed-methods design was employed. The target population consisted of 531 individuals: 390 girl students, 14 counsellors, 14 project facilitators, 1 regional resident tutor, and 14 learning centres across eight District Councils. A total of 304 participants were selected through both probability and non-probability sampling methods. Data collection involved questionnaires, interview guides, document analysis, and observation guides. Reliability was confirmed with Cronbach’s Alpha (α = .914 and .715 for girls and facilitators, respectively). Quantitative data were analysed descriptively and inferentially using SPSS version 27, while qualitative data were analysed thematically. Results indicated that SEQUIP improved in enhancing girls’ completion rates through the provision of learning materials, organisation of remedial classes, active parental involvement, and promotion of progression to higher levels of education. However, completion rates varied across districts within Mwanza region due to differing contextual factors. Despite the programme’s positive impact, several challenges remained, including shortages of science teaching materials, the programme’s limited duration, and inconsistent parental support. The study concludes that SEQUIP improved girls' completion rates in AEPLCs in Mwanza Region, Tanzania, mainly through providing essential learning materials, organising remedial classes, involving parents, and encouraging girls' transition to higher levels of education (advance level) and middle colleges. However, the level of improvement varied between districts and learning centres. Some districts experienced higher completion and transition rates due to resource availability and stronger parental support, while others faced ongoing challenges such as shortages of science learning materials, limited and remoteness of few AEPLC sometimes encourage girls’ dropout. Based on the findings, MoEST and SEQUIP management should ensure adequate provision of learning resources for AEPLCs, strengthen monitoring and parental engagement, expand the centers to all wards in Mwanza Region, and consider extending the SEQUIP project beyond 2026 due to its significant impact in supporting girls who had dropped out of school to return and complete their education.
Suicide is an urgent and growing public health challenge in Malaysia, with cases rising from 641 in 2020 to 1,068 in 2023. This review synthesises current research and official data, examining suicide prevalence and trends by gender, age, ethnicity, and state. The findings reveal a disproportionate burden on men, adolescents, the elderly, and the Indian community, with urbanised states such as Selangor and Kuala Lumpur reporting the highest numbers. Socio-economic stressors, cultural stigma, and limited access to mental health services exacerbate risks, while the COVID-19 pandemic further intensified vulnerabilities. Although the Malaysian government has introduced national strategies and guidelines, alongside critical support from NGOs, significant gaps remain in surveillance systems, programme evaluation, and stigma reduction. The review underscores the urgent need for culturally sensitive, evidence-based interventions, improved data accuracy, and expanded access to mental health resources to address this silent crisis effectively.
Human Resources (HR) is often underestimated in early-stage ventures, where funding and product development dominate founders' attention. However, evidence from start-up ecosystems shows that HR practices—talent acquisition, culture building, and fraud detection—are among the strongest predictors of survival. This paper argues that HR is not merely administrative but strategic. First, start-ups that prioritize HR practices gain a competitive advantage in scaling. Second, the global competition for elite talent, particularly in artificial intelligence (AI), illustrates the value of advanced people strategies. Third, venture capital (VC) firms that rigorously assess team quality and detect fraudulent claims significantly improve investment outcomes. Drawing on research in human resource management, case studies of AI hiring, and venture investment practices, this paper highlights how HR excellence translates into sustainable growth and better capital allocation.
The transition to a circular economy necessitates moving beyond theoretical principles to the practical application of eco-ethical design in consumer goods (background). This research paper addresses the critical gap between the conceptual frameworks of Green Engineering and Product-Service Systems (PSS) and their empirical, context-sensitive implementation (Problem). Through a comparative analysis of multiple consumer product categories, including furniture and child car seats, this study examines the efficacy, barriers, and ethical implications of applying sustainable design principles (method). The findings reveal a clear hierarchy of impact, demonstrating that systemic PSS models offer significantly greater potential for sustainability gains than incremental technical optimizations alone. However, successful application is profoundly mediated by product archetype, firm capabilities and especially the constraints faced by Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs), and the readiness of the surrounding ecosystem (setting). The analysis further exposed critical ethical dimensions, highlighting how circular business models can create equity challenges and supply chain justice issues that must be proactively addressed (findings). The study concludes that a one-size-fits-all approach is ineffective (conclusion). Instead, it proposes a diagnostic, context-sensitive framework for implementation and emphasizes that progress hinges on building collaborative ecosystems (a recommendation). This research contributes a nuanced understanding of the pathway from principle to practice, offering actionable insights for designers, businesses, and policymakers to navigate the complex trade-offs inherent in eco-ethical design.
This autoethnographic research investigates the transformational impact of school office managers in leading community-based adult literacy projects in rural Nigeria, using administrative leadership and educational empowerment. Drawing on the researcher's extensive administrative expertise and facilitation of women's literacy initiatives, the inquiry examines the program's launch, challenges, and progress from 2021 to 2025. Using vivid autoethnography, it combines self-reflection with socio-cultural critique to demonstrate how non-traditional administrators may overcome access hurdles, empower adult learners, particularly women and strengthen school-community connections. Key findings reveal that this leadership style not only raises literacy rates above Nigeria's expected 65% national average by 2025 but also fosters critical consciousness, challenging patriarchal and postcolonial educational systems. Methodological rigour is assured by triangulating reflective journals, artefacts, and crystallization for validity, while ethical concerns include participant confidentiality and positionality acknowledgement. Limitations, such as intrinsic subjectivity, are addressed by encouraging reader resonance. Policy consequences need to be revised to integrate community involvement, while theoretical contributions advance discussions of dispersed leadership and equality in adult education. This study fills a vacuum in Global South studies by emphasizing mid-level educational players in empowerment narratives.
The work evaluated the effect of 4 years of total annual water loss in the Akpoha, Ebonyi, and Inyaba rivers. It adopted flood metrics of the three rivers for three years to determine the amount of water lost to the ocean within the period of study. This assessment aimed to characterize the water yield from the rivers and the volume of water lost by the respective rivers within the period of study. The volume of water lost by the rivers in the control, 2014, 2015, and 2016 was determined by the amount of water that flowed through the rivers. The evaluation also provided information on the annual flooding in the affected floodplains, given the volume of floodwater available at each point. Akpoha, Ebonyi and Inyaba Rivers were sampled at different points. The design of a 4x4 factorial was applied to determine the relationship between sample points and parameters for control, 2014, 2015 and 2016 using analysis of variance for a Completely Randomized Design. Mean values were evaluated for significant differences using Fisher's Least Significant Differences at P < 0.01. The t-test was used for confirmation. The rivers were sampled at four points, a1, a2, a3, a4 in Akpoha river, b1, b2, b3, b4, in Ebonyi and c1, c2, c3,c4, Inyaba. The main factors determined were discharge, flow velocity, width and depth. Results showed that the factors were highly statistically significant at 1% level, and the confirmatory test via FLSD also agreed with that. Results of the evaluation of water loss showed that the highest value of 743.01 m3/s was recorded in Akpoha in 2015, as against 26.63 m3/s in the control and 62.85 m3/s recorded in 2014. The discharge result showed that the control < 2014 < 2015 at a1.The discharge reflected the amount of water discharged by the water body at that point in the control, 2014 and 2015. The control indicated that a very low amount of 23.22 m3/s was observed initially and that a large amount of 743.01 m3/s was observed in 2015, while a medium amount of 62.85 m3/s was recorded in 2014. The results were recommended to individuals living in floodplains to enable them to exploit the water benefits of the areas.
The study assessed the influence of the market penetration strategy on the non-financial performance of travel agencies in Nairobi, Kenya. Anchored by the Ansoff matrix and the Resource-Based View, the study adopted a descriptive cross-sectional survey design. The study's target population comprised 822 leaders, consisting of 6 departmental heads from the 137 travel agencies in Nairobi certified by the Kenya Association of Travel Agencies. The Slovin's Formula was used to determine the sample size, which totalled 270 respondents selected through random sampling across all regions of Nairobi. Semi-structured questionnaires were administered to the sample size. 74.4% responses were received and analyzed. The test for normality confirmed the data was normally distributed (D (201) = .03, p =.09); (W (201) = .65, p =.08). The overall market penetration strategy (M: 4.31; SD: 0.889) and the overall non-financial performance of travel agencies (M: 4.34; SD: 0.890) demonstrated high agreement with low variability across all indicators. Additionally, the study revealed a significant influence on non-financial performance of travel agencies in Kenya (β=0.801, t=15.134, p<0.001). These findings noted that travel agencies that concentrated on their existing clientele base through promoting repeat business proved to be the most effective approach for the market penetration strategy. Moreover, the use of continuous, clear channels of communication proved fundamental for travel agencies seeking to venture into existing or new markets. The researchers recommended further analysis of break-even after penetrating new markets, as this achieved the lowest mean of 4.13. The study concluded that the effective use of the market penetration strategy can enhance non-financial firm performance, including market share, customer retention, and brand preference.
Cassava is a critical food and cash crop for smallholder farmers in Western Kenya, yet its economic potential remains underexploited due to limited value addition. This study analyzed the impact of cassava value addition on the income of smallholder farmers in Vihiga County, Kenya. A mixed-method design was adopted, combining quantitative and qualitative approaches. Data were collected from 350 respondents (130 value adders and 220 non-value adders) selected through systematic random sampling. Analytical tools included descriptive statistics, independent samples t-tests, the Heckman two-step model to correct for selection bias, and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to rank production constraints. Results revealed that education, gender, and market access significantly influenced participation in value addition. The Heckman model showed that value addition increased farmers’ income by approximately 28% (p < 0.01), while value adders recorded higher profits (KSh 156,000) than non-value adders (KSh 89,000). The AHP identified inadequate processing infrastructure (weight = 0.36) and poor market linkages (0.27) as the main constraints. The study concludes that cassava value addition significantly enhances rural incomes and recommends strengthening processing infrastructure, access to finance, and market development to promote inclusive agribusiness growth.
Many scholars have stressed the fact that the Performance Management System (PMS) is alleged to be the most successful monitoring tool in the public sector. Many public institutions should have an efficient and effective (PMS) in place to achieve strategic objectives and to develop the performance of their civil servants. The Local government, as the closest government to the people, is responsible for the delivery of public service; therefore, municipalities are scrutinized by the public, who have expectations of what the government should deliver for them. These expectations arose because they believed that by casting their vote and taxes paid by them in return, they should get the value of excellence in delivering public service. Local government should, therefore, make sure that PMS is well-implemented correctly and provides early warning of challenges. It also ensures that the system monitors and develops the well-being of the employee's performance, which in turn enhances productivity towards the delivery of public service. This article seeks to identify and analyze impediments encountered during the implementation of PMS. The PMS identifies ways to achieve organizational goals through constant assessment of employee performance. A qualitative methodology was employed, and detailed interviews were conducted with the study participants with relevant information required for data. The analysis of data used thematic analysis emanating from themes identified in the literature on PMS. The findings of this article provide valuable insights relating to effective strategies for the implementation of efficient PMS. The results further guide measures that could improve employee performance and productivity. Based on these findings, the researchers recommend these majors recommendations that municipalities' human resource practitioners should implement clear PMS that does not set aside rewards for employees with good work done. Furthermore, the government should invest more in training to enhance and develop new skills and refine existing ones. Lastly, promotion within the organization can motivate them further.
The global advancement toward sustainable energy has intensified interest in hydrogen as a clean energy carrier. In the Okada region in Nigeria, agro-waste is grossly underused, contributing to environmental degradation amid persistent energy shortages. This study models and experimentally validates the production of hydrogen-rich syngas from agro-waste, utilizing chemical looping reforming to enhance efficiency and quality. In this study, cassava peel, cocoa pod skin, and plantain peel were collected, dried, pulverized, and pelletized to create uniform biomass feedstocks. These were characterized for key fuel properties, including moisture content (MC), volatile matter (VM), ash content (AC), fixed carbon (FC), elemental composition, and lower heating value (LHV). Gasification experiments using air at equivalence ratios of 0.2, 0.35, and 0.5 were conducted, with syngas analyzed via gas chromatography. An Aspen Plus model was developed to simulate the gasification process and validated, considering air as the gasifying agent, varying at equivalence ratio (ER: 0.1 to 0.55), steam-air and steam as gasifying agents, varying steam-to-air ratio (SAR: 0.1 to 1.0) and steam-to-biomass ratio (SBR: 0.1 to 1.0) respectively. Chemical looping reforming (CLR) was modeled using Fe2O3, CuFe2O4, and CuO/CuAl2O4 as oxygen carriers, assessing their impact on syngas H2 enrichment. The characterization of the biomass feedstock showed that cassava peel had the most favorable properties for gasification, with the lowest MC (7.3%), highest FC (22.63%), and lowest AC (1.9%). Cocoa pod skin exhibited the highest VM (73.4%) and LHV (17.3 MJ/kg). These findings demonstrate the significant potential of locally available agro-waste in Okada for sustainable hydrogen production, offering a viable pathway to cleaner energy, reduced environmental impact, and enhanced energy security in Nigeria.
The education system is regarded as one of the most important social institutions, influencing other institutions as well. To facilitate effective teaching and learning, this institutional structure within Ghana education service organizes training and development programs almost every year. Teaching staff have, over the years, gone through various professional development training programs through the introduction of varied policies and training programs aimed at bringing quality and affordable education to the doorstep of the people of Ghana. Recently, the Ghana Education Service (GES) introduced a number of training and development programs for science and mathematics teachers at the secondary school level to improve students’ performance in science and mathematics. Despite the execution of Science and Mathematics teachers’ training and development programs to improve knowledge and skills for teaching science and mathematics, and also improve students’ performance, there are still mixed results for students across many districts in Ghana, especially the Nkoranza North District in the Bono East Region. This study, therefore, documents the effectiveness of training and development for science and mathematics teachers in improving students’ performance in second-cycle institutions. Teachers’ application of teaching and learning materials in the classroom was assessed. Assessment of students’ performance before and after the execution of training programs has been done, and current challenges encountered during and after training programs for science and mathematics are not exceptional. The applicable theories to this study were the situated learning theory, constructivism and experiential learning theory. With constructivist theory, learners are made active in constructing their own understanding rather than receiving it from someone who knows. The outcomes are not always predictable because learners are constructing their own knowledge based on their experiences gained from research. The study employed mixed-methods research, specifically a sequential exploratory design. The study used a purposive sampling technique. The sample of the study was seventy-two (72), of which the respondents were purposively selected from Senior High Schools in the district. Science teachers, mathematics teachers, headmasters, Assistant heads of academics, the Human Resource Department, and the Director of Education were purposively selected because they have in-depth knowledge of the study. Through both in-depth interviews and questionnaires, it was observed that the training programs have, in a way, improved students’ performance and increased teachers’ confidence. The exposure of these teachers, as reported by respondents, indicates that training programs are organized twice a year and each session lasts three days. Secondary data were collected from articles, books, Journals, and newspapers. Based on both in-depth interviews and questionnaires, the study concluded that poor student performance was caused by a rush to finish topics before external exams could be scheduled, the absence of practical-based training programs to equip teachers with teaching techniques, inadequate teaching materials, a lack of laboratories for science and mathematics, improper supervision, and training for teachers only in the second cycle. However, the training programs have not addressed all the challenges faced by science and mathematics teachers. In this regard, the study recommended that the government, developmental partners, and NGOs collaborate to organize practical-oriented training programs for teachers and to establish well-equipped mathematics and science laboratories in the Nkoranza North District. Policymakers and curriculum developers should also consider societal and students’ needs when designing the curriculum, rather than focusing solely on technological changes in the system. Also, the training programs should be based on theories that will involve every learner in the process.
