World Health Organization declared the novel coronavirus as a global public health emergency on January 30, 2020. COVID-19 has infected more than 17,660,523 people worldwide, with more than 680,894 deaths in different regions and countries. Based on the World Health Organization (WHO) Africa report, as of 02 August, 2020, a cumulative total of 802,792 confirmed COVID-19 cases with 13,779 deaths have been reported across all African countries in the region. In Ethiopia the virus spreads alarmingly because the community didn’t practice the information given by Ministry of Health and the Government; as of August 2, 2020, 17,999 cases and 284 deaths have been reported. The level of panic in peoples is associated with knowledge and attitude according to Researchers. Good Knowledge, Attitude and Practice can be used to assess the current conditions and if it is used properly it plays a pivotal role to control the spread of COVID-19. So, the aim paper was to assess/review the knowledge, attitude and perception of the population towards COVID-19 pandemic in Ethiopia. This review paper revealed that there is a gap between knowledge, attitude and practice. Therefore, the government and ministry of health must give information to the society through TV, radio and social media repeatedly because Differences in media consumption have important implications for risk perceptions and compliance with social distancing.
Introduction: There has been a rising incidence of treatment failures of Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) in patients with human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection (HIV). This study was carried out to determine the bacteriology of urinary tract infections in patients with HIV infections in University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu. Methods: The study was a cross sectional study, involving 300 adult HIV positive patients, matched for age and sex with apparently healthy HIV negative subjects as control. Mid-stream urine samples from both groups were cultured on MacConkey, blood agar plates and incubated aerobically at 37°C. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done with agar diffusion method and interpreted according to CSLI guidelines. Extended spectrum beta-lactamases production was confirmed phenotypically using double disc synergy test. Results: The mean age of the subjects was 22.0 ± 3 years. There was a preponderance of females 76.0%. (P=0.493). The prevalence of UTI in the study group was 5.7% as against 2.7% in the control group. The most predominant bacteria isolated from study group were Escherichia coli (55.0%) with the least being Staphyloccocus saprophyticus (5.0%). In the control group only Escherichia coli (62.5%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (37.5%) were isolated (r=0.973, P=0.005). Most of the organisms isolated were resistant to the commonly used antibiotics. Twenty percent (20.0%) of the Klebsiella pneumoniae and 14.0% of Escherichia coli isolated were ESBL producing.
As MERS-CoV infectious clone is an important platform for studying the virus protein function and virus-host interaction. In the present study, the infectious cDNA clone of Vero cell adapted MERS-CoV (MERS-CoV-HKU) was generated with class II restriction site BsmBI based seamless clone technology. Its genome was split into a panel of 12 contiguous fragments and following amplification by PCR flanked with BsmBI. The fragments were further assembled into bacterial artificial chromosomes (BAC) using unique junctions formed by digestion of endonuclease BsmBI with two rounds of cloning. Two BsmBI restriction sites inside the genome were removed by silent mutation and set as the molecular marker of icMERS-CoV-HKU. Finally, A full-length of MERS-CoV-HKU, on the downstream of the CMV promoter in BAC, was recovered. Comparing with wild type HCoV-EMC/2012 strain, the MERS-CoV-HKU recovered by infectious clone showed high titers on Vero and Huh7 cells. By genetic analysis, it was found genetic modification on nonstructural proteins (nsp2, nsp3, nsp14, and nsp16) and structural proteins (Spike, ORF5, and N). The synonymous mutations were placed in nsp2 (A2169C), nsp3 (C6172T, A6954G), nsp14 (C19514T), nsp16 (T21423G), S (A22367G, T24093A) and, N(T29149A). Nonsynonymous mutations were found in nsp3 (C6172T, A6954G), S (C25217T), and N (A29574T), which leads to amino acids mutation in nsp3(T198I, D1702Y), S (S1251F), and N (S192T). Surprisingly, three amino acids ‘SHY’ insertion and four nucleotides ‘TTTA’ deletion was found in S2 and ORF5 region, respectively. According to the previous study, the RBD of BatCoV-HKU4 and BatCoV-HKU25 can recognize human DPP4 receptor but the RBD of BatCoV-HKU5 could not. To elucidate the relationship between MERS-CoV and BatCoVs, the MERS-CoV infectious clone and chimeric MERS-CoV infectious clones were generated in which the MERS RBD region was replaced by that of BatCoV-HKU4, BatCoV-HKU5, and BatCoV-HKU25. Recombinant MERS-CoV infectious clones were further assessed its replication on Vero and Huh7 cell lines. Our recombinant MERS-CoV infectious clone has been shown its crucial role in studying coronavirus interspecies transmission and pathogenesis.
Lower Urinary Tract Infections (LUTIs) are regarded as the most frequent form of bacterial infections and bladder Detrusor Overactivity (DO) are considered to contribute to (OAB), including urinary urgency, urinary frequency, with or without Urgency Incontinence (UI), which is common disorder and influences patient's health and quality of life. Since 1960s, studies had focused on whether DO is the etiological factors of recurrent LUTIs or the inverse. Although the definite correlation between DO and LUTIs have not been proved, urinary microbiota may play a role in genesis of DO that was found by mounting evidences using enhanced urine culture technique and pathophysiological variations of bladder detrusor facilitates bacterial colonization in bladder urothelium. In the future, clarification of correlation between DO and LUTIs needs more scheduled studies and more researches that link the urinary microbiota with Central Nervous System (CNS) function to provide accurately information to help us manage the patients more appropriately.
Accurate diagnosis of bacteria is one of the most important stages of the definitive treatment of bacterial infections. However, due to the Antibiotic Resistance (AR) that has recently emerged in bacteria, not only the diagnosis of bacteria but also the determination of the antibiotic resistance has become extremely important. For the determination of AR of bacteria, classical microbiological and biochemistry methods are already applied. However, these methods have many disadvantages in terms of cost and time. With advances in technology as well as molecular biology, a new era has emerged for the accurate determination of AR in bacteria as well. For example, electrochemical methods have been developed recently for the label-free diagnosis of both bacteria and their AR. In this we focus on the issues regarding AR of bacteria and their diagnostic significance. Herein, we also focused on the electrochemical method used for the diagnosis of bacteria and AR.
World Health Organization declared the novel coronavirus as a global public health emergency on January 30, 2020. COVID-19 has infected more than 17,660,523 people worldwide, with more than 680,894 deaths in different regions and countries. Based on the World Health Organization Africa report, as of 02 August, 2020, a cumulative total of 802,792 confirmed COVID-19 cases with 13,779 deaths have been reported across all African countries in the region. In Ethiopia the virus spreads alarmingly because the community did not practice the information given by Ministry of Health and the Government; as of August 2, 2020, 17,999 cases and 284 deaths have been reported. The level of panic in peoples is associated with knowledge and attitude according to Researchers. Good Knowledge, Attitude and Practice can be used to assess the current conditions and if it is used properly it plays a pivotal role to control the spread of COVID-19. Therefore, the government and ministry of health must give information to the society through TV, radio and social media repeatedly. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to assess/review the knowledge, attitude and perception of the population towards COVID-19 pandemic in Ethiopia. Keywords: Ethiopia, practice, COVID-19, pandemic DOI: 10.7176/JHMN/84-01 Publication date: December 31 st 2020
Dengue virus (DENV) and SARS-CoV-2 are single, positive-stranded RNA viruses infecting humans. The early clinical presentation of both viral diseases is quite similar, creating a serious challenge for healthcare providers to discriminate between the two diseases. Recent studies report cases of co-infection as well as cross-reactivity of DENV and COVID-19. Therefore, a retrospective study was designed to identify cases of co-infection/cross-reactivity and its severity based on Liver Function Tests (LFTs). We identified 38 cases of co-infection in a tertiary care hospital in Karachi, Pakistan during the year 2020. These cases were dengue NS-1 Ag or IgM/ IgG antibody-positive along with SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR positive. The serological profile of co-infected cases revealed that the pattern of dengue serology is mainly based on IgG positivity followed by IgG & IgM positivity. Whereas, a single case of positive NS-1 and a single case of only IgM positive were found. The finding supports that if it is co-infection then might be more common in secondary as compared to primary dengue infection and not causing severe liver damage. This study strongly suggests, to exclude the possibility of cross-reactivity of antibodies in this pandemic condition, dengue infection should be confirmed by using accurate methods (RT-PCR or Virus isolation). Secondly, this study alarms that the dengue-endemic countries are at a higher risk of misdiagnosis of viral infection. Therefore, precautionary measures by the government agencies should be taken in this pandemic situation to reduce dengue infection in future.
Always population-based study the effect of smoking on intestinal flora, found that smokers have diversity than non-smokers, an increase in the abundance of pathogenic or opportunistic pathogens and a decrease in the abundance of beneficial bacteria. However, the research for population screening is not rigorous; there may be bias of disease and living habit, etc. In our study, people with chronic diseases and sub-health were excluded, and personal lifestyle information was collected to explore the effects of smoking on intestinal microflora in healthy people, and to eliminate the bias in exercise and diet.
We analyze the evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain. Several numerical methods and models are studied to understand how the evolution of this pandemic is referenced. We also justify the adjustments that we have made in order to interpret the public data supplied by the Spanish Government. Finally, we present some of the lessons learned so that we way carry out early actions when we are immersed in similar pandemics.
A cross-sectional survey was performed in the Kordofan region, from March to September 2011 was compared to Capripox Double Ag ELISA for multispecies. The estimated overall sero-prevalence of sheep pox in Kordofan region was 73.4% determined by virus neutralization and was prevalent in both South and North Kordofan states at 85% and 63.6% respectively. However, Seroprevalence for lumpy skin A cross-sectional survey was performed in the Kordofan region, from March to September 2011 was compared to Capripox Double Ag ELISA for multispecies. The estimated overall sero-Prevalence of sheep pox in Kordofan region was 73.4% determined by virus neutralization and was prevalent in both South and North Kordofan states at 85% and 63.6% respectively. However, Sero-Prevalence for lumpy skin disease was 5% and 62% for sheep pox by using Capripox Double Ag ELISA. The serological information was used to identify potential risk factors associated with sheep pox outbreaks. The risk factors identified were the breed, age, sex, species, movement patterns, herd size and geographic region. In addition, a questionnaire explored producer’s knowledge about the disease in the Sudan. The results of the questionnaire were that both nomadic as well as fixed farmers were generally aware of sheep pox as a disease, but most did not have full knowledge about the disease. Greater than half of producers experienced the disease in the past 2 years and did not have their sheep vaccinated.disease was 5% and 62% for sheep pox by using Capripox Double Ag ELISA. The serological information was used to identify potential risk factors associated with sheep pox outbreaks. The risk factors identified were the breed, age, sex, species, movement patterns, herd size and geographic region. In addition, a questionnaire explored producer’s knowledge about the disease in the Sudan. The results of the questionnaire were that both nomadic as well as fixed farmers were generally aware of sheep pox as a disease, but most did not have full knowledge about the disease. Greater than half of producers experienced the disease in the past 2 years and did not have their sheep vaccinated.
OBJECTIVE:This case reports discusses the case of a 43-year-old man with concurrent cervical spine radiculopathy and herpes zoster shingles infection.CLINICAL FEATURES:A 43-year-old man with left sided C6 radiculopathy was seen and treated for the clinical diagnosis of C5-C6 disc herniation. Ten days before seeking care he had received influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations. A week after vaccination, he noticed tingling, aching, and fatigue in his left arm. A week later, a rash appeared on his left arm. This was diagnosed via Teladoc as shingles; ibuprofen was prescribed, as too much time had elapsed for antiviral medication.INTERVENTION AND OUTCOME:Chiropractic spinal manipulation using Cox distraction protocols for a C5-C6 disc herniation was given 5 times over a time period of 5 weeks. This treatment resolved the patient's left arm pain, provided 50% relief for his neck pain, and decreased his left arm rash. Four spinal manipulations were given over the next 12-week period, resulting in 80% reduced neck pain, complete resolution of left arm pain, and faint herpetic rash. The patient stated that he felt he had returned to his level of health before the incident.CONCLUSION:Concurrent upper extremity radicular pain accompanied by herpes zoster cutaneous rash is described. Chiropractic spinal manipulation using Cox spinal distraction protocols saw resolution of the patient's complaints. Considered to be an uncommon dual occurrence, radiculopathy and herpes zoster infection deserve clinical discussion and evaluation of treatment protocols.
Objectives: UTIs could be wrongly diagnosed by chromogenic dipsticks especially in the case of early infection. Hence, the need to evaluate the sensitivity of the dipstick in comparisms to conventional method, microscopy. Methods: Sample size was obtained using standard normal distribution within 95% CI. Three hundred and seventy urine samples were collected after obtaining consent and ethical approval. WBCs and RBCs were counted after staining the slide and view at high-power microscope. All the positive samples were subjected to urinalysis using chromogenic dipsticks with ten biomarkers. The data was processed using descriptive statistics and represented with Graph Pad Prism version 6.01. Results: The gender distribution 33.5% and 66.5% for male and female respectively while age ranges from less than 1 year to greater than 60 years. Only two hundred (200) had WBCs by microscopy with 0-4 cells (73.5%), 5-9 (9.5%) and 10+(17%). These positive samples were subjected to urinalysis. Among other biomarkers, protein and nitrite are 49.5% and 36% respectively. High alkalinity (pH 9) was observed in the 18% of the urine sample investigated. Out of the positive samples to microscopy, only 27.5% were confirmed positive by chromogenic dipsticks. Conclusion: The sensitivity of the dipstick cannot be absolutely relying upon because of undetectable level of some enzymes required for the colour change. This can result into false negative in the diagnosis of UTIs.
Besides the visual heuristic side, our research of the Corona Virus Problem includes the line of physics considerations and the equational line. The present work is merely devoted to the latter line. It appears that some proposed special covering of some of the Corona Virus molecules, which is purposed to cause an antagonism between these molecules and those uncovered, leads to turning a nonlinear balance equation into a linear time-variant one (which the physicists sometime call parametric equation).
Magnetic field, electric field and electric current are part of nature. Therefore, living organisms, likewise viruses, can be affected by physical processes. Therapeutic and supportive effects of electric and magnetic fields are proved in numerous studies on cells, bacteria and viruses. In our review, by keeping in mind this potential, we handled the possible curative or supportive and maybe therapeutic potential of electric and magnetic applications on coronavirus patients as short as possible. Studies have given us an idea to review new application methods using electric and magnetic field for coronavirus treatment. While vaccine and drug studies related to this pandemic continue, alternative therapies are also of great importance and new approaches and different perspectives are needed in this regard.
Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells (pDCs) are a unique dendritic cell population with both innate and adaptive immune functions. When pDCs get activated by various pathogens or self-DNA, they are able to produce massive amount of interferon type I and play an essential role in immune defense mechanisms. Plasmacytoid DCs are generally absent from the normal skin. In the past decade, their involvement in pathogenesis of different inflammatory dermatoses has been widely explored. Plasmacytoid DCs’ excessive sensing of non-self or self-DNA (upon skin injury) was addressed as a primary trigger for many cutaneous pathologies. Recently, we have also shown significant amount of pDCs in erythema multiforme lesions and hypothesized that these cells are central to EM pathogenesis as well. However, neither EM pathogenesis nor pDCs’ actual role in this entity is well studied. In this mini review, our goal is to outline recent updates on pDCs and their role in particular inflammatory skin diseases such as psoriasis. Our focus will also be the highlights of our recent study and our perspective regarding relationship between pDCs and EM.
Pathogenic microorganisms are developing antibiotic resistance against lifesaving drugs. Many pathogenic bacteria have now developed multi-resistance that is a significant concern over the failure of antibiotics. There is a pressing need to work on a natural amensalism strategy to cope with these resistant pathogenic strains. Pathogenic microorganisms are developing resistance against old antibiotics with the help of evolutionary mechanisms, in the same way; the microorganism that previously produced antibiotics can also upgrade their defensive antibiotic compound through evolutionary mechanisms. Microbial amensalism is a negative ecological relation that can be a pleasing strategy to upgrade failed antibiotics. Re-culturing of antibiotics producing microorganisms with antibiotic-resistant pathogenic strains can produce upgraded antibiotic compounds against these resistant strains.
