The United States has two separate banking systems-one serving the well-to-do and another exploiting everyone else. Deserted by banks and lacking credit, many people are forced to wander through a Wild West of payday lenders and check-cashing services thanks to the effects of deregulation in the 1970s that continue today, Mehrsa Baradaran shows.
Swift has been said to have little interest in history; his attempts to write it have been disparaged and his desire to become Historiographer Royal ridiculed. Ashley Marshall argues that history mattered enormously to Swift. He read a vast amount of history and uses historical examples copiously in his own works. This study traces Swift's classical and modern historiographical inheritance; analyses his unsuccessful attempt to write a history of England; and offers radical re-reading of his History of the Four Last Years of the Queen. A systematic analysis of Swift's view of 'authority' is highly revealing. His attitudes toward power and authority, sovereigns' and subjects' rights, parliamentary representation, and succession are reflected in his lifelong engagement with and pervasive use of the past. Studying Swift and history enables a deeper understanding of his authoritarian and historiographically Tory outlook - and how it changed when Swift's party fell from power in 1714.
The Paper Trail tells the story of how a simple Chinese product has for two millennia allowed knowledge, ideas and religions to spread at an unprecedented rate around the world. Alexander Monro traces this groundbreaking invention's voyage, beginning with the Buddhist translators responsible for its spread across China and Japan, and follows it westward along the Silk Road, where it eventually became the surface of the Quran. Once paper reached Europe, it became indispensable to the scholars who manufactured the Renaissance and Reformation from their desks. As Monro uncovers, paper created a world in which free thinking could flourish, and brought disciplines from science to music into a new age.
Worldmaking is a fresh and compelling new take on the history of American diplomacy. Rather than retracing a familiar story of realism versus idealism, David Milne suggests that U.S. foreign policy has also been crucially divided between those who view statecraft as an art and those who believe it can aspire toward the certainties of science. Worldmaking follows a colorful cast of characters who built on each other's ideas to create the policies we have today. Woodrow Wilson’s Universalism and moralism led Sigmund Freud to diagnose a messiah complex. Walter Lippmann was an internationally syndicated columnist who commanded the attention of leaders as diverse as Theodore Roosevelt, Lyndon Johnson, and Charles de Gaulle. Paul Wolfowitz was the intellectual architect of the 2003 invasion of Iraq—an ardent admirer of Wilson’s attempt to “make the world safe for democracy.” Each was engaged in a process of worldmaking, formulating strategies that sought to deploy the nation’s vast military and economic power—or indeed its retraction through a domestic reorientation—to “make” a world in which America is best positioned to thrive. From the age of steam engines to the age of drones, Milne reveals patterns of aspirant worldmaking that have remained impervious to the passage of time. The result is a panoramic history of U.S. foreign policy driven by ideas and the lives and times of their creators.
1. A Bias for Practice: Stories of Improvisation in Governance 2. Challenges and Opportunities of Street Level Democratization, Improvisation, and Conflict 3. Conflict as a Stage for Improvisation in Governance Part One: Complexity and Improvisation in Governance 4. Developing Vision to Inform Demolition and Renovation in Vlardingen's Housing Association: A Profile of Ellen Hiep 5. From Gosh, This is Really Great. Now I Know What to Do! to Launching Small Initiatives, Going Step by Step: A Profile of Simen van der Goot 6. And No One, No One, Wants to be Denied, Community Rebuilding After Disaster: A Profile of Joop Hofman Part Two: Learning to Change Communities 7. The Significance of Building Relationships in Neighbourhood Work: A Profile of Willem Giezeman 8. Community Building in the Face of Distrust: A Profile of Tonie Boxman 9. The Evolution of the Amsterdam Think Tanks: A Profile of Mercedes Zandwijken 10. Social Imagination and Community Development: A Profile of Frans Geraedts Part Three: Immigration and Challenges of Diversity 11. On Radicalization and Social Cohesion: The City of Amsterdam's Responses to the Murder of Theo van Gogh Seen Through the Eyes of Marian Visser and Joris Rijbroek 12. Challenges of Immigration, Radicalization, and Integration: A Profile of Halime el Madkouri 13. On Conflict, Community and Governance: A Profile of Martien Kuitenbrouwer Part Four: Rethinking Administration 14. Managing Multiple Agency Collaboration and Multi-problem Families in Amsterdam: A Profile of Erik Gerritsen 15. There's Always a Way Out-and Finding It Together: A Profile of Henri Kardaun 16. Making Participation Work-Seeing New Angles and Other Possibilities: A Profile of Douwe Wielenga Authors' Conclusion
The American Association of University Professors (AAUP) was founded to advance the professionalization of America's faculty. University Reform examines the social and intellectual circumstances that led to the organization's initial development, as well as its work to defend academic freedom. It explores the AAUP's subsequent response to World War I and the first Red Scare. It also describes the founders' efforts, especially those of Arthur O Lovejoy and James McKeen Cattell, in securing a greater role for faculty in the government of colleges and universities.
Pitting fascists and communists in a showdown for supremacy, the Spanish Civil War has long been seen as a grim dress rehearsal for World War II. Francisco Franco s Nationalists prevailed with German and Italian military assistance a clear instance, it seemed, of like-minded regimes joining forces in the fight against global Bolshevism. In Hitler s Shadow Pierpaolo Barbieri revises this standard account of Axis intervention in the Spanish Civil War, arguing that economic ambitions not ideology drove Hitler s Iberian intervention. The Nazis hoped to establish an economic empire in Europe, and in Spain they tested the tactics intended for future subject territories.The Nazis provided Franco s Nationalists with planes, armaments, and tanks, but behind this largesse was a Faustian bargain. Through weapons and material support, Germany gradually absorbed Spain into an informal empire, extending control over key Spanish resources in order to fuel its own burgeoning war industries. This plan was only possible and profitable because of Hitler s economic czar, Hjalmar Schacht, a wizard of international finance. His policies fostered the interwar German recovery and consolidated Hitler s dictatorship. Though Schacht s economic strategy was eventually abandoned in favor of a very different conception of racial empire, Barbieri argues it was in many ways a more effective strategic option for the Third Reich.Deepening our understanding of the Spanish Civil War by placing it in the context of Nazi imperial ambitions, Hitler s Shadow Empire illuminates a fratricidal tragedy that still reverberates in Spanish life as well as the world war it heralded.
Part 1 Editor's Foreword Part 2 Acknowledgment Part 3 Reader's Note Part 4 Acronyms and Abbreviations Part 5 Maps Part 6 Chronology Part 7 Introduction Part 8 THE DICTIONARY Part 9 Appendixes Chapter 10 A. European Union Member States and Candidate Countries Chapter 11 B. Presidents of the European Commission Chapter 12 C. Members of the European Commission, 2004 - 2009 Chapter 13 D. Presidents of the European Parliament Chapter 14 E. European Parliament, 2004 - 2009 Chapter 15 F. Presidents of the Court of Justice of the European Communities Chapter 16 G. Members of the Court of Justice of the European Communities, 2005 Chapter 17 H. Select Regional Integration Associations around the World Part 18 Bibliography Part 19 About the Authors
1 Diffusion.- 2 The Laplace equation.- 3 First order equations.- 4 Waves.- 5 Functional analysis.- 6 Variational formulations.- 7 Appendix A Sturm-Liouville, Legendre and Bessel equations.- 8 Appendix B Identities.
This book reads Hardy's poetry of the rural as deeply rooted in the historical tradition of the pastoral mode even as it complicates and extends it. It shows that in addition to reinstating the original tensions of classical pastoral, Hardy dramatizes a heightened awareness of complex communities and the relations of class, labour, and gender.
Why is it that men and boys have been and still are violated in human conflict, be it in conventional war, insurgencies or periods of civil and ethnic strife? Above all, why, throughout history, have victims, perpetrators and society as a whole refused to acknowledge this violation, and why do episodes of male-on-male rape and sexual abuse feature so rarely in accounts of war, be they official histories, eye-witness ac- counts or popular narratives? Is there more to this elision of memory than simply shame? Is there more to it than the victor's desire to violate the enemy body? Amalendu Misra's startlingly original re- search into male sexual violence explores the meaning and role of the male body prior to its abuse and how it is altered by violation in war- time. He examines the bio-political contexts of conflict in which primarily men and occasion- ally women sexually violate men; he details the inadequate legal safeguards for survivors of such events; and in unearthing and analysing an ignored aspect of war, he inquires whether such violence can ever be deterred. ‘… sexual violation of men has been ignored for too long. Without sensationalism, Misra's book explores these victims in the context of armed conflicts.’ Professor Joanna Bourke, Birkbeck, Univ. of London, Author Rape: A History from the 1860s to the Present.
Commendation by the Archbishop of Canterbury Editor's Foreword Jon Woronoff Preface Acknowledgments Reader's Note Acronyms and Abbreviations Chronology Introduction THE DICTIONARY Appendixes A Bishops and Archbishops of Canterbury B The Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion C The Anglican Covenant Bibliography About the Author
List of Abbreviations Introduction Chapter 1. Interrogating International Responsibilities Chapter 2. Rwanda: The Failure of Never Again Chapter 3. Democratic Republic of the Congo: Protecting Civilians? Chapter 4. Uganda (and Beyond): Testing the International Criminal Court Chapter 5. Darfur: The Post-World Summit Test Chapter 6. Realizing R2P3: Labeling, Institutions, and Authority Notes Bibliography Index Acknowledgments
After the creation of the State of Israel in 1948, Palestinian refugees fled over the border into Jordan, which in 1950 formally annexed the West Bank. In the wake of the 1967 War, another wave of Palestinians sought refuge in the Hashemite Kingdom. Today, 42 per cent of registered Palestinian refugees live in Jordan. In this historical context, one might expect Palestinian refugee camps to be highly politicised spaces. Yet Luigi Achilli argues in this book that there is in fact a relative absence of political activity. Instead, what is prevalent is a desire to live an 'ordinary life'. It is within the framework of the performing and creating everyday life - working, praying, leisure activities - that Achilli examines nationalism and identity. He concludes that it is through this focus on the everyday that these Palestinian refugees are able to assert their own meanings and understandings of national identity against the more inflexible interpretations provided by the political systems in Gaza and the West Bank.
1. The System of Numbers: An Overview 2. Writing Numbers: Now and Back Then 3. Numbers and Magnitudes in the Greek Mathematical Tradition 4. Construction Problems and Numerical Problems in the Greek Mathematical Tradition 5. Numbers in the Tradition of Medieval Islam 6. Numbers in Europe from the 12th to the 16th Centuries 7. Number and Equations at the Beginning of the Scientific Revolution 8. Number and Equations in theWorks of Descartes, Newton, and their Contemporaries 9. New Definitions of Complex Numbers in the Early 19th Century 10. What are numbers and what should they be? Understanding Numbers in the Late 19th Century 11. Exact Definitions for the Natural Numbers: Dedekind, Peano and Frege 12. Numbers, Sets and Infinity. A Conceptual Breakthrough at the Turn of the Twentieth Century 13. Epilogue: Numbers in Historical Perspective
Literary texts complicate our understanding of medieval emotions; they not only represent characters experiencing emotion and reaction emotionally to the behaviour of others within the text, but also evoke and play upon emotion in the audiences which heard these texts performed or read. The presentation and depiction of emotion in the single most prominent and influential story matter of the Middle Ages, the Arthurian legend, is the subject of this volume. Covering texts written in English, French, Dutch, German, Latin and Norwegian, the essays presented here explore notions of embodiment, the affective quality of the construction of mind, and the intermediary role of the voice as both an embodied and consciously articulating emotion. Frank Brandsma teaches Comparative Literature (Middle Ages) at Utrecht University; Carolyne Larrington is a Fellow in medieval English at St John's College, Oxford; Corinne Saunders is Professor of Medieval Literature in the Department of English Studies and Co-Director of the Centre for Medical Humanities at the University of Durham. Contributors: Anne Baden-Daintree, Frank Brandsma, Helen Cooper, Anatole Pierre Fuksas, Jane Gilbert, Carolyne Larrington, Andrew Lynch, Raluca Radulescu, Sif Rikhardsdottir, Corinne Saunders.
