Thermal environment of city is getting worse due to severe urban heat island caused by climate change and urbanization. The cooling effect of street tree is regarded as a effective way to ameliorate the urban heat environment. The effect is largely made up of shadow formation and transpiration. This study aims to identify how the transpiration affects the discomfort index by analyzing comprehensive impact of the transpiration on the air temperature and relative humidity. The changes in the amount of transpiration, air temperature, and relative humidity were estimated for Seogyo-dong area which has a lot of floating population in Seoul, at 2 p.m. in dry day in July and August. On average, the transpiration of the street tree decreased the temperature 0.3°C and increased the relative humidity 2.6% in an hour. As a result of these changes in temperature and humidity, the discomfort index rose mostly(0.036 on average). It was always get rise especially on the day when the discomfort index was above 80(0.05 on average). However, compared with the significant change in temperature and humid-
In order to improve the urban thermal environment, efforts are being made to increase green areas in cities that include park construction, planting, and green roofing. Among these efforts, urban parks play an important role not only in improving the urban thermal environment, but also in terms of ecosystem services (serving as resting places for citizens, providing cleaner air quality, reducing noise, etc.). Therefore, the purpose of this study is to suggest planning and management guidelines for urban parks that are effective in improving the thermal environment, by analyzing the urban surface temperature reduction performance of urban parks. To do this, first, land surface temperature was calculated by using Landsat 8 images. Second, the PCI (Park Cool Island) index was calculated to identify the temperature reduction performance of urban parks. Third, the characteristics of parks (area, shape, vegetation) and the surrounding spatial characteristics (land cover, building-related variables, etc.) were identified. Finally, the relationship between the PCI indices (PCI scale, PCI effect, PCI intensity) and the characteristics of the parks and their surroundings were analyzed. The results revealed that the parks consisting of a larger area, simple shape, and higher tree coverage ratio had increased PCI performance, and were advantageous for improving the urban thermal environment. Meanwhile, PCI per-
This study was carried out four times on 2005 and 2006, respectively May and October to understand the bird community and habitat using condition in the Daegu Bulnogoboon Jayeon Madang (DBJM). In this study, 34 species and 332 individuals were observed. The dominant species were Passer montanus 22.0%, Pica pica 18.1%, Hypsipetes amaurotis 6.02% and Sinosuthora webbiana 5.72%, and the species diversity was 2.797. With migration, the highest number and percentage to the lowest was residents 61.7%, summer visitors 26.5% and winter visitors 11.8%. Among 24 species which bred(check or possibility) in the DBJM, canopy was 50.0%, hole was 37.5% and bush was 12.5% in their nesting guilds. In foraging guilds in breeding season was canopy was 58.1%, water was 19.3% and bush was 16.1%, and in non-breeding season, canopy was 54.8%, water 22.6% and bush 19.3%. For the habitats of the birds in the DBJM, wetlands including reservoir area were used by herons, ducks and Hirundo rustica, grassland area was used by Sinosuthora webbiana, buntings and Passer montanus, and forest area was used by Streptopelia orientalis, woodpeckers, Hypsipetes amaurotis and tits. The number of species and individuals of birds observed in the DBJM was higher than other urban parks. We suggest that this was attributed to various man-made habitats such as wetland with reservoir, grassland and forest area constructed in the DBJM.
Using high-resolution stereoscopic aerial images (in 2008, 2012 and 2016), we conducted to analyze the spatial characteristics affecting evergreen coniferous die-off in the northwestern ridge (major distribution area such as Abies nephrolepis), Seoraksan National Park. The detected number of dead trees at evergreen coniferous forest (5.24km2) was 1,223 in 2008, was 2,585 in 2012 and was 3,239 in 2016. The number of cumulated dead trees was 7,047 in 2016. In recent years, the number of dead trees increased relatively in the northwest ridge, Seoraksan National Park. Among the analysed spatial factor (altitude, aspect, slope, solar radiation and topographic wetness index), the number of dead trees was increased in the conditions with high altitude, steep slope and dry soil moisture. A spatial distribution of dead tree was divided into 2 groups largely (high altitude with high solar radiation, low altitude with steep slope). In conclusion, the dead trees of evergreen coniferous were concentrated at spatial 60 김진원.박홍철.박은하.이나연.오충현 distribution characteristics causing dryness in the northwestern ridge, Seoraksan National Park.
In the modern era, the elementary schools in the Republic of Korea are advanced with the competitive world. Thus advancement in technology, and other factors in the elementary schools are releases some kind of particulate matter (PM), which causes deleterious effects on school students health, academic program, growth and development. The school students are susceptible to PM particularly, PM10 and PM2.55. Based on this hazardous effect of PM on school students we conducted the research on the elementary schools class rooms by introducing vertical gardening system to get the schools "ever green". The main aim of this study is to investigate the environmental factors in the educational effect program in the class rooms and indoor air quality changes. For the educational effect, the 4th operation program was applied to 2 schools for 2 hours once a month from September to December 2019. Each school conducted a survey on satisfaction, plant friendliness, and environmental sensibilities, targeting classes that participated in the green school program and those who did not. The environmental effects were monitored by installing indoor air quality facility in the program participating classes and the non-participating classes. From November 2019 to December 2019, three
This study was conducted to comprehend the spatial distribution characteristics, habitats and appearances of Hydropotes inermis by using the biotope mapping in Daebudo Island, Ansan-si. The result is base data to understand status and manage potential inhabitation of Hydropotes inermis in Daebudo Island through the Maximum Entropy model. The study used 105 traces from the primary investigation and 452 traces in the secondary investigation. The biotope types were distinquished Hydropotes inermis habitats largest from the order of natural forest (15.1%), natural coast (13.7%), marshy cultivated land (12.6%), and dry cultivated land (11.7%), and from the inhabitation trace results. Hydropotes inermis appearanced biotope types were the greatest in the order of cultivated land (49.73%) > forest (18.85%) > coast (7.00%) > grassland (6.28%). Since forests in Daebudo Island have low slope and altitude, it was concluded that Hydropotes inermis would live in most of the forests. A high number of Hydropotes inermis was found to appear in areas where the grassland is formed including cultivated lands (include unused paddies and fields) and marshy grasslands, which would result in direct damage of crops. According to the Maxent modeling analysis that used location information of Hydropotes in-
