Traditionally, the study of island biogeography seeks to understand the factors affecting species richness, diversification and distribution on islands. Island biogeography's roots are firmly embedded in population and community ecology. Long before the equilibrium theory of island biogeography ("ToIB") was derived, botanists and zoologists alike had documented the apparently unwavering tendency for species richness to increase log-linearly with sample area. By pairing genetic and distributional data, Valente et al. were able to estimate rates of colonization, extinction and speciation. Their results confirm several key predictions of the ToIB, including that colonization rates decrease with increasing insularity; extinction rates decrease with increasing island area; and speciation rates increase with increasing insularity and island area. The general dynamic model is founded on the same principal elements as the ToIB; however, it benefits from incorporating how the elements covary with those of the island.
Fluctuations in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere were common in Earth's history, and paleoclimate data documents the transitions between different climate states at different time scales. The Cenozoic climate changes contain relevant quantitative information on the assessment of human-made climate effects, and prior interglacial periods that were warmer than the Holocene can play a key role in assessing the dangerous levels of the current warming rate by anticipating future changes in the climate. The estimates of the magnitude and pace of paleoclimate change are useful tools to test ecological theories and identify how the biodiversity dynamics can be shaped by climatic shifts. Dramatic impacts of climate change have already been observed in several systems, such as the arctic and coral reef systems worldwide. Ecosystem regime shifts resulting from climate change are triggered by different disturbance events, such as droughts, wind storms, fires and pest outbreaks.
This chapter provides an up-to-date account of fungi and the factors driving their biogeographic patterns, focusing mainly on terrestrial fungi and in particular mycorrhizal fungi due to their more established and studied biogeographic patterns. It also provides some insights into the biogeography of aquatic and animal-associated fungi. It is important to understand the evolutionary history of fungi because this could explain some of their biogeographical patterns, especially with reference to symbioses. The chapter discusses how fungal functions and their interactions with other organisms can affect fungal biogeography. Global environmental change driven by human disturbance, climate change and natural hazards can fundamentally alter the distribution and activity of fungi in time and space, while fungi can buffer or exacerbate the effects of global change on other organism groups.
This chapter first deals with the importance and the role of soil bacterial communities, and then with the large-scale sampling networks devoted to soil biogeography. Based on the atlas of bacterial taxa from France, it presents the different types of geographical distributions observed for the major soil phyla, and depict their ecological attributes. The chapter demonstrates that co-occurrence networks are potential keys to the understanding of bacterial community regulation and functioning. Beyond the notions of alpha- or beta-diversity and the ecology of soil taxa, the analysis of microbial interaction networks assesses the complexity level of communities. Finally, the chapter explores the concept of microbial habitat at the macroecological scale. To conclude, we illustrate how the same data provide answers to fundamental research questions on microbial biogeography and also account for a precious resource for developing operational bioindicators of the impact of disturbances on soil microbiological quality.
Marine biogeography has largely followed the path marked by terrestrial biogeography in terms of fundamental principles, basic concepts and analytical methods. Diversification trajectories of marine and terrestrial organisms over geological time show contrasting patterns. In contrast to the more sustained, exponential terrestrial diversification, patterns of marine diversification have been traditionally explained using an equilibrium model where recurrent mass extinction events trigger periods of rapid diversification resulting from the intense radiation of life forms as they occupy the new vacant environments. This chapter provides a general overview of the major gradients of diversity distribution in the ocean and possible driving mechanisms at continental to global scales. The current overlap between marine biodiversity hotspots and regions of moderate or high human impact, and the growing trend that many of these impacts are experiencing on a global scale anticipate future implications for the redistribution of marine life and current biodiversity patterns that represent a clear research priority.
Biogeography provides tools for completing knowledge gaps, mostly through the application of distribution modeling. The growing interest in the geography of diseases is defining the specialization of a biogeographical branch called "pathogeography", recovering the term coined by I. Reicher and J. Palti. This chapter is a journey across the different aspects considered by this approach, not intending to be an exhaustive bibliographic revision but rather a conceptual guide based on examples. A main reason for regarding the microbe biogeography as irrelevant was the assumption that microbes can potentially occur anywhere provided that hosts are available. Historical biogeography may have been one of the first approaches to the spatio-temporal analysis of disease. As human pathogens follow biogeographic patterns that can be ecologically explained, the analysis of disease-case records or of pathogen distributions is a more straightforward way of pattern detection.
Biogeography is a field of enquiry that is dependent on the questions, aims and methods of a particular field. Ecological biogeography, for instance, endeavors to answer ecological questions using methods in ecology. The goal of finding a phyto- and zoogeographical classification united 18th and 19th century plant and animal geographies. This chapter utilizes the terms plant and animal geographies, botanical geography, and phytogeography and zoogeography to suit the parlance of the time. The classification of Zimmermann is based on the geographical regions of the world in the 18th century, while that of Morrone has its historical roots in both the zoogeographic Sclater–Wallacean and phytogeographic Humboldtian tradition. Animal geography had a later start than plant geography. Good seems to have combined the larger regions with the smaller plant communities into a single classification.
Conservation biogeography was imagined as a distinct "applied and interdisciplinary science concerned with the conservation of nature" less than two decades ago. This chapter reviews the development of conservation biogeography since its inception a little over one and half decades ago. It aims to, first, provide a brief timeline of progress in the development of this subdiscipline, followed by an overview of the claimed and examined purview of the field. The chapter then briefly examines several highlights emanating from this approach to date, and concludes with a few speculations on how the subdiscipline might continue to develop in productive directions. Conservation biogeography appears to have made progress since 2005 in its attempt to delineate, conceptually and empirically, a portion of the spatial scale within the vast realm of conservation biology that has not always been of a focal concern among biodiversity researchers.
Chapter 6 Cave Biogeography Arnaud Faille, Arnaud Faille Stuttgart State Museum of Natural History, GermanySearch for more papers by this author Arnaud Faille, Arnaud Faille Stuttgart State Museum of Natural History, GermanySearch for more papers by this author Book Author(s): First published: 26 November 2021 https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119882381.ch6 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Summary The subterranean environment comprises voids of any size in which life can develop in aphotic, aseasonal and largely oligotrophic conditions. A small proportion of living organisms have been able to evolve and adapt to such conditions. Some of them have become strictly dependent on this harsh environment, at the price of a set of profound biological adaptations. Key new discoveries shed light on ancient biogeographical patterns but challenge our views regarding the origin and history of the extant fauna, as illustrated by the recently discovered monospecific genus Iberotrechodes in a cave in Cantabria, Spain. Vicariance by plate tectonics remains the main explanatory factor for the amphi-Atlantic distribution displayed by many groups of subterranean Crustacea. An accurate knowledge of subterranean diversity at the species level, combined with a comprehensive overview of the geological and paleoclimatic histories of the areas of interest, is a prerequisite to the understanding of biogeographic patterns. Biogeography: An Integrative Approach of the Evolution of Living RelatedInformation
Deciphering the physical causes of evolution of the biosphere as we know it today, as well as in the past, from the phylogenetic and fossil archive, within the not-so-serene geological history, is the overarching objective of geophysical biogeography. Interactions between the physical environment and the biosphere are reflected in the common classifications used by biogeographers and conservationists: realms, biomes and ecoregions. The biota responds to the current physical environment, as well as to the precursor conditions: the current biota, at a given location, can be viewed as the time integral of the interactions between the biosphere and its geophysical environment. Like the horizontal displacement of continents, regional ups and downs of the Earth's surface not only reshape the physiography on which biota evolve, but also its continental scale decorum, that is, the climate, which may facilitate or hamper dispersal routes.
The last decades have seen an explosion of analytical approaches in biogeography. From parsimony-based cladistic and event-based biogeography, we have moved into the expanding world of parametric model-based methods. This chapter mainly focuses on the latter, which are less than a decade old, but reviews previous approaches, as they provide a background on the shifting focus from phylogenetic relationships and Earth history to the integration of other disciplines (ecology, paleontology and population genetics), to understand historical processes that shaped Earth's biodiversity. While event-based methods have been superseded by parametric probabilistic approaches that integrate the time dimension, they remain popular in fields where molecular data is not available, such as paleontology. Bayes-DIVA is a semiparametric model since it contains a parametric (Bayesian phylogenetic inference) and a nonparametric (parsimony biogeographic inference) component.
Delineating biogeographical regions is a critical step towards the establishment and evaluation of conservation priorities. In the present study, we analysed the distribution patterns of the freshwater fish of an understudied European biodiversity hotspot, the Balkan Peninsula. Based on the most extensive available database of native freshwater fish species distributions, we performed a hierarchical clustering analysis to identify the major biogeographical regions of the Balkan Peninsula. We also highlighted the 'hottest hotspots' of freshwater fish diversity across the delimited biogeographical regions by describing the patterns of species richness, endemic and vulnerable species; indicator species were also determined. The bioregionalisation scheme consisted of eight groups of drainage basins that correspond to distinct regions of the Balkan Peninsula. Overall, the delineated biogeographical regions varied in terms of species richness, endemism, vulnerability (i.e. extinction threats) and indicator species composition. From a conservation perspective, this study emphasises the prioritisation of areas characterised by high levels of irreplaceability (endemism) and vulnerability (i.e. the Attikobeotia region, Ionian Sea and Prespa Lakes) and stresses the necessity of implementing a network of protected freshwater areas across the Balkan Peninsula.
An adult male of Argulus coregoni Thorell, 1864, was collected from the body surface of an ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846), in the middle reaches of the Ani River, a tributary of the Yoneshiro River, Akita Prefecture, northern Honshu, Japan. The previous northernmost record of A. coregoni in Japan is from Fukushima Prefecture, and the present collection extends its geographical distribution from Fukushima Prefecture northward to Akita Prefecture in Japan.
