The research aimed to assess the influence of conservation agriculture-based practice of no tillage and residue retention on the soil fungal diversity and carbon dioxide (CO2) emission at the flowering stage of field pea in a rotation system with spring wheat. The treatments in the experiment were no-tillage with stubble removed (NT), no-tillage with stubble retained (NTS), conventional tillage with stubble removed (T), and conventional tillage with stubble incorporated (TS). Bulk soil and rhizosphere soil fungi DNA were sequenced using fungal ITS (ITS2) region genes. Treatments NT and NTS recorded the greatest fungal ITS region operational taxonomic units (OTUs) however, they did not vary significantly (P < 0.05) among treatments. Fungal OTUs diversity indices in the bulk soil were greater compared to those of the rhizosphere soil. The predominant phyla were Ascomycota, Basidiomycota and rare fungi genus Kurtzmanomyces were found in the rhizosphere. A few fungi class taxa recorded significant (P < 0.05) positive and negative correlations between tillage, soil respiration and total carbon emission. The study highlights the strong implication for the practice of residue retention and no-tillage to improve soil fungi, carbon emission efficiency and promote conservation agriculture-based practices.
The Gezira Scheme—one of the world’s largest gravity‑fed irrigation systems—faces chronic water‑timing failures, seasonal credit shortages, and labour constraints that destabilize its official crop rotation and generate large fluctuations in total net return. Although the rotation is fixed on paper, farmers’ actual rotation has become dynamic, reactive, and constraint‑driven, especially after the 2005 Gezira Act. Using 50 years of data, this study applies a Vector Autoregression (VAR) with an Error Correction Model (ECM) to quantify the dynamic interactions among crop areas (cotton, wheat, sorghum, groundnuts) and total net return. The Error Correction Term captures how quickly the system returns to long‑run equilibrium after water shortages, rainfall variability, price changes, or labour constraints shocks. Results show that the production system is highly sensitive to water timing, with cotton and wheat acting as the main sources of volatility, sorghum functioning as a stabilizing buffer crop, and groundnuts responding opportunistically to liquidity stress. A central structural finding is that only about 25% of the scheme can be irrigated simultaneously due to long‑term deterioration of conveyance capacity, forcing staggered irrigation cycles and chronic timing failures. Small shocks to water, finance, or labour trigger large behavioural adjustments, causing short‑run volatility and long‑run disequilibrium. Shifting irrigation from push to pull system at the minor and field canal levels—while maintaining the 25% simultaneous‑irrigation constraint—creates a demand‑driven water delivery regime that dramatically reduces water stress and timing failures, stabilizes crop choices, and improves both short‑run and long‑run system performance. This intervention with digital transformation aligns directly with VAR-ECM findings showing water as the primary driver of volatility and offers a practical, resilience‑engineering pathway to restore stability and predictability in the Gezira Scheme. The study proposes a resilience‑engineering intervention framework—including downstream pull‑system irrigation at minor and field canal levels, Bt cotton adoption, reducing cotton area to save water, predictable seasonal finance, and mechanization—to restore system stability and improve water use efficiency. VAR-ECM stability tests confirm that these interventions directly address the structural drivers of volatility. This study provides the first dynamic econometric assessment of the Gezira Scheme’s production system, quantifies crop‑specific roles in system sensitivity and stability, identifies water‑timing constraints as the dominant behavioural driver of rotation deviations. Significant contribution of the study is using econometric model for analyzing short‑run adjustments and long‑run equilibrium relationships in Gezira production system and introduces a novel integration of resilience‑engineering interventions within a VAR-ECM framework to guide sustainable transformation of large‑scale irrigation systems.
This research used the Agricultural Innovation Systems (AIS) framework to analyse the innovation processes for soil fertility and pests management in organic cotton production in Benin. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected with 610 farmers selected through stratified random sampling, eight farmers’ organizations leaders, twenty organic cotton promoters, four input suppliers, and four agricultural extension agents. Descriptive statistics and content analysis were used for data analysis. Findings showed that about 47% of the innovations were adopted on a large scale. The innovation processes analysis showed that innovations that achieved large-scale adoption were developed using a co-construction approach that involved a wide range of stakeholders, including farmers. These technological, organizational and institutional innovations were constraint-specific and benefited from continuous technical support from agricultural development and extension services. The dynamic in interactions among stakeholders enables farmers to engage in a continuous learning process integrating endogenous and exogenous knowledge. The research confirms that the use of a co-construction approach in innovation process is important to trigger a sustainable production and use of agricultural innovations relevant to respond to ecological integrity challenges in Sub-Saharan Africa.
The Sudan Gezira Scheme stands as one of Africa’s largest and most pivotal irrigated agricultural projects, underpinning Sudan’s economy and food security. The Scheme operation, irrigation and institutional function inconsistent performance were recognized as crucial parts of the project failure. The integrated institutional functional assessment outlined in this research indicates the gap in knowledge and possible system limitations. The study systematically reviews the performance of the scheme’s institutions, with particular emphasis on the integration of physical and functional modernizations within the operational framework. A significant addition to this study is the introduction of innovative historical Institutional Performance Index (IPI), which provides a quantitative and qualitative evaluation of institutional effectiveness and responds over time. The historical HIPI aggregates key metrics —including infrastructure maintenance, water distribution efficiency, governance stability, and stakeholder coordination—collected from archival scheme records data. Technical assessments equations such as DSI, LCI and UEI are formed to trace the evolution of institutional performance capacity from the scheme’s inception 1920s up to the present. The analysis shows deep integration impact of physical deterioration of the current state of infrastructure, maintenance gaps, and functional impact of management reforms such as the transition from government-led operations to farmer-based Water User’s Associations. The assessment highlights challenges arising from climate variability, water scarcity, and financial constraints, as well as the effects of strategic shifts in governance management. Innovation econometrics Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) and ECM Models are developed to understand complex integrated institutions’ performance phenomena in Gezira Scheme and generate an innovate applicable solutions. Utilizing data from precision agriculture, the study identifies priority areas for improving water use efficiency, cropping intensity, and long-term financial sustainability. The findings, supported by Historical Institutional Performance Index (HIPI) trends, underscore the critical need for targeted canalization rehabilitation, enhanced functional capacity framework, and real time data-driven resource allocation. Overall, the comprehensive evaluation delivers actionable insights for policymakers and stakeholders enabling them to address operational inefficiencies, adapt to changing environmental and economic conditions, and strengthen institutional resilience framework policy for the future. The empirical finding of long-term evaluation of institutional performance demonstrates that sustainable irrigation management framework requires more than hydrological planning. It demands coherent institutions, rehabilitated infrastructure, digital transformation, and governance control systems that align incentives with responsibilities. The study recommends establishing demand‑drive baseline water allocation to farmers and reduce heterogeneity and inequality through enhancing digital water distribution efficiency and increasing farmers income. The study confirms institutional behavior plays a central role in Scheme operation efficiency through integration physical and functional modernization framework and amplified results. A magnitude like –0.4 to –0.6 would mean 40–60% of disequilibrium is corrected each year, indicating meaningful institutional responsiveness.
Taro (Colocasia esculenta) is of great economic importance in Ghana. Its production is constraint by high incidence of Phytophthora colocasiae, causing heavy corm yield losses and impacting farmers livelihood negatively. Breeding for taro leaf blight disease (TLBD) resistance requires exploitation for useful genetic variation from local and introduced germplasm. The objectives were to identify fungal phytopathogenic agents responsible for and/or associated with taro leaf blight disease and taro genotypes with useful genetic variation for breeding resistant cultivars. Five elite taro genotypes were evaluated alongside local variety as check. Blotter method, Potato Dextrose Agar and Carrot Agar media were used in the isolation and identification of fungi. Taro genotypic differences suggest that superior genotypes can be identified and selected for improvement on TLBD tolerance and corm yield. Genotypes BL/SM 115 and BL/SM 16 which had less than 25% TLBD incidence, minimum damage of the disease, higher corm yield and higher corm dry matter content were candidate parents for taro improvement in Ghana. Twenty-one fungal species were identified. Carrot Agar was the best medium for identification of Phytophthora sp. However, further studies are required to confirm phytopathogenic symbiotic association of P. colocasiae with other fungi in causing TLBD disease in Ghana.
This study examines the pivotal role of GMO regulations of the exporting developing countries on their farmers’ adoption of GM crops. We focus on one or two major crops, including cotton, maize and soybean, in each of the five exporting developing countries: Argentina, Brazil, China, India, and Mexico. Various aspects of the import regulations of GMO products are captured by four indices. The relative impact of GMO regulations on exports is assessed to better understand farmers’ domestic production decisions in exporting developing countries. The results show that not all the elements of GM regulations or measures significantly affect the percentage of farmers adopting GM crops. However, the farmers play a significant role in this adoption. Labeling requirements stand out in that they were positively associated with the entire sample and the Latin countries' sample. The risk assessment measure had a slightly negative association with the GM adoption rate.
This study examines the impact of government policies, human resources, infrastructure, and investment promotion programs on technological adoption and investment mobilization in Tay Ninh’s agricultural sector. Using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), survey data from agricultural investors reveal that all four factors significantly influence both technology adoption and capital mobilization, with technology playing a key role in enhancing the investment environment. While the study provides valuable insights, its regional focus may limit broader applicability. The findings highlight the interplay between policy support, skilled labor, infrastructure, and technology in fostering agricultural investment, offering practical recommendations for policymakers and stakeholders to drive sustainable agricultural development in Tay Ninh.
Sustainable Agriculture Research wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal are greatly appreciated. Sustainable Agriculture Research is recruiting reviewers for the journal. If you are interested in becoming a reviewer, we welcome you to join us. Please contact us for the application form at: sar@ccsenet.org Reviewers for Volume 14, Number 1 Adewale Ogunmodede, Royal Agricultural University, United Kingdom Gunnar Bengtsson, Sweden Hans Rolland Yemadje, Ministry of Natural resources and Forestry, Canada Jiban Shrestha, Nepal Agricultural Research Council, Nepal Jose Luis Arispe Vázquez, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Mexico Kassim Adekunle Akanni, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Nigeria Manuel Teles Oliveira, University Tras os Montes Alto Douro (UTAD), Portugal Minfeng Tang, Kansas State University, USA Murtazain Raza, Hamdard University, Pakistan Ngochembo Gaston, Bamenda university, UK Ram Niwas, Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University, India
Soil fertility is a challenge to overcome since the beginning of time. Soil fertility is one of the main constraints that limits agricultural food production by smallholder farmers and astronauts. The value of soil chemical measurements using as indicators Soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (N), phosphorus availability and pH are often-suggested chemical parameters. Fertility problems cannot be treated in isolation and must include rotations, fallow practices, use of crop residues and use of nutrient inputs. Soil fertility is fundamental for food security. It is ultimately determined by the geology in the area, but also greatly affected by soil management and nutrient input. Soon, it will be necessary to develop food sources for future astronauts living and operating deep space. It is fundamental to plant growth researchers working to unlock agricultural innovations that could help us understand how plants might overcome stressful conditions in food-scarce areas here on Earth and eventually apply it to complex conditions like lunar surface environment.
Lawns are recognized as being an amenity for quality of life, but they are generally viewed as having little agricultural value. The ability of ruminants to digest grass clippings harvested from lawns has the potential to convert these otherwise nonproductive landscapes into feed. This study of organic lawn care compared organic fertilizer-amended plots to unamended plots, to demonstrate the feasibility of fermenting fresh lawn clippings into a grass silage to be used as winter livestock feed, and to evaluate the silage palatability and quality. Silage fermentation was performed in plastic bags by air removal through a vacuum and analyzed 200 days after harvest. Except for increasing yield with fertilizer, there were no differences in silage quality between treatments. Silage average dry matter (DM) content was 41%, Protein Crude Soluble 19%, Acid Detergent Fiber 66%, Ash 9.6%, Total Volatile Fatty Acid 7.7%, Lactic Acid 7.8, Acetic Acid 1%, Propionic and Butyric Acids <1%, pH 4.2, and Net Energy Lactation 3152 calories lb-1. The fermented clipping pH was sufficiently acidic, and the other measured indicators were comparable to common types of silage. Because organic lawns often supply more phosphorous (P) than is needed for lawn maintenance, and many New Jersey turf soils already have soil test P levels above the optimum range, adding more P from organic fertilizers is not desirable. This study found that a single harvest of clippings for silage may remove about 10 kg ha-1 of P from the lawn soil.
Cocos nucifera L. and Elaeis guineensis Jacq. are important cash crops that provide a source of livelihood for millions of farmers in Africa. The seedling stages of these crops are mostly susceptible to diseases of which fungi leaf spots and blight rank high, which negatively impacts the development. As part of efforts to minimize the development of resistance against fungicides, we evaluated the efficacy of the commercial fungicide Othello®, which is composed of two different fungicide groups Azoxystrobin and Difenoconazole against oil palm and coconut foliar pathogens in vitro. The main aim of this study was to assess Othello® against Bipolaris bicolor, Curvularia sp., Colletotrichum sp., and Neopestalotiopsis species. Each pathogen was plated on PDA amended with different doses of the fungicide in a completely randomized design, with five replicates per treatment, and data was analyzed with an R statistical tool. The results from our research revealed that all tested concentrations of Othello® (2.5 µL per mL, 5 µL per mL, and 7.5 µL per mL) caused 100 % mycelial growth inhibition in all four pathogens compared to the control (unamended PDA plates) (P < 0.01) after 28 days of incubation. Our subsequent study showed that even the lowest concentration of Othello® (0.5 µL per mL) caused 100 % mycelial growth inhibition. The lowest dosage effect of the fungicide was more pronounced in Neopestalotiopsis sp. with 100 % inhibition while ≤ 80 % inhibition was recorded for Bipolaris bicolor and Curvularia species. This research lays the foundation for the potential use of Othello® to manage B. bicolor, Curvularia sp., Neopestalotiopsis sp., and Colletotrichum sp., but may require semi- and open-field validation.
The growing number of agro-vets in Nepal reflects an increasing demand for pesticides, highlighting the need to investigate the types, toxicity, and public awareness of associated hazards. This study collected data from the oldest agro-vet in Kathmandu Valley, documenting the specific pesticides used. Although the data on pesticide volume is limited, the study is significant as it was carried out with limited research resources, both using synthesis data and primary data over a decade ago. The data was systematically organized in MS-Excel to provide a detailed overview of each pesticide. Additionally, the study examined the anthropogenic footprint, focusing on human activities such as population density and agricultural practices. The population size was plotted by calculating the overall population of districts touched by the river basins, extracted from the census. The percentage of gross national product was presented graphically to illustrate the anthropogenic features in each basin from high mountain terrain to lowlands. The lower sections of Nepal’s Himalayan rivers and the middle segments of the Bagmati River face significant human and agricultural pressures, exacerbated by the widespread use of hazardous pesticides in Kathmandu, necessitating stringent regulatory actions, regular monitoring programs, and enhanced research efforts to assess and mitigate associated risks. These findings shed light on the historical background of the introduction of pesticides in Nepal and the most common types of pesticide in the Kathmandu valley, while the analysis of anthropogenic footprints offer a framework for evaluating human-induced impacts on the Himalayan freshwater systems of Nepal.
Inadequate feed resources in quantity and quality during dry season is the major factor affecting milk production in lactating dromedary camels under the peri-urban production system. This study aimed to evaluate the nutritive contribution of selected shrubs and fodder species to lactating camels in peri urban area of Isiolo town, Kenya during dry season. Nineteen samples of different browse species were collected based on palatability and analyzed for proximate composition, detergent fiber fractions, In vitro digestibility and gas production. Average dry matter (DM) percentage on all dried sampled shrubs was 90%. The crude protein (CP) content ranged between 4.98 - 26.66%. The neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) values ranged from 24.90 - 72.85% and 19.02 - 55.85% respectively. Organic matter digestibility (OMD) and dry matter digestibility (DMD) mean were 47.32% and 41.25% respectively. Acacia nilotica had highest OMD (75.29%) and DMD (62.80%) while Prosopis cineraria recorded the lowest at 24.21% and 22.10% respectively. Cumulative gas production was high in Haloxylon salicornicum (0.00-70.43ml/200mg) and low in Zizyphus mucronata (23.31ml/200mg) with increasing incubation time from 2 to 15 hours. The results indicate that the nutritive values of the forages were not adequate hence supplementation is required for dromedary camels during dry season in peri urban production system. Proper management and conservation of the rangelands through reseeding will also improve the forages nutritional composition.
Fish is an important seafood that provides quality nutrients to human beings which is vital for health and development. This is especially critical in the diets of children under two years old and reproductive women (pregnant and lactating). Selected fish species were sampled from both Lake Victoria and fish farms, and their weight was determined using a sensitive weighing balance and fish-based products (powder and gelatin) developed to food-grade standards. The proximate composition of minerals, amino acid, and fatty acid profile were assessed in the laboratory, and data were analyzed using R statistic tool version 4.2.2 to understand the differences between the variables at a significance level of p < 0.05. Results indicated that crude fat ranged from 3-23%, crude protein was highest in Nile perch gelatin at 81.22±1.43 while omena and haplochromine spp. had the highest concentration of calcium at 6347.1±428.5 and 4522.0±233.3 mg/Kg respectively. The highest concentration of essential amino acids was found in omena and Nile perch powder. Among the fatty acids; oleic and palmitic were the dominant fatty acid in the fish products at 25.12±0.56% - 45.12±0.65% and 20.52±0.69% - 44.23±0.74% respectively. The moisture content of the final products was between 4.64 ±0.08% - 8.82±0.35%, which was within limits ensuring little microbial activity thus enhancing the shelf-life of the final products. The developed products had nutrients that are beneficial to human health at desirable concentrations and are recommended for inclusion in the diet of vulnerable groups for a prosperous community free from hunger and malnutrition.
Crop production in Bahrain is facing many challenges that may undermine farm's sustainability. Farmers are an important player and assessing farm’s sustainability to identify performance gaps is essential. This study aims to measures farm sustainability in Bahrain using Response-Inducing Sustainability Evaluation (RISE) tool accompanied by field visit observations. The assessment was carried out on 29 farms and applied on 8 themes. The study contributed by configuring RISE's regional data to match Bahrain's conditions through the adjustment of some evaluation functions. The application of RISE showed that the average score of the 29 farms was (63 points) which indicates the requirement of additional improvement. Farms fared well in five themes (quality of life, water use, working conditions, soil use, and farm management). Whereas it performed low in three themes (Material Use, Biodiversity & Economic viability). Quality of life theme received the highest score (76 points), while biodiversity was the lowest (34 points). RISE application was successful; however, land tenure needs to be considered to improve local sustainability. Despite the presence of lands that are classified as agriculture but unexploited, it is suggested to encourage landowners exploiting the lands or rent them out to other farmers. In addition, the development of good agricultural practises guidelines is vital.
There has been growing interest in the evaluation of research projects in Africa because of the quantum of funding devoted to research by governmental and non-governmental organizations. One area that has received a lot of research funding is farmer-herder conflicts due to its high impact on peace, security and development on the continent. This paper evaluates a Danida-funded research project in the Ashanti Region of Ghana dubbed “Access-Authority Nexus in Farmer-Herder Conflicts (AAN Project)”. Primary data was collected from 46 project stakeholders during a project review meeting. Each stakeholder responded to a questionnaire distributed to them and later explained for them to have a common understanding of it before providing responses. The OECD DAC Network on Project Development Assessment Framework was adapted to evaluate the project success. Stakeholders’ perceived project success was evaluated using Perception Index while project success criteria were assessed using correlation analysis. The results show that stakeholders perceived the AAN project to be effective in achieving its objectives of investigating the formation and erosion of access associated with the conflicts, capacity building and information dissemination to stakeholders. They also perceived it to be relevant to farmer-herder peaceful co-existence, and coherent with other existing interventions in the conflict area. The results further show that stakeholders recognized the project to have impacted positively on the number of conflict cases and their effects on livelihoods and state building Overall, they rated the project’s achievements as sustainable. The implication of the findings is that research is still necessary for the effective management of the farmer-herder conflicts despite the numerous research work already done on it.
There is a global movement towards a sustainable agricultural system, given serious concerns for the food security of future generations. However, despite this push, adopting sustainable agriculture practices has been poor, given that their positive effect is not directly evident to the farmers. In countries like Fiji, where the majority of the land is leased, not undertaking sustainable agriculture practices can lead to a crisis of food insecurity and degraded low-quality land returning to the land owners and future generations. This study utilizes the latest Agriculture Census data from Fiji to construct a non-parametric production frontier from which to estimate the levels of efficiency of each farmer. These efficiency scores are then decomposed to farmers engaged in Sustainable Agriculture Practices vis-à-vis those not undertaking any Sustainable Agriculture Practice (SAP). The results from efficiency analysis provide efficiency and productivity scores for each farmer. Further decomposing it by SAPs reveals the marked difference in efficiency and productivity scores between farmers who undertake SAPs and those who do not. The results demonstrate that those farmers who undertake SAP have efficiency and productivity levels substantially higher than those who do not. To push the sustainable agriculture agenda amongst the farmers and landowners, policymakers must demonstrate to the farmers that undertaking SAPs will not only maintain the quality of the foundation input soil but will have a significant positive effect on their farm efficiency, productivity, and thus profitability. By doing so, the interests of all stakeholders are merged, making adopting sustainable agriculture practices easier on all farms.
Background: Due attention has recently been given to the choices of sustainable land management practices (SLMPs) to reduce land degradation and improve the livelihood of smallholder farmers in developing countries. A rising number of people believe that Sustainable Land Management is an essential strategy for enhancing food security. For generations, Ethiopia has been regarded as a hotspot of land degradation, posing a severe threat to agricultural productivity leading to widespread rural poverty. Hence, this study aimed at identifying the determinants of smallholder farmers’ choice of SLMPs in the West Wollega zone, Oromia region of Ethiopia using the Multivariate Probit (MVP) model. Results: Results of the MVP model show that the predicted probabilities of adopting organic fertilizer, area closure, soil and water conservation, crop rotation, and compost were 37.2, 35.3, 40.5, 38.3, and 38.5% respectively. The MVP model results also show that the five SLMPs are complementary and the probability that households choose all five SLMPs was 23% which is low. Further, results of the MVP model show that cooperative membership, model farmer contact, farm size, non-farm income, credit, farm experience, perceived soil erosion, social capital, livestock owned, farmland slope, NGO intervention, information access, and training have a significant positive influence while age, family size, and perceived input cost significantly and negatively impacted the choice of SLMPs by households in the study area. Conclusions: The findings of the study confirm that socioeconomic, household, farm and institutional characteristics of the households have a significant impact on the choices of SLMPs and hence the need to focus on the above-mentioned factors to enhance the choices of SLMPs and reduce land degradation problem in the study area. The results also highlight the significance of environmentally-friendly policies, which include sustainable development, SLMPS plan determination, environmental permits, and incentive programs for managing the sustainability of land management performance in land-use policy within the local context.
A three-year beef cow grazing study (2020-2022) was conducted to evaluate the effects of biochar supplementation on grazing cow performance, ruminal fermentation, fecal egg and oocyst count, fecal nutrient composition, and enteric methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Each year, forty-eight spring-calving Angus beef cows (BW = 669 ± 95 kg; mean ± STD) stratified by BW, were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments. Treatments included either (i) pelleted supplement with biochar (Biochar; 405 g/d) inclusion at 2.2% of DMI or (ii) control pellet (Control; base fiber - no biochar). Twenty-four ha meadow bromegrass (Bromus riparius Rehm.)-alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) paddocks (8.6% CP, 51.1% TDN) were assigned to each treatment group for the 92-d grazing trial. Enteric CH4 and CO2 emissions were measured using SF6 tracer gas technique. Cow and calf performance, rumen fluid parameters were not (p > 0.05) affected by biochar supplementation. During trial biochar supplementation reduced fecal oocyst (Eimeria spp.) count (p < 0.011; 3.9 vs. 15.0 count/g DM) but increased carbon:nitrogen ratio (p < 0.029; 26.1 vs. 21.3) relative to initial measurements. The enteric methane emission reduction in response to biochar supplementation at 2.2% of DMI, was negligible (~6.0% reduced compared to control).
Sustainable Agriculture Research wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal are greatly appreciated. Sustainable Agriculture Research is recruiting reviewers for the journal. If you are interested in becoming a reviewer, we welcome you to join us. Please contact us for the application form at: sar@ccsenet.org Reviewers for Volume 13, Number 1 Adewale Ogunmodede, Royal Agricultural University, United Kingdom Chaterina Agusta Paulus, Universitas Nusa Cendana, Indonesia Jiban Shrestha, Nepal Agricultural Research Council, Nepal Jose Luis Arispe Vázquez, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Mexico Luciano Chi, Sugar Industry Research and Development Institute, Belize Manuel Teles Oliveira, University Tras os Montes Alto Douro (UTAD), Portugal Minfeng Tang, Kansas State University, USA Murtazain Raza, Hamdard University, Pakistan Nehemie Tchinda Donfagsiteli, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Cameroon Omnia Mohamed Mohamed Helmy Arief, Benha University, Egypt Patrice Ngatsi Zemko, University of Yaoundé I, Cameroon Ram Niwas, Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University, India Roberto José Zoppolo, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (Uruguay), Uruguay Waqar Majeed, University of Agriculture, Pakistan
