Analysis of ten vernal ephemerals from Agro-Botanical Garden UASVM Cluj-Napoca revealed that all were naturally colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizae and fine root endophytes. Dark septate endophytes were observed in seven species. Highest frequency of arbuscular mycorrhizae colonization was found in Muscari armeniacum while second highest in Crocus vernus and Galanthus nivalis. High arbuscular mycorrhizae colonization frequency appears simultaneous with high fine root endophyte colonization in some species, but high arbuscular mycorrhizae frequency is not associated with highest dark septate endophyte presence. Lax arbuscular mycorrhizae symbiosis was identified in Iris reticulata and Hyacinthus orientalis. Plants with intensely arbuscular mycorrhizae colonized roots might be able to avoid carbon drain by allowing less arbuscules to form than presumed higher potential indicated by extensive length of root colonized by AMF hyphae.Analysis of ten vernal ephemerals from Agro-Botanical Garden UASVM Cluj-Napoca revealed that all were naturally colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizae and fine root endophytes. Dark septate endophytes were observed in seven species. Highest frequency of arbuscular mycorrhizae colonization was found in Muscari armeniacum while second highest in Crocus vernus and Galanthus nivalis. High arbuscular mycorrhizae colonization frequency appears simultaneous with high fine root endophyte colonization in some species, but high arbuscular mycorrhizae frequency is not associated with highest dark septate endophyte presence. Lax arbuscular mycorrhizae symbiosis was identified in Iris reticulata and Hyacinthus orientalis. Plants with intensely arbuscular mycorrhizae colonized roots might be able to avoid carbon drain by allowing less arbuscules to form than presumed higher potential indicated by extensive length of root colonized by AMF hyphae.
This paper presents the results obtained in the experimental field placed on cambic Phaeozem at SCDA Teleorman. The effects of various types of fertilizers, such as: N, NP, NPK, potassium humate NPK, containing different forms of nitrogen on the production and the content of nitrogen, were analyzed. The experiments soya been were carried out using soybeans as crops, in conservation agriculture system, and the fertilizers application dosages were 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg N/ha. The laboratory tests results and the statistical data indicated that the nitrogen from soil registered significant changes, after the application of urea, NP and NPK dosages. The production presented significant increases for the application dosages of 150 and 200 kg N/ha.
Phaseolus vulgaris L. is a salt-sensitive species. For this reason, the purpose of the face work was to determine the effect of excess NaCl on the content of the chlorophyll pigments as an indicator of salt stress tolerance. Therefore, in the present study, of the influence of saline solutions of 100 mM and 200 mM NaCl was studied on the content of assimilatory pigments, to 7 local populations of common beans, collected from areas with saline soils, from Nord-East of Romania and grown under greenhouse conditions, at the pots. The experiment is part of a broader research, and the determination of pigment content is only one stage of this research, because and other physiological and biochemical parameters are analyzed. 15 days after treatment the content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids pigments showed higher values compared with analyzes performed after 30 days. The overall objective of the research is to contribute to a better understanding of the physiological mechanisms involved in the saline stress tolerance of Phaseolus vulgaris L., identification of local populations of salinity-tolerant beans and their use in breeding programs of this species. As novelty, in the current study, new genotypes were found of bean, from Nord-East of Romania, tolerant to this factor.
The paper evaluates the uniformity of distribution of two fluted rollers used for sowing small seeds. One of the rollers has the grooves paralel with the cylinder generatrix and the other one has the grooves inclined toward the cylinder generatrix. The other design parameters like diameter, number of grooves, volume and width are identical. The research aims to highlight the influence of groove orientation on distribution uniformity. To evaluate the distribution Deval.mcd method was used, which was developed by the author.
The paper wants to analise the emissions removed by a diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel comparative with those eliminated if using a conventional fuel, especially the measurement of carbon quantity from the evacuated gases. For achieving these measurements, an opacimeter will be used, and the higher the opacity is, the higher is the amount of carbon. The measurements were made with the opacimeter through free acceleration between the slow no-load speed and the maximum no-load speed, at a normal functioning regime. Minimum 3 measurements of opacity at free acceleration are made. The results obtained after the experiments show that the opacity values of motor fuelled with biodiesel B 20 are smaller than those of motor fuelled with conventional fuels, at all measured speed values. On the other hand, other elements present in emissions, such as: COÂ 2, Sulphure oxides, carbon monoxide and material particles are all smalller in the case of using biodiesel as fuel.
Nowadays, in a world with rapidly growing population, the utilization of the available natural resources in a best possible way is obviously of highest priority. Significant part of the natural resources for a given region is the local biodiversity. Being in a climatically favorable environment, the cross-border area Romania - Bulgaria has a rich variety of plants with high potential not only in pharmacology and cosmetics but in many other fields. That is why, the project â€MedPlaNet - medicinal plant network for enhancement of the comparative advantage of Calarasi - Silistra cross-border area for sustainable development†developed an Oracle data base (http://medplanet.dbioro.eu) which includes a phyto-chemical screening of spontaneous and cultivated medicinal plants in the region, physical and chemical characteristics of the soils, technologies used for cultivation, harvesting and processing these herbs but also statistic studies about the use of medicinal and aromatic plants by the local population in both countries. The biologically active compounds identified in the medicinal plants are used in new formula of natural products as generators of new technologies for production and services, offering a chance for developing sound economy based on knowledge with high added value.
Concerning the red clover breeding, it is essential to choose as genitors those varieties that possess good characteristics. In order to identify potential genitors, two red clover varieties were studied at Cluj-Napoca:Â Roxana, diploid variety and Napoca-tetra, tetraploid variety. The analyzed traits comprised the number of capitula/plant, number of seeds/capitulum and the binding process, under the aspect of their contribution to the seed crop and the interaction between those components, in order to provide important clues about di-and tetraploid red clover seed production, for plant breeding. The highest variability (s%=30) presented regarding the number of flowers/capitulum, diploid variety comparatively with a lower variability (s%=26) regarding the number of flowers number/capitulum, tetraploid varieties. Several traits were compared between di-and tetraploid red clover varieties in order to find genitors which can be used for creating new genotypes with high seed production level.
The Sasar River basin is located in the Baia Mare Depression; it covers an area of 311 sq km and it is located in NW Romania. Due to urbanization and industrialization, and to a lesser extent agriculture, Sasar Basin shows a simplification of the biocenosis, more or less brutal, the intensity of pollution.This paper summarizes the results of sampling campaigns that were carried out between 2003-2008, when a total of 10 stations of the investigated basin were identified and analyzed, according to the Normalized Global Biological Index (IBGN) methodology. Subsequent to the systematical study, 20 species belonging to 6 Ephemeroptera families ( Leptophlebiidae, Ephemeridae, Ephemerelllidae, Caenidae, Heptageniidae, Bäetidae  ) were identified. Ephemeroptera is a group of demanding environmental conditions; high specific abundance was recorded in the stations located in areas with minimal and moderate anthropogenic impact (upstream Blidari-10 species; Valley Măriuţii- 10 species, upastream Baia Sprie - 9 species). The number of species is drastically reduced for the stations located downstream of the Baia Sprie and Baia Mare industrial centers (downstream Baia Sprie-3 species, downstream Baia Mare -1 species). Within the communities of Ephemeroptera high frequencies were performed by Bäetis rhodani (90%), considered in terms of the ecological valence, average tolerance to pollution. Pollution-sensitive species had low frequencies: Rhithrogena semicolorata  (40%), Bäetis alpinus (40%).
Botrytis cinerea  Pers., attacks more than 250 herbaceous and arborescent species of plants being a pathogen spread across the world. This plant pathogen is the main body responsible for the occurrence of grey mould in grapes and other vegetables and fruits. The purpose of the research was the observation of the morphological and cultural characteristics of some isolates of the pathogen as well as the biological control with hydroalcoholic plant extracts. In our experiments we’ve identified and isolated the pathogen Botrytis cinerea Pers., we’ve inoculated on three culture media PDA, Czapek - agar, MA. The features that we observed were the growth rate of the colonies, the sporulation and sclerotia appearance, the shapes and the dimensions of conidia, the number and distribution of the sclerotia. The results obtained consist in differences of morphology, number and distribution of the sclerotia and dimensions of the conidia. For the control with plant extracts of the fungus the isolates were inoculated on PDA medium that contained the extract using the poison food technique. The fungistatic effect of the extracts was established by examining the presence or the absence of the colony growth. The diameters of the colonies were measured and in order to establish the growth inhibition of the fungus it was calculated the surfaces of the colonies that appeared on the treated plates using the ellipse area formula. The results obtained were expressed as inhibition percentage of mycelia growth compared with the dimensions of the control colony.
Gray mould fungus, Botrytis cinerea is a plant pathogenic fungus with an extensive host range that causes damage to a wide range of crops including vegetables, soft fruit, ornamental plants and grapevines. Control of fungal diseases is a key problem in agriculture worldwide. To develop effective controls for this gray mould, various characteristics of Botrytis cinerea Pers., such as its life cycle and mode of infection, must be determined. Epidemiological studies are difficult because of the genetic and phenotypic variability within this species. Under this consideration the purpose of our study was the observation of the fungus cultural and morphological characteristics but also the testing of the antifungal effect of some plant hydroalcoholic extract. In our experiments we’ve identified and isolated the pathogen Botrytis cinerea Pers., inoculated it on three culture media and we observed the growth rate of the colonies, the sporulation and sclerotia appearance, the shapes and the dimensions of conidia, the number and distribution of the sclerotia. The different extracts in three different concentrations were te sted in 80 mm diameter Petri plates incubated at 25ºC and assessed after three, six and nine days of incubation. Plates were examined for the presence or the absence of the colony growth and the diameters of the colonies were measured establishing the colony area and the inhibition percent of the tested plant extracts.
Fusarium  is one of the most widespread and damaging diseases of cereal crops (wheat, barley, rye), mainly due to the attack on the ears. In favorable areas for Fusarium , attack causes significant damage in terms of quantity, as a result of reducing the number of berries and THGW's decline, and loss of a qualitative nature, due to lower grain protein content and mycotoxins occurrence. The yield losses caused by Fusarium in wheat, varies from year to year, mainly driven by climatic conditions and technological, source of inoculum and cultivated variety. The objective of this paper was to determine the reaction of wheat varieties to the attack by Fusarium spp. in different test conditions. The researches took place in ARDS Turda, in the Laboratory of Phytopathology. The experiments were located by randomized block method in three replications. Biological material was represented by three varieties of wheat, developed by the Laboratory of Wheat Improvement. Test methods were: uninoculated-untreated, inoculated-untreated, inoculated-treated and uninoculatedtreated. The inoculation was done with the suspension of Fusarium spp. and treatments were applied with products: Falcon 250 EC and Prosaro 460 EC. The manifestation degree of Fusarium was expressed as the percentage of ears and grains infected, and production was expressed by t / ha. After observations and statistical processing of data we can say that the percentage of infected grain varies between 0-16 %, for varieties studied. Yield obtained have been affected by the test version in the two experimental years, the lowest yields were obtained in natural and artificial infection, but without treatment, ranging between 4.7 to 4.9 t / ha in 2010 and 2.8 to 3.9 in 2011.
The goal of this study is to evaluate the possibilities to use the municipal sluge as a fertilizer in agriculture, especially upon alfalfa crop, with a very complex and precise methodology, in the conditions of assuring environment protection and human health integrity. The aim of this study is to determine the quality of alfalfa fourage derived from the application of city sludge from cleaning station Tetarom III Cluj - Napoca. Neutralizing city mud with the help of soil, considered a biological treatment station for water is one of the most important perspectives to protect the environment together with an increase of agricol production. In the new socio economical structures of Romania, the natural fertilizer is to be found less and less due to the decrease of the animal number, and also due to the way of their breeding, and the replacement of natural fertilizer with city sludge from the used water treatment, it is an alternative to use due to the sure advantages of the fertilized mud appliance.
There are more than ten million farmers in the European Union (EU), accounting for more than five percent of direct jobs. Agriculture also provides employment to many people in the supply, the trade and services and in the food processing industry. The food in Europe comes for a significant proportion of farms in the EU. In response to the food shortages during and after World War II, the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the EU stimulated in the beginning mainly the production of large quantities of food so that the union could supply its own needs. In general, this meant that farmers received more money if they produced more food. After some time, this resulted in over-production. This policy became too costly for taxpayers and lead to distortions in the pricing on the world market (through import levies and export subsidies). The recognition of this problem coincided with a growing concern about whether the CAP was an incentive for more intensive farming methods, which may impact on the environment and food safety. It led to a gradual reform (by the introduction of quotas, set-aside, ...) of the CAP, and finally payment of quantity was switched to direct income support to farmers.
The wheat crop is considered the crop with the largest cultivated area in the world. In our country, the area cultivated with wheat, represents about 40% of the area cultivated with cereals. Autumn wheat crops are affected by many diseases that cause significant quantitative and qualitative damages. The production losses varies from year to year, due to weather conditions, applied technology, the sources of inoculum and the cultivated variety. From the foliar and ear diseases encountered in the culture of wheat, powdery mildew ( Erysiphe graminis f.sp. tritici fc. Oidiummonilioides  ), brown staining (Septoria tritici fc. Leptosphaeria tritici ) rust (Puccinia spp.) and fusariosis ( Gibberella spp fc. Fusarium graminearum) occurs with high intensity, especially in the years with high precipitation. In this paper is presented the dynamics of the main wheat diseases in the climatic conditions of the years 2005 - 2011, the ARDS Turda. The experiments were located by random block method in three repetitions. The biological material was represented by four wheat varieties created at ARDS Turda. The observation were made once a week from the end of April - early May until the end of July. The observation were made to 20 plants of each variety. It was noted: the number of siblings, number the leaves, leaf length, leaf width, the attack degree on the plant, specifying at each notation the phenological stage. Following observation in the experimental conditions from ARDS Turda, the frequent diseases were: powdery mildew, brown staining and fusariosa.
Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) is an important crop pest and a vector of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) in many areas of the world. Its feeding can cause scarring and deformations on leaves and fruit, with seedlings and soft tissue particularly prone to feeding damage. Cucumbers and other vegetable are susceptible to fruit scarring. Population dynamics of western flower thrips was monitored both in field and protected spaces throughout different methods and on different ornamental and vegetables hosts. In this paper results regarding population dynamic on cucumber greenhouse crop are presented. Studies were conducted throughout five weeks. Shaken method was used. Ten leaves from the bottom of the plant, ten from the middle, ten from the tip of the plant and ten flowers were weekly sampled. Mean temperature and treatments applications were recorded. The fallen larvae and adults were counted. Females and males were separately noted. Sex ratio influence and spatial distribution was also followed. Data analysis demonstrated that thrips preferred to feed on younger leaves situated on tip of the plant. There was a very low difference between sex ratio in leaves as compared with the one in flowers. Regarding population dynamics of thrips on whole study period the trend was of increasing, thus treatment application were less efficient and proves its high pesticide resistance character.
At present is estimated that around 12000 tones of mercury are contained in mercury cells used for chlorine production in the EU. Mercury contamination risk, remains active for long periods after the removing of the pollutant source, and is recognized as extremely dangerous for humans and environment due to the toxicity of various mercury compounds that can accumulate in the trophic chains. Almost all facilities using mercury -cell process reports unaccounted for mercury losses. The annual mercury balance for a site is never zero. This is because mercury accumulates in plant equipment and structures during the life of the plant. The majority of mercury losses occur, in the various process wastes. Considerable emissions of mercury can also occur with run-off water. The soil at many sites is contaminated with mercury due to deposition of atmospheric diffuse emissions and/or historical disposal of mercury contaminated wastes. An even greater problem is represented by the decommissioning of obsolete facilities when large quantities of mercury can escape in the environment despite all precaution measures.
Barley breeding laboratory from ARDS Turda created many varieties of spring barley in two rows with superior brewing qualities of which the best quality are grown on large areas. Of varieties obtained from ARDS Turda: Dac iana, Capriana, Jubileu and Romaniţa, the last two are high quality and productive. They maintained their superior qualities during several years of experimentation in different localities. These two varieties are genetically stable in terms of varietal purity correspond to the current rules EU. Spring barley varietes with two rows Daciana and Romaniţa have a high ecological plasticity and can be grown on different areas which can range in climate and soil. These two varietes have superior qualities than older local and foreign varietes, with a very good rezistance to fallen, feature very important to malting barley. This phenomenon is important because greatly depreciates the grain quality and reduce production. Characteristics of barley for beer: varieties containing less than 12.5% protein; varieties with high starch content 60%; varieties with greater than 95% germination energy. Daciana and Romaniţa are superior varietes for brewing and have a low percentage of protein between 10,9-12%. Percentage of starch is high an is between 61-62,3% of dry weight and have a high production potential.
More than 5 millions hectares of arable land from the total of 9 millions arable land have suffered, in the last 40 years, strong phenomena of ecological degradation due to the excess of works with the plow and to incorrect us e of inputs (fertilizers with nitrogen and pesticides). The quantity of humus was reduced by up to 60%, while the biomass from inside the soil decreased 10 times. In this paper is described an ecological reconstruction model of a chernozem soil from the Bu rnaz Plain, Alexandria area, starting from the tillage system modification on an optimized crop rotation with ameliorative plants (peas, soy, wheat, rape, corn, sunflower) and by introducing into the soil a quantity of up to 4 tonnes/ha residual organic ma tter associated with activating biocomposts. The results obtained have led to the very significant change of soils physical, biological and biochemical properties. The soil compactity was reduced of almost 7 times on the hardpan area, the amount of waterheld in soil has been improved by over 4 times, the biological activity of soil has increased more than 5 times and the level of premium wheat production has increased more than 3,5 times, as well as its quality (minimum 15% protein).
For wheat (Â Triticum aestivum ), periods of prolonged rainfall and high humidity after the grain has ripened and before it can be harvested can contribute to, so called pre-harvest sprouting (PHS), which can be considered as a premature germination. PHS can be defined a complex quantitative character having two important components: sprouting score and falling number. The two these components are controlled by gene effects which are predominant of additive nature. Our research have been conducted on parental, FÂ 1, F2, backcross generations means, from 4 cyclic crosses with common parents differing in their reaction to PHS and falling number. Broad sense heritability coefficients for PHS score showed high values in the case of majority hybrids that indicate the important role of genotype in phenotypic expression of reaction to sprouting. Concerning to falling number, broad sense heritability coefficients had smaller values. For wheat as a self pollinated crop, is preferable to be used narrow sense heritability which reflects additive genetic contribution to phenotypic expression of sprouting or falling number, because only additive gene effects can be fixed to progeny. When PHS score, or falling number have high values for narrow sense heritability (higher 50), is recommended the beginning of selection in FÂ 2 and in these cases can be successful applied pedigree selection. Concluding, high heritabilities associated with other genetic parameters can be important tools at hand of breeders. They indicated that wheat selection for PHS tolerance or falling number would be effective in populations involving crosses of sensitive and tolerant parents.
Tea is rich in polyphenols and phenolics compounds that have been widely reported to have beneficial health effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of catechins, major phenols in tea, to act as growth factors for Lactobacillus casei during lactic acid fermentation. Major catechins presented in tea extracts are gallocatechin, catechin, epigalocatechin, galocatechingalat, epicatechingalat, catechingalat. Different concentrations of green tea and black tea extracts have been added to MRS model media. Growth and viability of Lactobacillus casei was positively affected by the addition of green tea and black tea extracts. This indicates that green tea and black tea addition exert protective effect on Lactobacillus casei growth in MRS media, increasing the viability and biomass production, probably by acting as metabolic enhancer. This results indicated the posibility of using green tea and black tea as metabolic enhancers for the growth of Lactobacillus casei.Â
