Research has identified the high incidence of deposition in abdominal fat as one of the economic practical challenges for improving carcass quality, especially among well-known Pekin duck strains. This makes it necessary to find natural, safe alternatives for synthetic stimulants. Thus, this study was designed to assess the influence of different concentrations of hesperidin on lipid profile and oxidative status as well as thyroid hormones activation in Pekin ducks. The experiment was conducted in the fields and laboratories of the College of Agriculture at the University of Kerbala using 160 one-day-old birds. The results of the study showed a substantial linear improvement in the lipid profile at the dose of 100 mg/kg. Total cholesterol decreased from 190.50 to 155.50 mg/ dL, triglycerides from 95.10 to 55.86 mg/dL, and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) from 65.26 to 38.72 mg/dL. In contrast, HDL levels increased to 78.87 mg/dL. Regarding the oxidative status, the activity of the enzyme (GPX) increased from 35.20 to 63.40 units/mL, and the lipid stress indicator (MDA) decreased from 3.60 to 1.62 nmol/dL. This reflects superior protection of the cellular membranes. Metabolic activity was also enhanced through the increase in the level of the hormone (T3) from 1.60 to 2.42 units/L and the hormone (T4) from 7.10 to 9.25 units/L. This increased their conversion ratio (T3/T4) from 0.23 to 0.26. It is concluded from this that hesperidin acts as an effective dual-function metabolic regulator. It improves lipid metabolism and strengthens the bird's defensive system efficiently. We recommend using hesperidin at a dose of 100 mg/kg as a natural feed additive to enhance health and productivity in duck-rearing projects.
Wheat is the world's most important cereal crop for its many properties and uses of its grain. Egyptian researchers does his best to increase yield via biofertilizers with less amount of mineral fertilizer. Thus, a field experiment was conducted during in 2023/2024 and 2024/2025 growing seasons at Etay elbaroud Agricultural Research Station, Egypt. Using a split-plot design in a randomized complete block design arrangement with three replicates, the main plots contain three treatments of mineral N fertilizer (35, 55 and 75 kg N/fed) and three mix treatments with the same levels of mineral N and biofertilizer and sub plots contain three studied cultivars. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of three nitrogen levels (35, 55, and 75 KgN/fad) and the same levels of mineral nitrogen with a biofertilizer on yield and its components of Sakha 95, Misr4, and Sids 14 wheat cultivars to maximize wheat productivity and minimize environmental pollution. All treatments of mineral N and the mix of mineral and biofertilizer had significant effects on all studied traits in both seasons and overall data. The tallest cultivar was Misr 4 in two seasons under N 75 and N 55 and under the same nitrogen levels and biofertilizer. Sakha 95 had the highest value of number of spikes/m2 for two seasons and overall, in all fertilizer treatments. For number of kernels/spike, overall, Misr 4 had the highest number at three levels of nitrogen and three levels of biofertilizer + mineral nitrogen. The heaviest 1000-kernel weight was Sakha 95 in two seasons and overall Misr 4 at all levels of mineral nitrogen and biofertilizer. For grain yield/fad, the highest weight of GY (Ard/fed) was at the three levels of mineral and biofertilizer in the two seasons, and overall, the cultivar Misr 4 had the highest weight of grain yield.
Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana), or ragi, is a nutrient-dense millet, rich in calcium, iron, dietary fibre, & antioxidants. This study aimed to develop a novel functional confection, ???Ragi Choco Treats???, by combining the nutritional merits of ragi with its sensory appeal of chocolate. Three formulations (T1, T2, T3) were developed with various proportions of ragi flour, cocoa powder, jiggery, and ghee. The standardized formulation (T2) was analyzed for its proximate composition and subjected to sensory evaluation using a 9-point hedonic scale. The results indicated that the final product contained 483.8 kcal energy, 10.7g protein, 14.2g fat, 78g carbohydrate, and 4.74g dietary fibre per 100g. Sensory analysis revealed significant differences (p
Knowledge of the biology and ecology of insect species attracted to corpses is very important in determining the method of killing and the crime scene, and in identifying the species of insects successively occurring on the corpse according to the differences in seasons and regions. This study was conducted in Al-Jam??iyah area in Karbala Governorate for the purpose of identifying the forensically important insect species successively occurring on corpses according to the differences between the summer and winter seasons. The wild rabbit belonging to the order Lagomorpha was used as a vertebrate animal model, where the number of individuals used reached twelve (12) rabbits, with approximate weights ranging between 2???2.5 kg for each animal, with the aim of studying the insect species successively occurring on animal corpses according to the differences between the summer and winter seasons.The study recorded 11 insect species belonging to three main orders, namely Diptera with 6 species, Coleoptera with 5 species, and Hymenoptera. The results showed a clear superiority in the rates of insect attraction to the carcass during the summer season compared with winter, especially in the order Diptera, where the species recorded their highest values in summer, such as Chrysomya albiceps 61.2 and Musca domestica 70, compared with their decrease in winter, 43 and 43.2, respectively. As for the order Coleoptera, the species Dermestes maculatus recorded the highest attraction rate in both seasons, 113 in summer and 102 in winter, whereas Anotylus sp. was the lowest, 0???7.6. As for ants Formicidae, they showed high activity in both seasons, with an increase in winter, 270 compared with 202 in summer. The results showed significant differences at 0.05 for the effect of the seasonal factor, with a clear effect of temperature on flies compared with beetles. These results indicate that seasonal changes directly affect the density and succession of insects on corpses, which enhances their importance in forensic entomology applications, especially in estimating the postmortem interval.
The field experiment was carried out in a personal farm in Abu Al-Jasim Village in the Al-Mussaib District (40 km north of Babylon) in the 2024-2025growing season. The research paper investigated the effects of organic fertilizers, bio fertilizers, and zeolite on the growth of two types of broccoli. The trial was organized using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. Three factors were included. The former was a cultivar with two hybrids, Convet-F1 and Jassmine-F1, denoted h1 and h2. The second was organic- bio fertilization, which was done using four treatments, namely no fertilizer (no fungi and no bacteria), 10 t ha-1 + bacterial inoculation, 10 t ha -1 + fungal inoculation, and 20 t ha -1 + both fungi and bacteria. These were the treatments B0, B1, B2, and B3. The third variable was zeolite at four levels: 0, 8, 16, and 24 t , which were coded as Z0, Z1, Z2, and Z3. The least significant difference test was used to compare the means of the treatments at the 0.05 probability level. The outcomes revealed that the hybrid Jassamine-F1 performed better on all measured traits than Convet-F1. It had increased averages of leaf area (103.01 dm 2), number of leaves per plant (21.92), head diameter (16.20 cm), number of heads per plant (5.83), vitamin C contents (92.29 mg 100 g -1 fresh weight), percent protein (3.92), and sulforaphane concentration. The fertilization treatment B3 (20 t ha????? + fungi and bacteria) achieved the highest values for the same traits, reaching 106.63 dm?? leaf area, 22.14 leaves plant?????, 17.61 cm head diameter, 6.19 heads plant?????, 93.56 mg 100 g????? vitamin C, 4.07% protein, and 127.84 mg kg????? sulforaphane. Zeolite also had a significant effect. The highest rate, 24 t ha????? (Z3), produced the best results, with values of 108.43 dm?? leaf area, 22.14 leaves plant?????, 17.32 cm head diameter, 6.18 heads plant?????, 93.42 mg 100 g????? vitamin C, 4.17% protein, and 137.35 mg kg????? sulforaphane. The two-way interactions B3 ?? Jassmine-F1, Z3 ?? Jassmine-F1, and Z3 ?? B3 yielded the highest means among the combinations. The three-way interaction Z3 ?? B3 ?? Jasmine-F1 surpassed all other treatments and recorded the highest overall averages for all studied traits.
Green gram (Vigna radiata), also known as Mung bean, belongs to the Fabaceae family. Environmental stress, particularly salinity, significantly limits plant growth and productivity. Plant growth regulators (PGRs), such as NAA, kinetin, and gibberellic acid, can mitigate the effects of salinity stress. A study was conducted from April to July 2022 at the Crop Physiology Laboratory, Thanthai Roever Institute of Agriculture and Rural Development, Perambalur, Tamil Nadu, India, to examine the ???Effect of plant growth regulators on green gram (CO 8) under salinity stress.??? The experiment aimed to standardize NaCl levels for assessing salinity effects on seed germination and to evaluate PGR responses under salinity stress. NaCl concentrations of 75 mM, 100 mM, 150 mM, and 200 mM were tested, with 50% germination observed at 150 mM, which was standardized for subsequent trials. The study followed a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with eight treatments: T1 (Absolute Control), T2 (150 mM NaCl), T3 (NAA 100 ppm), T4 (NAA 200 ppm), T5 (Kinetin 50 ppm), T6 (Kinetin 100 ppm), T7 (GA??? 100 ppm), and T8 (GA??? 200 ppm). Results showed that salinity stress reduced seedling growth, but PGR treatment improved germination, shoot and root length, dry matter production, vigour index, Stress tolerance index (%), Relative water content (%), Chlorophyll a (mg g-1), Chlorophyll b (mg g-1) & Total Chlorophyll content (mg g-1). GA3 200 ppm (T8) exhibited the highest germination (79.68 %), shoot length (17.3 cm), root length (6.4 cm), vigour index (1745), dry matter production (0.25 g), Stress tolerance index (83.09 %), Relative water content (88.44 %), Chlorophyll a (0.95 mg g-1), Chlorophyll b (0.21 mg g-1) & Total Chlorophyll content (1.22 mg g-1) demonstrating its effectiveness in mitigating salinity-induced stress.
Sweet corn (Zea mays var. saccharata L.) is an important vegetable crop valued for its sweetness, tenderness, and nutritional quality. Biofortification with beta-carotene offers an effective strategy to alleviate vitamin A deficiency while maintaining desirable agronomic performance. The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the performance of eight beta-carotene-rich sweet corn inbred lines across three locations, namely Coimbatore, Vagarai, and Bhavanisagar, during the Rabi 2023 and Summer 2024 seasons. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications, and observations were recorded on days to tasselling, days to silking, plant height, cob length, cob width, number of kernel rows per cob, number of kernels per row per cob, green cob yield, total soluble solids, and beta-carotene content. Combined analysis of variance revealed significant (P < 0.01) differences among genotypes and genotype ?? environment interactions for all the studied traits, indicating the existence of substantial genetic variability and differential environmental response. Across seasons and locations, DBT 26 ??+ recorded the highest green cob yield (169.00 ??? 191.00 g) and consistently maintained high total soluble solids indicating its superior yield potential and eating quality. The genotypes DBT 18 ??+ (10.50-11.80 ??g g-1) as well as DBT 25 ??+ (10.00 -10.80 ??g g-1) exhibited higher beta-carotene content. The substantial variability observed among the evaluated genotypes for yield, quality, and nutritional traits demonstrates considerable scope for genetic improvement through selection. DBT 18 ??+ DBT 25 ??+ and DBT 26 ??+ emerged as promising genetic resources for the development of high-yielding, beta-carotene-rich sweet corn cultivars with broad adaptation across diverse environments.
The coconut rugose spiraling whitefly (Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin) has developed as a major pest of coconut production in southern India, leading to extensive reliance on chemical pesticides and raising environmental concerns. To address this issue, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU) developed an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) technique for long-term whitefly management. The current study aimed to determine the factors influencing farmers' adoption of IPM technology in the Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu. A descriptive research approach was adopted, and data were collected from 180 coconut farmers using a structured interview schedule. The results identified three key factors influencing adoption: perceived benefits, institutional support, and socio-economic influence, which together explain 71.85 per cent of the total variance. The findings highlight that visible pest reduction, improved yield, reduced manual spraying, strong extension support, and peer influence play a crucial role in promoting IPM adoption.
Beekeeping has emerged as a significant agriculture-based livelihood enterprise in India, offering income diversification opportunities for small and marginal farmers, rural youth, and women. This study presents a comparative analysis of the adoption of the District Level Beekeeping Development Scheme implemented by the Department of Horticulture and Food Processing (DHFP), Uttarakhand, across Doiwala and Raipur blocks of Dehradun district. A systematic sample of 60 beneficiaries (30 per block) was drawn from official DHFP records for the period 2024-2025. Primary data were collected through structured questionnaires, personal interviews, and field observations, while secondary data were sourced from government records and published literature. Statistical analyses included frequency distributions, percentages, standard deviation, independent-sample t-tests, and p-values. Results indicate that beekeepers are predominantly middle-aged men with intermediate to graduate-level education, while youth, women, and socially marginalized communities remain underrepresented. Technologically, universal adoption of Apis mellifera and Langstroth hives was observed in both blocks, reflecting uptake of modern practices. Comparative mean analysis of scheme adoption revealed that Raipur beneficiaries demonstrated significantly higher awareness (p = 0.0268), greater participation in pre-distribution training (p = 0.0177), and greater satisfaction with the bee boxes provided (p = 0.0373). These findings underscore that effective awareness outreach and pre-training interventions are pivotal determinants of scheme success. Strengthening institutional support, cooperative marketing, and capacity-building initiatives is recommended to enable inclusive and sustainable apicultural development across both blocks.
Dairy products present a complex relationship with human metabolic diseases. Evidence suggests that fermented dairy products are consistently associated with a reduced risk of metabolic disorders, likely mediated by bioactive proteins, minerals, vitamins, probiotics, and fatty acids. Effects are highly context-dependent, influenced by product type, processing, individual physiology, and overall diet. Current evidence supports prioritizing unsweetened, fermented dairy within balanced dietary patterns for overall metabolic health. This review examines the association between dairy consumption and the risk of metabolic disorders, the role of bioactive dairy components, and their implications for metabolic health outcomes.
This study aims to assess how agricultural tractor operating conditions (advancing speed and gear ratio) effect on fuel consumption, field efficiency, slippage as well as CO??? emissions and specific fuel consumption (SFC). The study was performed under real field conditions on an ITMCO 285 G tractor using a factorial experimental de-sign (3 ?? 3), which included three speed increments and three gear ratios. The findings indicated that operational conditions significantly altered all examined parameters. Higher fuel consumption, slippage and specific fuel consumption, CO2 emissions were caused by an in-crease in the rate of advancement and wrong gear selection while field efficiency decreased. The most optimal performance was at 5 km/h of medium gear driving. resulting in the lowest fuel consumption and in the least slip, followed by being most efficient in the field. Statistical analysis was performed with ANOVA (P < 0.05) on all the variables examined. The findings illustrate clearly that the in-efficient use of a tractor results in high energy waste and therefore has a much bigger environmental impact. The application of optimal gear ratio and engine speed modulation under various parameters could enable one to improve the operational features of agricultural tractors so as to increase energy efficiency reduce fuel consumption and carbon emissions, thereby enhancing agricultural sustainability, maintaining effective agricultural practices in arid semi-arid regions.
Drone based agrochemical application has gained rapid momentum in Indian agriculture, yet spray drift continues to pose a major operational and environmental challenge. This study quantified wind drift from agricultural drone spraying under varying wind speeds, spray fluid concentrations, and drone flying heights over two consecutive years (2023???24 and 2024???25) at the Agro Climate Research Centre, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. In 2023???24, nine treatment combinations involving three wind speeds (6, 9, and 12 kmph) and three spray fluid concentrations (30, 60, and 90 per cent) were evaluated using a fixed drone height of 2.0 m. In 2024???25, the experiment was expanded to include four drone heights (1.2, 1.5, 1.8, and 2.1 m), resulting in 36 treatment combinations. Spray drift was measured using water sensitive papers placed at regular intervals downwind of the spray line. Across both years, drift increased consistently with increasing wind speed, spray volume, and drone height. The lowest drift occurred at 6 kmph wind speed, 30 per cent spray fluid, and 1.2 m drone height, where drift was confined to 3???6 m. In contrast, the highest drift was recorded at 12 kmph wind speed, 70???90 per cent spray fluid, and 2.1 m height, extending up to 18.5 m. Strong interaction effects indicated that the levels of the others amplified the influence of any single factor. The study highlights the need for careful operational planning to minimize off target deposition and ensure safe, efficient drone spraying. The findings provide evidence based thresholds for drone height, spray volume, and allowable wind speed, supporting the development of practical guidelines for drift minimized drone application in field conditions.
Soil salinity is a major abiotic stress that limits agricultural productivity, especially in arid and semi-arid regions where irrigation is essential. Black gram (Vigna mungo L.), an important pulse crop in Southeast Asia, is particularly sensitive to saline conditions. Identification of salt-tolerant genotypes is therefore essential to sustain production in salt-affected areas. The present study aimed to screen seven black gram genotypes at the vegetative stage under controlled pot culture conditions. Salinity stress was imposed at three levels (0, 50, and 100 mM NaCl) in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Growth and physiological parameters, viz., plant height, number of leaves, shoot and root biomass, relative water content, chlorophyll content, injury score, and survival percentage, were recorded. The results indicated a significant reduction in all the traits under salinity, with marked genotypic variability. Vamban (VBN) 8 and VBN 10 showed better growth, higher RWC and SPAD values, and superior survival percentage under salinity, while ADT 6 and KKM 1 were highly susceptible. The study concludes that VBN 8 and VBN 10 can be promising donors for future breeding programs and potential cultivars in salt-affected environments.
The experiment investigated the effect of spacing on roselle growth and calyx yield. The experiment consists of seven spacings, viz., 30 cm ?? 30 cm (S1), 60 cm ?? 30 cm (S2), 60 cm ?? 45 cm (S3), 60 cm ?? 60 cm (S4), 90 cm ?? 30 cm (S5), 90 cm ?? 45 cm (S6), and 90 cm ?? 60 cm (S7). The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. According to the study, the shortest duration from sowing to 50% budding (101 days) was recorded at S1, whereas S??? required the least time to reach 50% flowering (115 days), and to 90% maturity (148 days). The widest spacing (S???) produced the tallest plants (196.87 cm), number of branches (14.33), number of leaves (134.22), the longest petiole (5.91 cm), petiole weight (24.41 g plant?????), and stem weight (131.39 g plant?????). The highest leaf area index (6.82) was found in S1. Spacing of S??? also produced the maximum number of fruits per plant (mature-70.41, immature-15.83), largest fruit size (6.46 cm), total fruit weight (93.73 g plant?????), and calyces weight (44 g plant?????). The highest fruit yield (fresh-36.77 t ha?????, dry-2.25 t ha?????), calyx yield (fresh -17.15 t ha?????, dry-0.69 t ha?????), and seed yield (fresh-19.62 t ha?????, dry -1.57 t ha?????) were obtained at S4. Based on the findings, roselle cultivation at a spacing of 60 cm ?? 60 cm (S4) is optional to achieve maximum calyx yield under Bangladesh conditions.
The development of new corn hybrids is imperative in present-day agriculture and is integral to tackling the challenges posed by climate change, feeding a growing population, and securing the long-term viability of agriculture. Evaluating combining ability helps predict the performance of hybrid combinations, enabling breeders to select superior inbreds for developing high-yielding hybrids. Thus, this study aimed to assess the GCA and SCA effects of 18 new maize inbreds. Besides, classifying them into a heterotic group. Thirty-six hybrids, derived from crosses between 18 female inbreds and two male testers, were evaluated across three locations. The study assessed the combining abilities of the inbreds and the relative importance of GCA over SCA, the correlation between yield and yield-related traits, classified the inbreds into heterotic groups, and compared the efficiencies of the SCA effect of grain yield method (HSGCA) and the yield method for heterotic grouping. The relative importance of GCA effects over SCA effects underscored the preponderance of GCA over SCA in this set of lines and testers, suggesting that additive gene action played a predominant role in the inheritance of all measured traits. Yield showed significant positive correlations with EL (r = 0.74) and ED (r = 0.86), highlighting the role of secondary traits in yield selection. The HSGCA method was more effective than the SCA method in classifying inbreds. Four hybrids (H-32, H-34, H-18, and H-24) were identified as promising and should be tested in multilocation trials and promoted for commercialization in Egypt to enhance food security.
Blackgram is an important pulse crop in an organic farming system capable of biological nitrogen fixation. Productivity in organic farming is lower than in conventional farming. To overcome this, seed invigoration can be achieved by combining seed priming and coating treatments, followed by foliar nutrition, to improve germination, seedling vigour, and seed yield. Blackgram seeds were primed with various organic products at different concentrations, and the best priming treatment was coated with bio-inoculants to evaluate their effect on germination, seedling vigour, field emergence, and nodulation. Chemical treatments were used as a check to compare the performance of both conventional and organic treatments. A field trial was conducted over two seasons (Kharif and Rabi) to assess the effect of organic foliar nutrition on crop growth and seed yield. Seeds primed with fermented fish extract (FFE) 5% for 3 h + coating with Bacillus subtilis 10 g + Rhizobium 200 g + Phosphobacteria 200 g and Tamarind Seed Polymer (TSP) 6 g /kg of seed as binder, followed by foliar spray of Panchagavya 5% at flower initiation and early pod formation stages recorded highest seed quality, crop growth and seed yield parameters.
One health approach, a strategy of sustainably balancing and optimizing human, animal, and ecosystem health, provides a serious platform for tackling sustainability issues in agriculture. This one health model attempts to reduce zoonotic diseases, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and environmental degradation by increasing food security through ecosystem services, which are the benefits of natural processes (provisioning, regulating, supporting, and cultural services). To analyse synergies between One Health and ecosystem services in agrifood systems, this commentary will rely on post-2015 literature, particularly peer-reviewed studies, and reports published by international organisations, e.g., FAO, WHO, and IPBES. Observational data from sub-Saharan Africa show that the prevalence of AMR is high, with multidrug-resistant bacteria found in 62.9-87.4 percent of farming sources in Ethiopia, demonstrating the importance of combined efforts. However, a methodological limitation, including the lack of longitudinal information, hampered rigorous evaluation. Policy recommendations include multisectoral programs of action to enhance resilience, and prevention efforts may have a higher benefit-cost ratio. Agroecological surveillance and innovation may complement the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2, 3, and 15, with inconsistent evidence on their potential to scale in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), but more research is needed in longitudinal studies.
This study uses multi-temporal remote sensing and GIS techniques to examine spatiotemporal changes in land use/land cover (LULC), vegetation cover, and land surface temperature (LST) in Mettupalayam, Tamil Nadu, between 2017 and 2024. To evaluate temporal and spatial changes in vegetation health, thermal regimes, and land use transitions, multitemporal geospatial datasets were examined. The findings show that while croplands and rangelands have declined, there has been a notable increase in tree cover and water bodies, reflecting both ecological regeneration and urbanization. While LST maps show localized thermal intensification linked to built-up growth, NDVI analysis shows an overall improvement in vegetation density. Terrain attributes further modulate these processes: elevation influences temperature gradients, slope affects land stability and vegetation distribution, and aspect controls exposure to solar radiation, thereby shaping microclimatic conditions. The study underscores the utility of integrated remote sensing approaches for supporting sustainable land management and climate-resilient planning in rapidly transforming agricultural landscapes.
Maize and sorghum are important crops in Tamil Nadu, contributing substantially to food, feed, and industrial uses and to livelihood security. Their cultivation occurs under distinct seasonal environments. The area of production and productivity of both crops vary widely across districts and seasons due to climatic conditions, irrigation access, and management practices. Identifying season-specific efficient cropping zones is therefore essential for improving productivity, optimizing resource use, and ensuring sustainable crop production under changing climatic conditions. The present study delineated season-wise efficient cropping zones for maize and sorghum in Tamil Nadu using district-level time-series data on area of production and productivity for the period 2013-14 to 2023-24. Season-wise (Kharif and Rabi) analysis was performed using RSI and RYI to classify the district into different efficient zones. The results revealed that four districts were identified as the most efficient cropping zones for maize during the kharif season, while eleven districts emerged as the most efficient zones during the rabi season, predominantly located in the western and central regions of Tamil Nadu. In contrast, a large proportion of districts in both seasons were classified as not efficient cropping zones for maize, indicating limited suitability and management constraints. Sorghum efficient cropping zones were largely concentrated in semi-arid and dryland districts, where six districts were identified as the most efficient cropping zones during both kharif and rabi seasons, highlighting the crop’s role as a low-input and climate-resilient crop. Overall, the findings provide a scientific basis for season-specific crop planning and support targeted intensification in efficient zones to enhance productivity, profitability, and sustainability.
This experimental study was conducted to evaluate morphological variation and the Distinctness, Uniformity, and Stability (DUS) traits in bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) strains. It is a highly valuable cucurbit crop for its medicinal and nutritional richness. Any successful breeding program relies on robust and vast genetic diversity; this research experiment consists of 24 distinct lines collected from different parts of India. All the strains were grown in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications. The key observation related to morphological traits recorded from the selected plants in each treatment per replication. Findings indicated that all the strains exhibited a vast amount of genetic diversity across different traits. This variation has potential for use in future improvement programs.
