OBJECTIVE To improve the work quality and enhance the satisfaction to the inpatient dispensary department.METHODS Applying Lean Six Sigma management principle,four projects were optimized,that was the service process,service environment,error management and service attitude,to improve the work quality of inpatient dispensary department.RESULTS When measures were implemented,the work flow was optimized,speed of dispensary was accelerated,the environment kept cleaning,errors were reduced,the attitude of staffs to serve the ward was significantly improved.The satisfaction of the wards to the inpatient dispensary department was significantly promoted.CONCLUSION Applying Lean Six Sigma management principle,the work quality of the inpatient dispensary department is enhanced,and the ward's satisfaction to the inpatient pharmacy is significantly improved.
OBJECTIVE To establish a determination method of 3 macrolide antibiotics (erythromycin A,dirithromycin,spiramycin Ⅰ),and it's metabolite (anhydroerythromycin A,erythromycin Aene alcohol ether,erythromycylamine,neospiramycin Ⅰ) in plasma using QuECHERS followed by HPLC-MS.METHODS The macrolide antibiotics in samples were extracted with acetonitrile.The plasma was directly purified by QuECHERS pretreatment method.MgSO4 and sodium acetate anhydrous were added into plasma sample for precipitating protein and salting out stratification.Then,MgSO4 and PestiCarb were used for dehydration and removing impurity.The upper layer was evaporated to dryness under a stream of nitrogen and the residue obtained was redissolved in methanol.Three macrolide antibiotics were separated by Eclipse Plus C1s chromatographic column.Electro spray ionization was used to analyze these macrolide antibiotics by using positive ion mode.Multiple reaction monitoring was used to monitor ions.Internal standard method was used to quantitative calculation.RESULTS Three macrolide antibiotics showed good linear relationship in the range of 4-900 ng·mL-1(r＞0.999).The quantitation limits was ＜10 ng·mL-1.At three levels,the average extract recoveries were 81.45％-96.82％,and the intra-day and inter-day precisions were respectively lower than 5.00％ and 10.00％,respectively.CONCLUSION The analytical method of 3 macrolide antibiotics in plasma using QuEChERS and HPLC-MS is simple,rapid,sensitive and specific.The analytical method is suitable to quantitate macrolide antibiotics and their metabolites in plasma.
OBJECTIVE To explore the effects and possible mechanism of Juniperus extract(JE) on liver fibrosis. METHODS The liver fibrosis model was induced by CCl_4, and JE were administered by gastric perfusion at 25, 50 mg·kg~(-1) qd for 6 weeks, at the end of the experiment, the contents of alanine transaminase(ALT), aspartate aminotransferase(AST), superoxide dismutase(SOD), maleic dialdehyde(MDA) and the contents of PINP were measured in liver tissue, the expression of MMP-2 was observed by immunohistochemisty. The pathological changes of liver tissue were examined by HE. RESULTS JE(25, 50 mg·kg~(-1)) improved the liver function significantly through reducing the level of ALT, AST(P0.05), and increasing the content of SOD(P0.05 or 0.01), 50 mg·kg~(-1) JE significantly reduced the centent of MDA and the expression of MMP-2(P0.05). CONCLUSION JE may inhibit the liver fibrosis induced by CCl_4 by decreasing the oxidative stress, the mechanism possibly involves the inhibition of the expression of MMP-2.
OBJECTIVE To establish a method for microbial limit test of Phenol Ear drops and to verify this method. METHODS The method for microbial limit examination in Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2010) was followed, involving conventional method and membrane filtration method. The validation had been tested by recovery. RESULTS Combination of membrane filtration and neutralization, recoveries of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis were 70%. Combination of conventional method and neutralization, recoveries of Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger were 70%. CONCLUSION Combination of membrane filtration and neutralization can be applied to bacteria counting, while combination of conventional method and neutralization is used to moulds and yeasts counting as well as controlled bacterium.
OBJECTIVE To measure the changeable contents of multi-indicators in Danhong injection alcohol precipitation process, including danshensu, protocatechualdehyde, rosmarinic acid, salvianolic acid B and ethanol concentration by online near-infrared(NIR) spectroscopy analysis technique. METHODS HPLC and gas chromatography acquired the data of former four index components and ethanol concentration, respectively. Partial least squares regression(PLSR) was introduced to establish the multi-component models for online monitoring alcohol precipitation process of Danhong injection. RESULTS The residual predictive deviation(RPD) values of danshensu, protocatechualdehyde, rosmarinic acid, salvianolic acid B and ethanol concentration models were 5.72%, 7.46%, 8.44%, 4.41% and 5.50%, respectively; the values of correlation coefficient(R2) were 0.969 5, 0.982 0, 0.985 9, 0.948 4 and 0.967 0, respectively; the relative standart error(RSEP) values of validation sets were 5.35%, 7.59%, 6.42%, 4.51% and 2.30%, respectively. CONCLUSION NIR can be used as an online analytical method in Danhong injection alcohol precipitation process.
OBJECTIVE To prepare zoledronic acid cationic liposome, and evaluate its characteristics in vitro. METHODS Film dispersion method was used to prepare the zoledronic acid cationic liposome, then the single factor test of formulation and technology was investigated including the evaluation indexes as follows, the entrapment efficiency, drug loading amount, average particle size and Zeta potential. Moreover, its in vitro characterization was studied. RESULTS The prescription process was determined first, in detail, the ratio of DPPC and DC-Chol was 3∶1, PBS hydrated volume was 10 m L, rotary evaporation time was 60 min, ultrasonic averaging time was 5 min, the average particle size, PDI, entrapment efficiency, drug loading and Zeta potential of cationic liposomes were(106.76±1.94)nm, 0.262±0.027,(38.54±0.99)%,(3.42±0.27)%, +(42.37±2.60)m V, respectively. The profiles of release in vitro was expressed well by Weibull equationin. CONCLUSION The zoledronic acid cationic liposome which prepared by the film dispersion method has relatively high stability, this characteristics would be its basis for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic research in future.
OBJECTIVE To observe the effect of intravenous Butorphanol-etomidate pretreatment on the rate of fentanyl-induced cough(FIC). METHODS Totally 200 American Society of Anesthesiologists scheduled for elective surgery, were randomly assigned to receive intravenous butorphanol 15 μg·kg-1 and etomidate 0.2 mg·kg-1(experimental group) or normal saline 0.15 m L·kg-1 and Intralipid 0.2 m L·kg-1(normal control group) 1 minutes prior to the administration of Fentanyl 4 μg·kg-1in a randomized and double-blind fashion. Any episode of cough was classified as difesent degree. Timing and severity of cough were recorded and monitored the vital signs and discomforts. RESULTS The incidence of cough was 2.0% in experimental group and 36% in normal control group(P0.05).The incidence of moderate and severe cough was significantly higher in the normal control group(55.6%, 20/36) than in experimental group(0%)(P0.05).There was no significant difference between these two groups in the timing of cough. CONCLUSION Butorphanol-etomidate pretreatment can effectively reduce the incidence and severity of FIC.
OBJECTIVE To investigate and analyze the different groups of community pharmacy care awareness and demand, therefore, providing the scientific basis for the effective development of community pharmacy cares. METHODS A large questionnaire survey was conducted in 12 communities, which includes residents, pharmacists, nurses and health management. The data was summarized and statistics finally. RESULTS According to the results, more than 79.42% of residents are not fully learned about the responsibility of pharmacist. 63.02% of residents do not understand pharmacy care. However, 86.67% residents believe that the community pharmacy cares are very valuable after introduction. Guidance and counseling cares(50.38%), the recommended safe and effective economic drug(49.27%) are the most necessary for them. Thereafter, more than 46.67% community health workers do not fully understand community pharmacists' responsibilities. 43.81% of them do not fully understand the pharmaceutical cares. But, after explaining, 96.19% medical personnel are aware of the importance of pharmaceutical care. Adverse drug reactions(81.4%), incompatibility of drugs(71.9%), matters need attention(70.5%) are the priority demand for them. Meanwhile, more than 55% of the community health management of the clinical pharmacist does not fully make sense of pharmacists' responsibility, 65% of them don't know the concept of pharmaceutical cares. After introduction, 90% of them support these cares. Only 18.75% community pharmacists do not fully get the idea about pharmacists' responsibility. 37.5% lack of the awareness of community pharmacy cares. However, 98.44% of them think it is necessary to carry out community pharmaceutical care, and hope that through different channels to enhance their business Level. CONCLUSION The awareness of responsibility of community pharmacy is poor among the different groups, but the demand of pharmacy care is huge. Facing the reform of medical system, community pharmacists should improve their own quality, then make effort to get the support and understand from community residents, the medical and health management. Only through this way can they do better during community pharmaceutical care.
OBJECTIVE To investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of the prophylactic treatment of fluconazole for acute aplastic anemia(AA) patients with invasive fungal disease(IFD). METHODS Retrospectively analyzed 42 cases of the in-patients of acute aplastic anemia from September 2010 to October 2012 in the hematology department of Zhejiang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, including 20 cases with the use of prophylactic treatment of fluconazole for IFD and left 22 cases without any drugs as a preventive treatment for IFD. Collected the general information of patients, blood routine, CD4T/CD8 T cells, cytokines, liver and kidney function, recovery time of neutropenia, IFD occurrence and so on. RESULTS Before and after the fluconazole preventive treatment for IFD, observed the change of the percentage of CD4+/CD8+ group, and found that CD4+, CD8+ T cells were improved significantly, and the TNF-- and IL-2 levels were significantly decreased(P0.05). But no significant difference was found in the cases without any prophylactic treatment, the level of T cells or the cytokines were improved after the treatment of AA. Compared the two groups, found that the granulocyte recovery(42 d) average time of the former was significantly shorter than the latter(76 d). CONCLUSION We are able to determine the use of fluconazole as antifungal prophylaxis strategies for reducing the incidence of deep fungal infections. During the treatment, no fluconazole injection-related adverse events were found. We recommend fluconazole as a priority prophylactic medication.
OBJECTIVE To optimize the extraction process for alkaloid by the central composite design-response surface methodology from Solanum nigrum. METHODS On the basis of one factor tests, the method of the central composite design-response surface analysis 3 factors including concentration of methanol in the extraction impregnate, extraction temperature, time, and extraction percentage of alkaloid from Solanum nigrum as response value was adopted. RESULTS The quantitative relationships between 3 factors and the response value were characterized by DPS. Optimal formulation was proposed to concentration of methanol 73.6%, extraction temperature 60 ℃, extraction time 63.3 min. The predicted value and measured value of alkaloid from Solanum nigrum was 0.683 0 mg·g?1 and 0.676 3 mg·g?1, respectively. CONCLUSION The result indicates that extraction process of alkaloid from Solanum nigrum could be achieved by the central composite design-response surface methodology, and it is predictable.
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efectiveness of diosgenin on hyperthyroid rats. METHODS Dioscoreae Nipponicae Rhizoma was refluxed for 4.5 h in 75% ethanol aqueous solution which containing sulfuric acid 1.5 mol·L-1. The crude product was purified by column chromatography on silica gel, and the structure of diosgenin was characterized. The model of hyperthyroid rats was prepared by intragastric administration of euthyrox, the rats were randomized into six groups: The normal rats group, the model group, the methimazole group, the diosgenin groups(low, medium and high dose). T3, T4 and TSH in rats serum were examined separately after 21 days. RESULTS The diosgenin structures were elucidated by means of 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, HRMS and HPLC. Compared with the model rats, the diosgenin groups(low, medium and high dose) serum T3, T4 and TSH were improved for varying degrees. CONCLUSION The Diosgenin extraction process shows good practicability and high yield. Diosgenin not only helps hyperthyroidism rats return to normal, but also can increase body weight, which has the similar effect with methimazole, further studies will be needed.
OBJECTIVE To determine matrine, imperatorin and osthole in Fubishu Vaginal effervescent tablets by HPLC. METHODS The Kromasil 100-5 C18(250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm)column with temperature at 30 ℃ was used to separate matrine. The mobile phase was acetonitrile-0.1% phosphoric acid solution(adjust the p H to 7.6 with triethylamine)(17∶83), the detection wavelength was 220 nm, the flow rate was 1.0 m L·min-1. The Agela Innoval C18(250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm)column with temperature at 30 ℃ was used to separate imperatorin and osthole. The mobile phase was acetonitrile-water(65∶35), the detection wavelength was 248 nm, the flow rate was 1.0 m L·min-1. RESULTS A good linear relationships were obtained in the following range, matrine 156.0-3 120.0 ng, imperatorin 10.26-256.50 ng and osthole 36.98-924.50 ng(r=1.000 0). The average recoveries were 97.2%, 102.8% and 99.5%, respectively, and RSDs were 1.8%, 0.7% and 0.3%. CONCLUSION The method is simple, accurate, reproducible, and it can be applied to control the quality of the Fubishu Vaginal effervescent tablets.
OBJECTIVE To prepare a liposomehydrogel taxol,study the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects.METHODS Taxol-liposome gel was obtained by thin film dispersion method.The shape,size,size distribution and encapsulation efficiency were detected by transmission electron microscope(TEM),nano-particle size analyzer and HPLC,respectively.The gel was then prepared based on the liposome.The in vitro release of taxol-liposome gel in different time was detected with transdermal experiments.Observe its effect on mouse inflammatory model induced by carrageenin and the pain model induced by formaldehyde.RESULTS The shape of taxol-liposome was regular and narrowly-distributed,and its encapsulation efficiency was(73.6±0.3)%.The prepared gel was semitransparent.After that,transdermal experiments,taxol-liposome gel met a kinetic equation,played better sustained release.In vitro transdermal experiments,after 12h taxol-liposome through maximum amount,played better sustained action.In inflammatory experiment,compared with the model group,the taxol-liposome gel produced significant inhibition on rat paw edema in a dose-dependent manner(P0.05).In mouse formalin test,taxol-liposome gel reduced the number of writhing induced by acetic acid,significantly(P0.05).CONCLUSION The taxol-liposome gelhas significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects.
OBJECTIVE To investigate the clinical efficacy of vinpocetine in treatment of vertigo caused by posterior circulation ischemic. METHODS A total of 74 patients were randomly divided into treatment group and control group, which were treated with Vinpocetine injection and Breviscapine injection, respectively, and evaluated with posterior circulation hemodynamics and hemorheology parameters between pre- and post-treatment. RESULTS Both Vinpocetine injection and Breviscapine injection were effective in treatment of vertigo caused by posterior circulation ischemic. Total effective rates in treatment group and control group were 86.84% and 75.00%. There was no significant difference in the total efficiency rate between the two group, and both had no significant adverse reaction. Intra-group comparisons of both two groups showed that hemodynamics and Vm in posterior circulation were significantly better in pre-treatment compared with post-treatment(P0.01); inter-group comparisons of both two groups showed that hemodynamics and the Vm in posterior circulation were significantly better in treatment group compared with control group(P0.01). CONCLUSION Both Vinpocetine injection and Breviscapine injection can be used for the treatment of posterior circulation ischemic vertigo and the advantages of Vinpocetine injection are that it has great effect on the posterior circulation hemodynamics and hemorheology parameters.
OBJECTIVE To establish an HPLC method to simutaneously determine the content of geniposide, soybean glycoside, genistin, soybean aglycone and genistein in Black Curd Beans tables. METHODS Hypersil ODS 2 chromatographic column(200 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm) was used, the mobile phase was consisted of methyl cyanides, methanol and 1.8% glacial acetic acid as A, B and C, respectively. The elution procedure was 0 min(A: 8%, B: 10%, C: 82%)→28 min(A: 8%, B: 10%, C: 82%)→28.1 min(A: 0%, B: 38%, C: 62%)→55 min(A: 0%, B: 38%, C: 62%), the flow rate was 1 m L·min-1, the detected wavelength was 254 nm and the temperature of column was 30 ℃. RESULTS The linear relationship of geniposide, soybean glycoside, genistin, soybean aglycone and genistein were 12.36-396.00, 3.50-112.00, 3.36-116.00, 3.00-96.00 and 1.63- 52.00 μg·m L-1, respectively; the average recoveries were 100.0%, 100.3%, 99.8%, 99.4% and 99.9%, the RSD were 0.14%, 0.97%, 0.83%, 0.98% and 1.23%. CONCLUSION This method is sensitive, specific and reproducible, and can be used to control the quality of this preparation.
OBJECTIVE To develop a method for the rapid identification and determination of Etamsylate injection using Raman spectra. METHODS Raman spectra was used as the method of identifying and determination the Etamsylate injection. Determination conditions: Micro Raman spectroscopy, Laser: 785 nm, Objective: 50×, Laser power: 3 m W, Signal acquisition time: 60 s. RESULTS The result showed that the Raman spectroscopy could identify Etamsylate injection and determinate Etamsylate injection in respectively 98.29%, 97.56%, 100.21%(Specifications: 2 m L∶0.5 g)and 98.75%, 94.98%, 96.25%(Specifications: 2 m L∶0.25 g), the results of determination results with the HPLC method showed no significant difference. CONCLUSION Owing to its fast and nondestructive properties, the presented method can be developed as an analysis method for Etamsylate injection.
OBJECTIVE To establish an HPLC method for the determination of the dissolution of Ketotifen Fumarate tablets. METHODS The paddle method was used with 900 m L water as dissolution medium at the rotate speed of 50 r·min-1. Inertsil ODS-SP column(4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm) was used with the mobile phase of methanol-water-triehylamine(950∶50∶0.02) at the detection wavelength of 300 nm. RESULTS The calibration curve of ketotifen fumarate was linear in the ange of 0.1-25 μg·m L-1. The average recovery was 99.9% with RSD of 0.1%. CONCLUSION The inherent quality of the product can be objectively reflected in the above conditions. Furthermore, it has a significant distinction of the same agents from different sources.
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of puerarin on β-amyloid precursor protein(APP) processing on SH-SY5 Y cells transfected with human APP695 c DNAs and to explore the mechanism of puerarin on Alzheimer's disease(AD). METHODS SH-SY5 Y cells transfected with human APP695 c DNAs were cultured with 2.5, 5, 10 μmol·L-1 puerarin,and cell survival was detected by MTT assay. The levels of Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 in conditioned were measured medium by using ELISA kit. The expressions of APP and --secretase were detected by Western blot. The activity of secretase were measured by using a fluorescence spectrophotometer, the m RNA transcription of --secretase were detected by RT-PCR. RESULTS Puerarin could dose-dependently reduce the levels of extracellular Aβ1-40 or Aβ1-42. After treatment with 2.5, 5 and 10 μmol·L-1 puerarin for 24 h, the activity of β-secretase was decreased 15%, 30% and 40%, respectively(P0.05). Compared with control group, puerarin 2.5, 5 and 10 μmol·L-1 decreased --secretase protein express to 82%, 71% and 45%, respectively(P0.05). CONCLUSION Puerarin decreases Aβ levels by inhibit --secretase expression and β-secretase activity, which may account for molecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic efficacy of puerarin in AD patients.
OBJECTIVE To investigate the status of antibiotic drugs off-label utilization in ophthalmology outpatients and provide the basis for pharmaceutical care and management. METHODS The utilization of antibiotics in 42 710 ophthalmic prescriptions of 2013 was analyzed. RESULTS Of the total 15 063 prescriptions, the off-label use of antibiotics were 98(0.6%), most of the off-label use of antibiotics were injections. CONCLUSION The off-label use of antibiotic drugs in ophthalmology outpatients are few, some off-label use of antibiotic drugs are unreasonable, need further management and regulation, some need further study.
OBJECTIVE To research the effects of separation parts and their combination of Zhizhu granules on gastrointestinal hormones in spleen-deficient mice and optimize the extraction process. METHODS Perpare different parts of Zhizhu granules by optimized process. Seventy-two male mice were randomly divided into nine groups: control group, model group, Domperidone group, ZS1 group, ZS2 group, ZS3 group, ZB group, ZZ1 group and ZZ2 group. Spleen-deficient model was induced by rhubarb decoction. The normal group were given 0.5% CMC-Na of the same amount. Gastrin(GAS) in mice serum, motilin(MTL) in mice duodenal tissue and vasoactive intestinal peptide(VIP) in mice gastric tissue were measured by ELISA. RESULTS The model group had lower GAS, MTL and higher VIP levels compared with normal group. Different parts from Zhizhu granules could regulate gastrointestinal hormone in spleen-deficient mice in different extent. The combination of separation parts of Zhizhu granules had the equal effects compared with Zhizhu granules. CONCLUSION The combination of separation parts of Zhizhu granules can regulate gastrointestinal hormone in spleen-deficient mice effectively. The optimized process is feasible.
