High arsenic hot spring water samples are processed by precipitation and flocculation in this article, arming to reduce the arsenic content. Flocculant was 1.50% FeCl3 solution in the experiment, arsenic removal rate is up to 98.19%. Through experimental analysis, while the ratio of hot spring water samples and flocculant is 100:1, hot spring water can reach II Grade; experiments show that the effect of arsenic removal in water samples is not obvious in the range of 30 degrees C similar to 60 degrees C. Water arsenic concentration can be controllable and adjustable by this method.
The thermal module of the one-dimensional (vertical) water quality model CE-QUAL-R1 was modified to include subroutines simulating ice and snow covers and heat exchange with bottom sediments that make it possible to simulate more reasonable water temperature profiles during the ice cover period. The modified model was calibrated and validated using data in Thrush Lake, MN, USA and then applied to long-term water temperature simulation for Miyun Reservoir. The results were analyzed and compared with those obtained with the original CE-QUAL-R1. The results show that the water level decline in Miyun Reservoir starting from 1997 has different impacts on the temperature distribution in the epilimnion and hypolimnion.
According to the idea of reservoir ecological operation, this paper describes an integrated human-environmental reservoir operation model including three reservoirs in Shule river irrigational area. The model maximize irrigation assuring rate and economic incomes as objects and subject to the demand for irrigation, industry and drinking water systems, hydropower, environment and transport of sediments from the reservoirs. The platform used is c++ by using Object Oriented Programming. Under the condition of a natural runoff, the result of the model shows that the model is effective and practical.
The presence of ice cover alters the velocity and longitudinal dispersion as well. Based on the logarithmic law of velocity distribution in ice-covered rivers, the longitudinal dispersion produced by vertical shear in ice-covered rivers are analyzed, and the results show that: the hydraulic slope, the flow depth and the ratio of Manning roughness coefficients are the main factors which influence the longitudinal dispersion. When the hydraulic slope or the flow depth increases, the longitudinal dispersion coefficient will increase as well. However, the influence of the Manning roughness coefficients behaves more complicated. When the Manning roughness coefficient of the ice cover is far different from that of the river bed, the presence of the ice cover would enlarge the longitudinal dispersion capacity. And if the both Manning roughness coefficients are almost of the same magnitude, the longitudinal dispersion coefficient would be decreased, until achieving the smallest value.
Spatiotemporal variation of Chlorophyll a (Chla) concentration and its relationship with other water quality factors in the Poyang Lake outlet were analyzed during the period of 2007 to 2008. The results indicated that the Chla concentration was 4.46 +/- 1.53 mg . m(-3) in 2007 and 4.60 +/- 1.67 mg . m(-3) in 2008. Additionally, the Chla concentration reached a peak in August or September while bottomed out in January or December. And its values were significantly higher in the left sampling site than that in the middle and right sampling sites. Moreover, the Chla concentration in Poyang Lake outlet showed significant positive correlation with Z, WT, SD while SS, DO, COD and nutrients were inversely related. But no obvious correlation was found between pH and Chla in Poyang Lake outlet. The study would highlight further research needs for the distribution patterns of chlorophyll a in association with hydrological features in Poyang Lake.
In order to find out defects in safety management and improve safety management in enterprises, enterprise safety management diagnosis was developed. It was essential to define what should be diagnosed to implement safety management diagnosis. So, a safety management Diagnosis Item (DI) system was developed. The item system nearly covered all aspects of enterprise safety management. According to enterprise diagnosis theories, diagnosis procedure was provided, which was composed of diagnosis preparation, initial diagnosis, formal diagnosis and guidance conduction. Four diagnosis methods were proposed, which were document inspection, questionnaire survey, interviews and statistical analysis. There were three safety management diagnosis conclusion patterns in diagnosing, which were comprehensive diagnosis conclusion, item diagnosis conclusion and particular problem analysis. The comprehensive diagnosis conclusion was obtained by Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation.
On the base of field diversion recharge experiment in Sibaishu Haize Lake, the infiltration coefficient is 0.01 m/d, and the minimum diversion with water all the year round is confirmed. Variable amplitude of groundwater level in the current condition of exploitation is predicted through the establishment numerical simulation model. The results shows water quantity of diversion recharge should account to 200,000 m(3)/d, and the amount of groundwater infiltration is 160,000 m(3)/a in order to ensure that Sibaishu Haize has water resource all the year around, increasing area of Sibaishu Haize by 42,623 m(2), the increasing amplitude of groundwater level is more than 1 m. Obviously, it is no doubt that he diversion recharge is an efficient path of improving the whole zone's environmental and ecological effect, on the two aspects of pumping and recharge of groundwater developing benignly, fulfilling the resume of oasis ecology and making human settlement better.
Active iron catalysts with 5A molecular sieve as the carrier were prepared firstly, and then were used in the treatment of ammonia nitrogen in landfill leachate pretreated by MBR by using CWPO, finally the effects of preparation process of catalysts, assistants and reaction conditions on the removal rate of ammonia nitrogen were analyzed. The results show that the preparation process of catalysts and assistants had great effects on catalytic activity; when steeping fluid concentration was 2 mol/L and 0.01 mol/L cerium nitrate was used as an assistant, Fe-Ce/5A catalyst roasted for 3 h at 400 ℃ had a good catalytic effect. As 10 g of Fe-Ce/5A catalyst was added to water sample, and landfill leachate pretreated by MBR reacted with 15 ml of H2O2 for 30 min at 60 ℃, the removal rate of ammonia nitrogen was up to 90.8%, that is, ammonia nitrogen concentration decreased from 253 to 23 mg/L, reaching the national emission standard. Besides, the kinetic analysis of ammonia nitrogen removal reveals that the removal reaction of ammonia nitrogen conformed with pseudo first order kinetic equation. Thus, it is feasible to use this method to deeply treat landfill leachate pretreated by MBR.
[Objective] In order to carriy on effective medication and immune prevention and control, pathogen and etiology of a Rana spinosa David disease in a Rana spinosa David breeding company in Zhejiang was researched from 2009 to 2010. [Methods] Conventional bacteria separation and purification technology was used to purify pathogenic bacteria, regression infection and toxicity test was used to determine its virulence, physiological and biochemical and molecular biology identification was carried out to the the pathogen, k-b paper method was adopted for the susceptibility test, normal paraffin wax flaking technology was used for pathology observations, finally, the inactivation conditions of pathogenic bacteria was explored. [Results] The pathogenic bacteria separated from sick Rana spinosa David body had Median Lethal Concentration (LC50) of 5.62 x 10(5) cfu/ml; the strain was identified as Aeromonas hydrophila by ATB bacteria identification instrument and 16s rRNA sequence analysis (GenBank login number: HQ322682); histopathology observation results showed that the disease had main symptoms of the liver and kidney damage, inflammatory cells increase. Susceptibility test showed that the strain was highly sensitive to gentamicin, norfloxacin, florfenicol, enrofloxacin etc. [Conclusions] 1% formaldehyde could well inactivate the pathogenic bacteria at 60 degrees C for 24 h, which would provide technical reference for whole bacteria inactivated vaccine preparation.
This study aims at Regulated Deficit Irrigation (RDI) effects on growth and Irrigation Water Use Efficiency (IWUE). Field experiment with tomato was conducted in Qinwangchuan Irrigation Area, Gansu Province, China. The results show that: irrigation of full irrigation (CK) was the largest, but its growth, yield and IWUE were not the best. Compared with CK, appropriate deficit water could shorten tomato growth period, was conducive to the growth of plants, and increased yield and IWUE. The height, yield and IWUE of the mild deficit in seeding (MH-60) were all the highest; and the mild deficit in later fruiting (GH-60) followed by. Those of severe deficit in flowering (KH-50) were the lowest, the severe deficit in fruit setting (JH-50) followed. It could clearly be seen that MH-60 would be beneficial to the growth of plants, have the effect of saving-water and improving-yield. So it is the best deficit period and degree of RDI in greenhouse tomato. Thus, our results suggest that local farmers should consider adopting mild deficit in seeding because of benefits to root growth, saving-water, yield and IWUE.
A fire gas detection system is designed based on photoacoustic principle using the self-made photoacoustic cell combined with the wavelength modulation technique, while the CO concentrations generated from the combustions of polyurethane foam and n-heptane are measured. The experiments show that the detection system responds well to CO and has a good linear relationship. The system is characterized with stability and reliability over a long period of time, which is able to meet the need of fire detection.
Multi-dimensional regulation is an effective means to achieve sustainable development of water resources in water-deficiency basins. Due to the complicacy of evaluation and selection on multi-dimensional regulation schemes, it is necessary to establish a practical method to evaluate multi-dimensional regulation schemes and to identify more effectual scheme. In this study, based on entropy theory and synergetic theory, control variables (order parameters) are selected as the evaluation indices for each subsystem. The functions of coordination degree for single schemes and integrated distance for combined schemes are set to quantitatively evaluate the effect of single and combined multi-dimensional regulation schemes. Haihe River Basin is taken as a case to demonstrate the applicability of the method.
Because of characteristic of the viscosity, small size of water quality particle, less pollutant content and hard to be degraded, low temperature and low turbidity micro-polluted water has continuously been the problem of drinking water treatment. With the water quality index of turbidity, UV254, CODMn and THMFP, the experiment has a study on the effect of enhanced direct filtration by ozone pre-oxidation in low temperature and low turbidity micro-polluted water treatment. The result shows, ozone dosage is 1.5 mg/L, pre-oxidation time is 10 min, effluent turbidity can drop to 0.3 NTU. The best of CODMn removal rate can reach to 59% and the best of CODMn removal rate can reach to 57%. The ozonation has a better removal efficiency of trihalomethane precursors, and the best removal rate can reach to 79%.
With the increasing exploration and development of offshore petroleum project in China, the potential risk of oil spill gradually attract the public attentions. In order to effectively respond to oil spill incident, and limit the spilling influence and to bring it under control, it is necessary to establish a consequence assessment model for offshore oil spill incident. In this paper, a consequence assessment was developed using fuzzy comprehensive model. The consequence assessment indices of spills include not only the spilling volume, property of spilled oil and spilling location, also the elements of spilling detection and impact controlling. Each of the evaluated factors were suggested a relative evaluation criterion and assigned the impact ranking. According to the consequence assessment, it is easily to determine the spilling consequence level (very low, low, moderate, high or very high) and make a decision whether the response resource allocated to the site could be enough.
By exploring the nature of the analogy between optimum trusses and optimum layouts of discontinuities, a novel numerical analysis method for rock/soil masses is proposed in this paper. The procedure is used to determine the critical layout of discontinuities and associated upper bound limit analysis for stability problems. The alternative approximation procedure to the traditional finite element method might involve discretization of a given body using a suitably large number of nodes laid out on a grid, with the failure mechanism comprising the most critical subset of potential discontinuities interconnecting these nodes. Potential discontinuities which interlink nodes laid out across the problem domain are permitted to crossover one another, giving a much wider search space than when such discontinuities are located only at the edges of finite elements of fixed topology. Highly efficient SOCP (second-order cone programming) solvers can be employed when certain popular failure criteria are specified (e.g. Hoek-Brown and Mohr-Coulomb). Stress/velocity singularities are automatically identified and visual interpretation of the output is straightforward. Several numerical examples including rock slope are studied by the new method, and the results are very close to those calculated by using analytical method and FEM.
Two summer events (Event06 and Event08) of Fengle River, which flows into the Chao Lake, were intensively sampled at Taoxi section. The water samples were analyzed for Total Nitrogen (TN), Ammonia, Nitrate, Total Phosphorus (TP) and Dissolved Phosphorus (DP). Hourly discharge data were also available at the same section. Concentration and instantaneous loads varied during floods demonstrating a general rising and recessing pollutograph and peak loads usually arrived before peak discharge. Six methods were applied to calculate event total load showing unobvious variation. Totally 192.8t-TN and 5.0t-TP in Event06 and 73.5t-TN and 3.7t-TP in Event08 were exported to the section and maybe until the Chao Lake. About 85.3% (for Event06) and 93.1% (for Event08) of TN total load were ammonia and nitrate loads, which were similar. Particulate phosphorus dominated TP event total loads, among which 38.8% and 43.5% respectively for the two events were DP loads.
Suction concentration control device is designed on the self-suction sediment transport piping suction head of sludge cleaning piping system to solve the question of worsening reservoir sedimentation. Yellow River Institute of Hydraulic Research has experimented sludge-cleaning sediment transport piping system in reservoir area and compared four types of suction heads in details by experiments, and the experimental result shows that vertical horn mouth suction head is suitable for unconsolidated sediment treatment in reservoir sediment transport piping system.
Corrosion on hydraulic steel gate is a natural process, however, the assumption of constant corrosion rate in previous researches lead to linear change of member thickness. Based on non-linear description of corrosion process, non-linear resistance attenuation model of hydraulic steel gate members is developed in this paper. Attenuation process of resistance and modulus of steel gate structural members are calculated and studied according to real corrosion data.
During the operation of Xiangjiaba Hydropower Station, the unsteady flow released from the Station's daily regulation will change the channel flow condition of near-dam reach (Shuifu-Yibin river stretch). A two-dimensional flow mathematical model concerning 33 km downstream reach is applied to calculate and analyze propagation characteristics of daily regulated unsteady flow released from Xiangjiaba Hydropower Station. The result shows that during the operation of the Station, daily regulation release wave gradually flattens as it propagates downstream, the varying amplitude of discharge decreases, and the amplitude of water level shows a generally falling trend, but rises when flow section shrinks. Stage-discharge (Z-Q) relationship shows anticlockwise looped curve. As it propagates, the discharge wave will cause additional water surface slope, which is positive in rising periods and negative in falling periods. The unsteadiness of unsteady flow in narrow-deep reach is stronger than that in wide-shallow reach.
