The stability of the slopes is of the utmost importance during the exploitation works in surface mines and during the opening of roads, because this directly affects the results of the works and safety. Achieving the highest possible stability of the slopes is done using contour blastings, to make the cutting of the massive that is mined. But in order to achieve the best results in cutting the massive that is being mined, milliseconds delays should be used, in order to create free face before each subsequent blasthole, in this case the impact of drillings of the preliminary rows on behind them will reduced. With the application of milliseconds delays 17 [ms] between drillings in the row and 67 [ms] between rows, the impact of blastholes of the front rows will be very small or no impact at all on behind them, making it possible to form benches and slopes safe and without cracks. This enables us to have safe mining work and safe driving on the road.
With the application of contour blasting’s, we manage to make the cutting of the rock mass in the designed line, forming safe benches and slopes, which can resist for a very long time without collapsing and changing their shape. The choice of optimal parameters of the geometry of contour drillings and production drillings enables very good cutting of the rock mass and enables us to have a very good fragmentation of the rock mass, which enables us to make loading and haulage of the rock without any problems. As the optimal parameters of contour drillings and production drillings, for our case are ac = 0.75 [m], bc = 2.8 [m], dhc = 76 [mm], a = 2.8 [m], b = 2.8 [m], W = 2.8 [m] dhe dh = 89 [mm].
The calculation of the maximal crack width, include the effect of adhesion between FRP bars and the concrete. The value of “kb” coefficient is given by recommendations, but is still unclear his true value. The adhesion between concrete and the bars depends in concrete compressive strength, bar diameters and the type of bar surface. In absence of sufficient experimental data, the codes and the recommendations give to us “kb” values that are part of analytical calculations for crack width value. In this article, in base of experimental testing, are given values of “kb” coefficient for the beams reinforced with GFRP and CFRP bars.
In the study, Cadmium (Cd), which is a environmentally polluting toxic heavy metal, was added to the diet of model organism Drosophila melanogaster Meigen through water and food, and it was tried to determine the effect on life-development and sex ratio by using dry commercial Turkish coffee (TK). The female and male individuals fed with the Cd acetate (0-30 ppm) and TK (2%) used also had a long life span. It was determined that the decreasing survival rate with Cd acetate may increase with the addition of TK to the food, the duration of puberty may be shortened with TK, and the sex ratio in favor of men even though there is no difference in nutrition. In addition, it was determined that the use of Cd acetate shortens the life span of adult individuals, while feeding with TK does not affect this negative effect much.
Floods are natural disasters with more consequences in Albania. The most risked areas, from river floods, lie mainly in the western lowlands of the country. These areas, which are mainly areas with agricultural development, are very important in the economic development of Albania. Historically, the hydrological forecast in Albania has been based on observations of the upstream of rivers. These methods do not provide the time needed for flood management because floods rutting time to the flood plain is relatively short, due to the large slope and short rivers. Only in the last decade, more advanced techniques have been used to forecast floods, including hydrological modeling. Analysis of the present status and existing methods, in flood forecasting, is necessary to determine where the forecasting system should be improved. Determination, if there will be flooding, is related to the flood hydrograph forecast in the river sections, which are of interest. Increased flood forecasting time can be performed with the help of HEC-HMS hydrological modeling and meteorological model ICON-EU. The hydrological model used as input daily hydrometeorological observed data for precipitation and temperature in the period 1990-2018. The hydrological historical data in the period 1990-2008 was used for calibrating the model. Flood forecasting has as its main objective information in time to the authorities, or the population to take precautions measures, and to be prepared in case the forecast on the likelihood of a flood, including the size and timing of the event, at key locations of watercourses.
It is shown in the literature that people want to be more in preferred places and spend their time better when they are in the preferred place. User input is needed for evidence-based design that has developed in recent years. The determination of user preferences containing demographic information about urban landscapes creates important inputs for landscape architects and city planners. Van / Edremit District, which is considered rich in landscape assets, has made the distinction between the new settlement and the old settlement in terms of urbanization in recent years. In this study, the attitudes of different social groups towards space were investigated in determining the preferences of Edremit for the urban landscape and it was aimed to make suggestions for the improvement of the urban landscape. For this purpose, analyses were carried out to understand what demographic information affecting likes. Visual survey technique, which is applied with visuals and used to determine the perception of the user towards the space, is the main method of the study. The questionnaire was applied to 400 people, and according to the results of the analysis, it was seen that the level of education and income increased and the tastes of the senior occupational groups significantly decreased.
Nowadays, many environmental organisations are trying to attract attention to the awareness against questioning the goals of zoos. Despite educating, the public about conservation there has been much discussion on how efficient zoos are at doing this. In this context, the main aim of this study is to measure the landscape architecture students’ knowledge about conservation and zoos; to query the main role of the zoos and to increase the awareness of the landscape architecture students on zoos who have many lectures on environmental issues during their educational period. The main the material of the research is the students who are educating at Ege University Agriculture Faculty Landscape Architecture Department. The University is located in Bornova, which is a metropolitan district of Izmir. The study was considered in four main sections, namely, conceptual framework, data collection, findings, discussion and conclusion. After an initial search of the literature, a questionnaire form was prepared. To compare the awareness level, the questionnaire was conducted to 1 st , 2 nd , 3 th and 4 th year students of Landscape Architecture of Ege University Agriculture Faculty where the period of undergraduate study is four years. “Simple Random Sampling Method” was used in the determination of the number of the students on which questionnaire would be conducted, 95 % confidence level and 0.10 sampling error was taken as a basis in the calculations. In the calculation, according to the total number of students which is 391 that the sum of 21 first grade, 18 the second grade, 20 third grade and 26 fourth grade students were used as “Population Size (N)” and the number of students on which the questionnaire would be conducted was determined as 85 at the end. It was aimed at learning each level of the students’ opinions and awareness of the subject using these questions. The literature studies on the subject and the information found from the questionnaires were analysed and it was evaluated whether the education of four years on environmental issues has changed the opinions/awareness and the approach of the students to zoos. The approaches of the social and landscape architecture students towards zoos were examined together and the necessity of zoos were questioned. Finally, recommendations to increase the awareness towards zoos were made.
The aim of this study is to map the habitats in the Big Meander Delta National Park, Bafa Lake Natural Park and its vicinity, to analyse the spatial properties of mapped habitats and the relationship between defined habitats and land surface temperature. The main materials of this study are composed of Sentinel 2A (dated 11 August 2017) and Landsat 8 (dated 26 August 2017) satellite images, soil map and digital elevation model. To achieve the purpose of this study, we employed vegetation analysis, object-based habitat classification, determination of land surface temperature (LST) values, and analysis of the relationships between habitats and their LST values. In order to determine the relationships between habitats and LST values, the Spearman correlation analysis and the Zonal statistics of the whole study area were conducted. The results show that whilst the dominant habitat types are Market gardens and horticulture, High-stem orchards and Standing fresh water; Eastern Mediterranean Tamarix tickets, Sarcopoterium phryganas, and Mud flats and sand flats constituted the rare habitats. The highest spatial connectivity was provided by Standing Fresh Water, Running water and Eastern kermes oak garrigues. Water and wetland habitat types have lower mean LST values compared to habitats with little or no vegetation and salt marshes. Our results confirmed that the presence of vegetation and water features as well as their type, abundance and coverage are effective factors in the formation of lower mean LST values in rural areas, too. However, the size of and the distance between those habitat patches were not significantly correlated with their mean LST values in our study area. So, further empirical research with time intervals might be necessary to efficiently measure the relationships between the spatial characteristics of habitat patches and their mean LST values at different times in a year. In any case, we believe that this study is important for initiating a monitoring research on the changes in habitats and the associated land surface temperatures. Such a future work can help us to provide early step for adopting suitable policies for either overcome or minimise the local climate changes and other related problems.
The exhaust gas emissions generated from ships in the Trabzon port were assessed as 906 t y-1 for NOX, 409 t y-1 for SOX, 52.160 t y-1 for CO2, 54 t y-1 for PM, 38 t y-1 for VOC based on ship activity-based method. General cargo and tanker vessels are accountable for the 87% exhaust gas emissions in the port, and container, bulk carrier, other vessels such as tugs, service boats follow it. Ship-borne air emissions are emitted at cruising mode (81%), followed by port mode (18%). Port emissions in the Trabzon port may have negative effects on the health of a minimum of 33.922 people living 1 km from the port area including other emissions (domestic heating, road traffic, and industry). The environmental cost of the port emissions for each pollutant has been estimated as $32 million and $47.039 per ship call. All kinds of emission sources in the harbor area should be detected and measures to decrease the emissions should be executed in this context. This is the first study to estimate the Trabzon port emissions in the Black Sea region.
The object of this paper are some considerations on the geologic features of the region north to Shkumbin river in Albania based on the latest data from the complex studies on the relations of Kruja and Ionian zones with the South Adriatic basin. The paper highlights the tectonic features of the prognosis deep structures, facies types etc. The folding phases for this region are of Chattian, Burdigalian and Tortonian when the structures of the eastern part of Kruja zone are folded at an earlier geologic time as compared to the structures foreseen to be encountered at the western part of region. The lower tectonic stage in the studied region, as compared to the know structures of Ionian zone to the south and of Kruja zone in the east, appear with less developed tectonics and less effected by the folding tectonic phases. The influence of these folding phases over Kruja and Ionian tectonic zones has been considerable causing a mighty folding of structures and at the same time their big overlapping to the west. These facts drive us to the conclusion that the Ionian zone structures and consequently the separate tectonic belts within this zone must not extent to the north.
