Recently, the photolithography is the most widely used technique in nano / microscale pattern manufacturing. This technique can produce patterns quickly and inexpensively over a relatively large area compared to other methods. However, since conventional photolithography has a fundamental cause of diffraction limit, it is difficult to fabricate a very small nano-sized pattern. Many techniques, such as Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) lithography, nanoimprint lithography, dip pen lithography, and plasmonic lithography, have been studied to overcome these limitations in order to make the pattern smaller. EUV lithography has reduced resolution by using a laser with a wavelength of 13.5 nm in conventional photolithography. Nanoimprint lithography is a method of continuously forming patterns using fabricated molds, and dip pen lithography produces patterns directly using atomic force microscope probes in liquid inks. Unfortunately, these techniques are difficult to fabricate over a wide range of patterns and require a high amount of cost and a long time. We have adopted plasmonic lithography using a nanohole array metal mask to overcome this limitation. This method uses a beam of an Extraordinary Optical Transmission (EOT) phenomenon generated by collective oscillation of electrons at the metal and dielectric interfaces, so that a smaller size pattern can be produced. In this study, we designed an experiment to observe the fabricated nano-sized structures by the diffraction and the transmission light. Also, we experimented with the gap distance between the mask and the photoresist, such as Talbot lithography.
Europe is at the threshold of a technological revolution - the application of the power of light to solve our greatest global challenges. As a fast, compact, energy efficient and therefore sustainable option, photonic integrated chips (PIC’s) have been developed initially to solve challenges in the power consumption and speed requirements for telecommunications and datacenters. However, it is expected that will tap into world markets like 5G, military, medical, sensors for strain, and gas detection and LIDAR. Volume manufacturing of PIC’s is rapidly becoming widespread available through foundries that have evolving process design kits with more extensive building blocks in their libraries. Success depends on the possibility of assembling the chips in large quantities for the various markets. Up to now these have all been labor-intensive production steps, the high cost of which has posed a barrier to largescale introduction. The keynote will address topics like: State of the art in the packaging field, automation assembly requirements, cost drivers, why hybrid integration is sometimes inevitable, do’s and dont's when designing chips for assembly.
First isolated in China in early 2020, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the novel coronavirus responsible for the ongoing pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). The disease has been spreading rapidly across the globe, with the largest burden falling on China, Europe, and the United States. COVID-19 is a new clinical syndrome, characterized by respiratory symptoms with varying degrees of severity, from mild upper respiratory illness to severe interstitial pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome, aggravated by thrombosis in the pulmonary microcirculation. Three main phases of disease progression have been proposed for COVID-19: an early infection phase, a pulmonary phase, and a hyperinflammation phase. Although current understanding of COVID-19 treatment is mainly derived from small uncontrolled trials that are affected by a number of biases, strong background noise, and a litany of confounding factors, emerging awareness suggests that drugs currently used to treat COVID-19 (antiviral drugs, antimalarial drugs, immunomodulators, anticoagulants, and antibodies) should be evaluated in relation to the pathophysiology of disease progression. Drawing upon the dramatic experiences taking place in Italy and around the world, here we review the changes in the evolution of the disease and focus on current treatment uncertainties and promising new therapies.
In the theory of cosmic rays we use diffusive transport equations to model the motion of energetic particles through space. A more fundamental description can be achieved if the cosmic ray Fokker-Planck equation is used instead of the usual diffusive transport equation. The Fokker-Planck equation allows for a pitch-angle dependent description of the transport. An analytical solution of this equation is desired in several applications ranging from solar modulation studies to investigations of particle acceleration at astrophysical shocks such as supernova remnants. Furthermore, analytical solutions of the Fokker-Planck equation are required in the development of theories for particle transport across a mean magnetic field. Previous solutions were either pure numerical solutions or methods which are half numerical and half analytical. For some applications, however, one needs simple and pure analytical solutions. In this paper we employ a subspace approximation method to the Fokker-Planck equation. In particular the second-order solution derived here, will be very useful for applications and agrees well with pure numerical solutions for later times.
The aim of presentation consist of biochemistry, Enzymology, health, employment, income, economy, Crises life, global poverty and hunger were studied and reported that Biochemistry and Enzymology is the major industry for the development of health, basic need of daily life, create employment, generate income, stronger economy, reducing financial crises, global Poverty and hunger in the developing countries of the world particularly in south. The study reported Biochemistry is the branch of science that explores the chemical processes within and related to living organisms. The study reported that Biochemistry is the basic need of life and plays an important role in nutrition, health and deals with body substance like enzymes, carbohydrates, amino acids, fats, proteins, hormones, DNA, RNA, pigments etc. It is used in clinical diagnosis, manufacture of various biological products, treatment of diseases, nutrition, agriculture etc. The Study further reported that Biochemistry is the study of biological processes that occur in cells and organisms. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids are the most common biological molecules studied by biochemists. Similarly, Enzymology is a branch of biochemistry that deals with the properties, activity, and significance of enzymes The study reported that the total countries available in the world are 225, consist of (Developed countries = 49, developing countries = 150, observer state = 4, state without partial recognition = 8, unrecognized state = 14). Similarly, South Asia comprises the countries of Pakistan, Bangladesh, India, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal and Sri Lanka. In the light of above study, it is proposed that Bio Chemistry and Enzymology should be commercialized for the development of health, basic need of daily life, create employment, generate income, stronger economy, reducing financial crises, global Poverty and hunger in the developing countries of the world particularly in south Asia.
In this work, new activated carbons were tested as adsorbent materials of oil / hydrocarbons from wastewater. In particular, low concentration of this kind of pollutants can compromise the life of animals and plants of aquatic ecosystems (Yu, 2017). The current legislation provides that wastewater produced by boats can be discharged directly into the sea only if the total hydrocarbon concentration not exceds 15 ppm. The new activated carbons were obtained from bio-oil production waste, a biochar produced by pyrolysis of Posidonia oceanica, a marine plant widespread in the Mediterranean sea. The biochar has been characterized and adsorption experiments were carried out with the not activated biochar and with two chemically activated biochars by means of acid or alkali treatments. Moreover, a commercial activated carbon has been used for comparison purpose. Synthetic wastewater (bilge waters) were prepared following reference standards (MEPC, 2003) containing MGO (marine fuel) and SDS (sodium lauryl sulfate). Batch adsorption isotherms were carried out without ionic medium and at different concentrations of NaCl in order to evaluate the effect of salinity on the adsorption ability of adsorbent materials. The same adsorbents were tested by column experiments. In particular, a bench pilot system was built and breakthrough curves were obtained changing amount of adsorbent material in column, flow rate, initial MGO and surfactant concentrations. Several instrumental techniques (turbidimetry, TOC, HPLC-FLD) have been used to measure surfactant and hydrocarbon concentrations in experimental samples. The experimental data were fitted with Langmuir, Freundlich and Sips models and important considerations were made on the breakthrough curves of column experiments
Tannery sludge waste is currently being used by many farmers for the cultivation of vegetables on large scale for human consumption. The study investigated the effect of tannery sludge on some soil properties and levels of heavy metals in Amaranthus hybridus and Corchorus olitorius grown on the tannery amended soil. Pot experiment was conducted and the metals were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The result showed the soil pH, organic matter content and conductivity of the amended soils increase compared to the controls. The sludge amendment led to significant increase in the metals concentrations of soil. It also led to higher concentration of Nickel (15.73 ± 1.17mg/kg) in the leave, Lead (60.41 ± 9.97mg/kg) and Cadmium (1.99 ± 0.85mg/kg) in the root of Corchorus olitorius. While higher concentration of Chromium (348.99 ± 50.31mg/kg) was observed in the root of Amaranthus hybridus. The concentrations, except of Nickel in Amaranthus hybridus tissues were above the WHO recommended safe limits. Though, the translocation factor of all the tested metals in the vegetables tissues were found low, the concentrations in the vegetables are not safe for dietary consumption. Hence, stringent guidelines set for tannery sludge applications on agricultural land should be totally enforced
Determination of Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is one of the most important monitoring procedures for long-term control of diabetes mellitus. Most frequently used analytical methods are turbidimetric inhibition immunoassay (TINIA) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). HPLC is the standard method for HbA1c but inaccurate HbA1c values can occur when hemoglobin variants are present in diabetic patient. Hb variants can interfere with HbA1c methods for a variety of reasons. The aim of our study is to see whether TINIA method can report HbA1c values in diabetic patients with variant hemoglobin when the values are inaccurate on HPLC. Measurements of HbA1c were made in blood samples from 1040 patients with pre-diabetes and diabetes using TINIA and HPLC. Results: There was good concordance between results of TINIA and HPLC methods (r = 0.981, p<0.0001). 14 samples showed very low or undetectable results for HPLC method, these samples with TINIA method showed slight low or normal values. The measured total time spent on 100 samples was 60 minutes for TINIA and 310 minutes for HPLC. Conclusion: It has been found that, the TINIA method, which is reliable, faster, and easier to perform, can be used as an alternative to HPLC measuring system within the known imprecision limits. TINIA method requires measurement of total hemoglobin, and HPLC does not require measurement of total hemoglobin. Both the methods have their own limitations. Hb variants can interfere with HbA1c methods for a variety of reasons, Laboratorians should be aware of the limitations of their method with respect to interference from the most prevalent Hb variants.
Gravitation (the attractive force existing between any two objects present in the universe that have mass) refers to one of the four fundamental forces in physics that are responsible for the attraction between masses. The other three fundamental forces are strong nuclear power, weak nuclear power and electromagnetism. In comparison to these other three forces, gravitation is certainly the "odd" one. While there is one single theory called the "Grand Unified Theory" that describes the other three forces, gravitation is explained solely by Einstein's general theory of relativity. According to that general theory of relativity, masses cause a distortion of the space-time structure around them. Any other mass that comes closer will experience the warping of space-time, and this appears to us as an attractive force between two masses. We will reason that this view is the wrong side of the coin. By turning over that same coin, another possibility appears that has a much stronger argument and brings out the true nature of gravitation. In that search, a number of fixed assumptions were reviewed and there, too, surprising new insights emerged. The phenomenon of the "spin" of elementary particles finally gets a plausible explanation, the reason for the expansion of the universe and the consequences involved showing a different reality, and the key in the lock of the Grand Unification theory has been turned, opening up a new dimension in physics. Let us take a first step : “ … Einstein himself believed that the theory of general relativity could not properly function without a medium … “
Previous nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies by Chen et al. (Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 50, 515-521 (2003)) have demonstrated that the water peaks in NMR experiments have been split into two resolved peaks at magic angle spinning due to the isotropic susceptibility shift. The first peak of spectrum rises due to a central core-atoms of water and the second peak is due to tightly packed cells surrounding the water. We present theoretically the atomic model which is based on three-level Λ-type and three level Ξ -cascade atomic configurations of the cell to study the dependency of susceptibility difference on the splitting of water peaks. In addition, we study the effect of the strength of the magnetic field, the magic spinning angle, the electric field, and detunings on the splitting of water peaks.
A Successive Ionic Layered Adsorption Reaction technique (SILAR) has been used to deposit CuS thin films on glass substrates at room temperature using cupric sulphate as cationic and sodium sulphide as anionic precursor . In order to study size-dependent optical, structural and electrical properties, films of different thickness were prepared by varying SILAR deposition cycles from 30 to 110. The XRD studies showed that films are nanocrystalline in nature with hexagonal structure. Band gap energy and electrical activation energy of SILAR grown CuS decreases when film thickness increases. The thermo-emf measurements confirmed that the films prepared are semiconducting in nature with P-type conductivity
Ion Selective Electrodes (ISE) are ideal measurement tools because of their ability to monitor selectively the activity of ions in solution both continuously and nondestructively. This work presents the development of microcontroller based Instrumentation system to measure the sodium-potassium and concentration in vegetables by using an array of ISE. The values measured by using the developed instrument are compared with the other method. A line of comparison is drawn between the two methods, which prove the accuracy of the developed instrument.
Metallographically, hot forged hypoeutectoid steels from archaeological artifacts more than 2000 years old have been observed. They show the microstructural evolution of pearlite over time. The structures observed for this old pearlite differ from those observed in forged and normalized hypo-eutectoid steels at present. This means that the thermodynamic equilibrium of pearlitic morphology is for very long periods of time.
This paper uses self-association model to compute the concentration dependence of free energy of mixing (ðoð), activity (a), and the microscopic properties such as concentration fluctuation in the long wavelength limit (ððð), and Warren-Cowley short range order parameter (ð¼1) for Sn-Zn binary liquid alloy. The calculation reveals the homo-coordination or phase separation at all concentrations with moderate interaction for Sn-Zn liquid alloy at 750 K.
Single crystals of pure and succinic acid doped zinc sulphate heptahydrate crystals were grown by slow evaporation technique. The grown crystals of pure and succinic acid doped zinc sulphate heptahydrate were analyzed using FTIR to estimate qualitatively the presence of the functional groups. The thermal stability of the grown crystals was studied by using TG/DTA analysis. Dielectric studies were carried out on the grown crystals at three different temperatures.
Statement of the Problem: Molecular oxygen O2 is the most important molecule in Earth’s atmosphere and stratospheric ozone O3 protects us from 97% of UV radiations. The abundance in 16O being 99.8%, O2 and O3 exclusively formed from it are dominant, thereby giving a reference for any process involving oxygen. A strong enrichment (about 10%) of O3 in both 18O and 17O (the socalled mass-independent fractionation MIF), has first been observed decades ago. The three body recombination O + O2 + M → O3 + M is believed to be the main process leading to this enrichment and at low pressures, it can be partitioned into two steps: the formation of O3 in a highly excited rovibrational state, from reaction O + O2 → O3 *, and its subsequent stabilization by collision with an energy absorbing partner M (say N2 or O2 ), O3 * + M → O3 + M. Thus, the efficiency of the exchange reaction O + O2 → O3 * → O2 + O, involving metastable O3 * as an intermediate, is one of the key parameters to understand ozone formation. This reaction is very fast and competes with the stabilization process. The reaction of O atoms with O2 molecules has been widely studied both experimentally and theoretically. The importance of the reaction lies in the fact that this is the way of stratospheric ozone formation: ozone can be stabilized when the initially formed O3 collision complex lives long enough to be hit by a collision partner that reduces its internal energy so that it cannot dissociate. Another reason for the interest in the reaction is the so-called mass-independent isotope effect, which leads to anomalous isotope abundance of oxygen in stratospheric ozone. Collisional energy transfer plays an essential role in ozone formation, and the fate of the collision complex depends on the lifetime and the internal dynamics of the complex, which may be isotope-dependent. The question of the origin of the mass independence of enrichment of isotopes 17O and 18O has not been answered yet and is the subject of recent experimental and theoretical activity. The standard method of the theoretical description of unimolecular and recombination reactions, RRKM theory, is based on a statistical assumption and proved not to be able to explain the experimentally observed isotope enrichment ratios unless an ad hoc factor related to the effective density of states of symmetric vs asymmetric ozone is introduced. The reasons for the need for such a factor are not yet understood, but it does reflect the important role of internal dynamics. Theoretical work has demonstrated that the O + O2 atom exchange reaction indeed displays nonstatistical behavior, independently of its isotope constitution. The actual dynamics in O + O2 collisions can be studied in most detail in direct dynamical experiments, namely, measurements using crossed molecular beams. In this kind of experiment, isotope labeling is necessarily used because this is the only way to identify the products of collision. Labeling allows quantitative studies of reactive and inelastic events in the same experimental setup. Cross section measurements utilizing labeling have been preformed at collision energies of 5.7 and 7.3 kcal mol–1 using the 18O + 32O2 mass combination. Methodology: Using a newly developed, very accurate, potential energy surface (PES), we have realized computationally intensive full-quantum investigation of the dynamics of this process, using a time-independent formalism. QCT calculations have been performed according to the standard methodology, with the specific features described in refs. Similar to refs, we used the PES developed by Babikov et al. for the electronic ground state. Test calculations have been performed on the PES of Dawes et al., and we found that at the high collision energies dominating our study the results are not sensitive to the presence or absence of the reef appearing on the Babikov PES. At the very high collision energies, the available energy exceeds that necessary for electronic excitation, and nonadiabatic transitions could be possible. However, in the theory–experiment comparison in, the QCT calculations confined to the ground state reproduced the experimental results well without considering any nonadiabatic effect. From this, we surmised that the latter are probably not important in reaction 1 even at very large collision energies. Results: We have, from first principles, computed reactive cross sections and reproduced measured rate constant for the 18O + 32O2 process, within experimental error bars. We will sum up resulting cross sections and rate constants for the various 16O + 32O2 , 18O + 32O2 , 17O + 32O2 , 16O + 36O2 and 16O + 34O2
In view of numerical models of portraying the multidimensional soliton-type structures in complex media (ionosphere air, hydrosphere, ionospheric and magnetosphere plasma) the nonlinear elements of electromagnetic singular vortices and the wave structures have been considered. Nonlinear wave constructions can be a simply syndication vortex, a cross over vortex chain, and additionally a longitudinal vortex way against the foundation of an inhomogeneous zonal breeze, contingent upon the shear stream speed profile. The amassing of such vortices in the ionospheric medium can produce an unequivocally violent state. The communication of soliton type multidimensional designs in the complicated media, portrayed by DNSL class of conditions considering of dispersive and dissipative impacts are concentrated mathematically and intriguing outcomes are gotten.. Singular waves were found by the maritime modeler John Scott Russell in 1834. At the point when a channel barge hit a submerged block and halted out of nowhere, Russell expected that the bow wave would disintegrate into bunches of little waves through scattering. All things being equal, a smooth, chime formed peak maybe a large portion of a meter tall, autonomous of the cross-channel heading, risen up out of the foam. Riding a horse, he followed the constant, consistently engendering peak for a few kilometers until he lost it 'in the windings of the trench'
We describe the matter dynamics as a positively defined density and show that, according to the general theory of relativity, such a distribution can be conceive only as of a fragment of matter with a finite mass equal to a mass , as a characteristic of the matter dynamics, – the matter quantization. The group velocities of the Fourier conjugate representations in the coordinate and momentum spaces describe the dynamics of a quantum particle in agreement with the Hamiltonian equations. Under the action of an external (non-gravitational) field, the acceleration of the quantum matter has two components: 1) A component perpendicular to the velocity, given by the relativistic mechanical component of the time dependent phase, and 2) A component given by the additional field terms of this phase. A free quantum particle is described by a non-dispersing wave function , contrary to the solution of the Schrödinger equation. A coherent electromagnetic field, in resonance with a system of active quantum particles in a Fabry-Perot cavity, has a wave vector approximately proportional to the metric elements, as the resonance frequency is approximately constant – a gravitational wave can be detected by the transmission characteristics of an active Fabry-Perot cavity. In a constant gravitational field, a quantum particle undertakes a velocity and an acceleration, which, at the boundary of a black hole are null – absorption and evaporation processes at the boundary of a black hole arise only by gravitational perturbations. Generally, a quantum particle is described by a time-space volume, called graviton, with a spin 2, and a distribution of a specific matter in this volume, with a half-integer spin for Fermions and an integer spin for Bosons. A graviton Lagrangian is obtained as a curvature integral on a graviton volume, and a Hamiltonian tensor is obtained for the gravitational coordinates and velocities.
A remarkably good second and third-order nonlinear optical (TONLO) single crystal potassium hydrogen phthalate magnesium sulfate (KHPMS) has been grown effectively using aqueous solution by conventional solution growth method. Single crystal XRD studies exhibits the crystal structure as triclinic with space group P1 for the grown KHPMS crystal. Crystalline nature of the title compound has been confirmed by powder XRD studies and by using Scherer formula particle size has been evaluated. Elemental analysis with CHNS mode authenticates the occurrence of carbon, hydrogen and sulphur in the grown crystal. The optical transmission study proves the transparency of the sample in the entire visible region and band gap has been determined using Tauc’s plot. The output intensity of SHG was verified by Kurtz and Perry powder technique and it was found to be 0.409 times as that of KDP. TONLO properties such as nonlinear refraction (NLR), nonlinear absorption (NLA), third-order susceptibility (χ3) and hyperpolarizability (γ) were calculated with high accuracy using Z-scan technique. THG effectively attributes to self-defocusing effect with high third-order susceptibility compared with other NLO crystals
