This case series presents the two female patient, 21 years old who presented with class 2 divison 1 maloccusion with proclination of upper and lower incisors. Both of them presented with an overjet of 5mm and 8mm respectively. The maxillary dental midline was deviated to right. The objectives were to achieve a pleasing profile, eliminate crowding, correct the inclinations of the teeth, to obtain bilateral canine and molar class 1 relationship, an adequate overbite and overjet, correct midline and a good balance and occlusal function. Treatment consisted of extraction of the maxillary and mandibular bicuspids and fixed orthodontic therapy. The usage of T loop for the alignment of highly placed canine and KSIR loop for the retraction of the anterior segment have been described in the case series.
Purpose: This article aims at a comprehensive review of the fundamental occlusal curves, Curve of Wilson and Curve of Spee from an anatomical, theoretical, and clinical perspective. To bridge the gap between historical concepts and contemporary prosthodontics, it revisits Bonwill’s theory, Hall’s conical theory, and Monson’s spherical theory to understand the depth of anatomic and functional correlations for current clinical implications. Methodology: The methodology included a structured literature search that included historical and recent articles. The inclusion criteria consisted of original articles of Monson and Wilson, peer-reviewed articles and textbooks pertaining to the topic. Results: The original concepts were thoroughly analyzed, and conclusions were drawn based on geometric interpretations. The article then introduces an integrative occlusal model grounded in premolar anatomy, proposing a unified occlusal model. This re-evaluation has led to the introduction of the concept of 'Sphere of Wilson,' that takes into consideration, the maxillary first premolars as critical determinants of the mediolateral curve that is convex upwards and forms a segment of a sphere that aligns with functions of the orofacial complex. Conclusion: This article encourages the development of an occlusal model as a dynamic concept that represents mandibular movements, centric and eccentric movements and its biomechanical interpretation. By correlating historical theories with contemporary anatomical and biomechanical insights, the article not only clarifies prevailing misconceptions but also sets the framework for further research. The article concludes with an emphasis on the role of visual three-dimensional dynamic mandibular movements and anatomical relevance in redefining the occlusal concepts.
Background Anatomical variations in maxillary premolars can significantly influence the outcome of endodontic treatment. Although these teeth typically present with one or two roots, the occurrence of three distinct roots and canals is uncommon and may remain undetected when conventional diagnostic methods are relied upon. Missed canals continue to represent a major cause of post-treatment disease, underscoring the need for accurate assessment of root canal morphology before and during treatment. Case presentation This case series reports three patients—two maxillary first premolars and one maxillary second premolar—with three separate roots and canals. Clinical examination was supplemented by multiple angulated periapical radiographs and 5× magnification to confirm the canal anatomy. All teeth underwent non-surgical root canal treatment following standardised clinical protocols. Canal preparation was performed using nickel–titanium rotary instruments, with irrigation using sodium hypochlorite and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid for smear layer removal. Obturation was completed using a single-cone technique with gutta-percha and a bioceramic sealer. Definitive coronal restorations were placed in all cases. At clinical and radiographic follow-up, all treated teeth were asymptomatic and demonstrated favourable outcomes. Conclusion This case series highlights the importance of systematic radiographic evaluation, magnification, and contemporary endodontic techniques in the successful management of three-rooted maxillary premolars.
Background: Osteopetrosis, is characterized by a spectrum of conditions marked by increase in bone density due to defective osteoclast activity, leading to fragile bones, hematologic issues, nerve entrapment leading to growth challenges. On the other hand, osteomyelitis is an inflammatory process of bone and bone marrow caused by an infectious-organisms which results in local bone destruction, necrosis and apposition of new bone. Case report: This article discusses a case of a 32-year-old male initially diagnosed with maxillary osteomyelitis who presented with a draining fistula in the posterior maxilla for seven months. After a thorough combination of history, clinical, radiographic, and laboratory findings, it was discovered that the patient also had osteopetrosis. The hidden connection between the two conditions suggests that osteopetrosis may often go undiagnosed in patients presenting with osteomyelitis.Conclusion: This case underscores the diagnostic challenges posed by overlapping pathologies such as osteomyelitis and osteopetrosis, particularly within the craniofacial region. The co-occurrence revealed in this patient emphasizes the need for heightened clinical suspicion and a multidisciplinary approach when evaluating persistent maxillofacial infections. Early recognition of underlying osteopetrosis is essential for appropriate management and may prevent prolonged morbidity.
Various impression materials are used in dentistry. One such material used is ALGINATE. It is an irreversible hydrocolloid. The term ‘alginate’ was coined from the term ‘algin’. It is a polymer of anhydro beta D mannuronic acid of high molecular weight. 1. ADA Specification-18; ISO 1563:1990 22. TYPES (according to ADA Specification Number 18): 3TYPE 1 – Fast settingTYPE 2 – Normal setting3. APPLICATIONS OF ALGINATES:1. For making preliminary impressions for construction of custom tray for more accurate secondary impression for complete denture.2. Impression making for orthodontic purposes.3. For Duplicating models4. Used for impression making in presence of undercuts5. In impression making when there is excess of saliva6. For making impressions for fabrication of temporaries of for indirect restorations.4. ADVANTAGES:1. Hydrophilic2. Easy manipulation3. Economical5. DISADVANTAGES:1. Electroplating not possible2. Reuse is not possible3. Strength is poor
BACKGROUND: The World Health Organisation describes Central Giant Cell Granuloma (CGCG) as an intraosseouslesion made up of cellular fibrous tissue with several hemorrhage foci, aggregations of multinucleatedgiant cells, and some woven bone trabeculae1. These tumours are more common in the mandible than in themaxilla, making for 7% of all benign tumours of the jaw.The cause is unknown, although potential causes in-cludeinflammatory foci, trauma, or genetic predisposition. Aggressive and non-aggressive CGCG subtypes arerecognised. The most prevalent kind, known as the non-aggressive variation, manifests as a painless lesion thatgrows slowly and expands the cortical bone. Conversely, younger individuals may present with severe giant cellgranulomas that have the following characteristics: they may be larger than 5 cm, expand quickly, exhibit rootresorption, cause tooth displacement that results in malocclusion, thin or puncture the cortical bone, or recurafter curettage.The presented case is an aggressive variant of CGCG.Introduction: In the craniofacial region, particularly in the jaw bones, Central Giant Cell Granuloma (CGCG) is anuncommon, histologically benign, but locally aggressive and destructive osteolytic disease of osteoclastic origin. Arapid diagnostic assessment, together with adequate histopathologic verification, is essential to improve themanagement and prognosis of this locally destructive lesion. This post-extraction development is unusual, asCGCGs are typically not associated with recent dental extractions, adding complexity to the diagnostic process.The lesion exhibited aggressive growth within a short period, necessitating prompt intervention. This case contributesto the literature by highlighting the potential for CGCG to manifest in extraction sites, which may necessitatea re-evaluation of post-extraction monitoring protocols. Future research could explore the factors that predisposeextraction sites to CGCG formation, as well as the long-term outcomes of different surgical techniques.Observation: A rare case of a large destructive CGCG involving the right mandible, causing extensive bony resorptionas well as cortical expansion with perforations, in a 29-year-old male is presented. It was diagnosed andtreated successfully to preserve the continuity of the mandible
Background: Ameloblastoma is a benign odontogenic tumor of epithelial origin that exhibits a locally aggressivebehaviour with a high level of recurrence and multiple factors involved in its molecular pathogenesis. Anteriorameloblastoma is a rare variant that makes up about 10% of all its varieties, presents unique difficultiesin diagnosis, especially while differentiating it from other lesions in anterior region. Its vivid range of clinicalmanifestation further puzzles in clinical diagnosis and can complicate planning of surgeries and thereby affectthe prognosis. We highlight one such case which mimics a residual cyst and thus mandates importance of thoroughdiagnostics.Case Report: This case report presents a rare occurrence of ameloblastoma in anterior mandible of a 60-yearoldpatient who reported a swelling in the lower anterior region, which had been present for 5-6 months andwas initially noticed two years ago when it was smaller. This case report aims to highlight the unusual locationof the tumor, the clinical and radiological findings and the treatment modalities employed.Conclusion: Promptness in diagnosis and relevant treatment of ameloblastoma is crucial due to its malignantpotential and recurrence rate. It underscores the importance of early detection and intervention, which cansignificantly improve patient prognosis and reduce the risk of recurrence. Further, it emphasizes the need forregular follow-ups to monitor any risk of recurrence or any other complications.
One of the most important requirements for healthcare professionals to maintain their registration with theHealth Profession Council of South Africa (HPCSA) is continuing professional development (CPD). Even though it is required, it is still unclear how CPD activities improve patient care, knowledge growth, and competency. This study’s investigation of CPD courses for dental hygienists in the Western Cape will look at the courses choices, accessibility, pricing, and effects on education and skill development. The benefits of CPD activities are not well supported by the literature, and attendance requirements and preferences are not given enough thought, according to a systematic review of the literature. In order to close these gaps and enhance motivation, skill development, and healthcare outcomes, this study investigates how CPD courses might be better tailored to meet the needs of dental hygienists. The Western Cape’s oral hygienists will benefit from continuing education programs that are reasonably priced, easily accessible, and customised to their needs.
Background: Periodontal disease is a persistent inflammatory illness characterized by the destruction of supporting components, which may ultimately result in tooth loss. The most often seen kind of periodontal disease in children and adolescents is gingivitis, which has a significant correlation with certain socioeconomic variables and oral health practices. Numerous salivary biomarkers, such as AST, have been suggested as potential indicators for the timely identification and advancement of periodontal disease. Aims of the study: The aim is to demonstrate the impact of non-surgical periodontal therapy on children with periodontal disease (PD) and determine whether the AST marker may be used to forecast the advancement of gingival illnesses at various stages in pediatric patients. Materials and Methods: This case-control research included the observation of a cohort of 30 children, with ages ranging from 6 to 12 years. The individuals were categorized into two cohorts according to their periodontal well-being: a cohort of 17 children diagnosed with gingivitis and another cohort of 13 children diagnosed with chronic periodontitis. All participants salivary AST enzyme levels, LI, GI, and CAL were assessed at two time points: baseline and one month follow-up. Conclusion: Children with gingivitis and chronic periodontitis may benefit from non-surgical periodontal therapy and dental hygiene instruction. Tracking therapy progress in children with periodontal disease may be facilitated by monitoring salivary AST enzyme levels. The measurement of salivary AST enzyme levels provides a non-invasive method for evaluating the effectiveness of therapy in the field of pediatric dental care.
This case study documents the critical role of Forensic Odontology in the identification of a severely decomposed body discovered in a remote forested area in April, 2023. Traditional Identification Methods, such as- Fingerprinting & Facial Recognition were unfeasible due to the advanced decomposition of the remains. The body was referred to Forensic Odontologists, who utilized detailed dental examinations, radiographic analyses, & comprehensive comparison with Ante-Mortem Dental Records to achieve a positive identification. The initial examination revealed that, despite extensive decomposition, the dental structures were well preserved. The Forensic Odontologist conducted thorough Photographic documentation,Dental charting, & Radiographic analysis, Specific features such as- Restorations, Wear Patterns, & Tooth Alignment. High-resolution photographs & Detailed dental charts were created, Intraoral & Panoramic Radiographs were taken to capture the internal & external structures of the teeth. Law enforcement provided Ante-Mortem Dental Records for three potential matches from recent missing person reports. One set of records, belonging to a missing person identified as- John Doe, exhibited distinct dental characteristics that closely matched the Post-Mortem findings. Key matching features included the presence of severalamalgam fillings, a gold crown, on the upper left first molar, unique wear patterns indicative of bruxism, rotated & crowded teeth. Radiographic superimposition confirmed the alignment of dental restorations, root structures & bone patterns between the Post-Mortem & Ante- Mortem Records. The convergence of these multiple lines of evidence led to the positive identification of the deceased as John Doe. The durability & individuality of dental structures make them invaluable in forensic investigations, providing crucial evidence for resolving missing person cases & offering closure to families. The findings highlight the importanceof maintaining comprehensive dental records, the need for adequate training & resources for Forensic Odontologists, & the significance of interdisciplinary collaboration in forensic investigations. This case study demonstrates the effectiveness of Forensic Odontology & its essential role in the field of forensic science.
A desirable result for an endodontic treatment is dictated by good understanding of root canal morphology. Missing out on complexities of the root canal system can hamper shaping and cleaning, hence facilitating such procedures with radiography is pivotal in achieving a hermetic seal of the canal system. This case report describes a unique situation of three separate buccal canals along with a palatal canal in the two roots of an upper premolar and its successful management.
Dens invaginatus, formerly known as "dens in dente," is a significant dental anomaly resulting from the folding of enamel and dentin into the tooth structure during its formation. This condition exhibits various morphological variations in both crown and root development. Consequently, it often leads to complications such as dental caries, pulpal, and periodontal involvement, ultimately resulting in necrosis and loss of periodontal attachment. Recognizing the importance of early detection and prevention is of great significanceHistorically, treatment options for dens invaginatus were limited due to its intricate nature. However, advancements in dental care have prompted a reevaluation of management strategies. This article offers a comprehensive retrospection of the literature concerning radiological evidence of dens invaginatus. It delves into its clinical manifestations & diagnostic approaches.
This case series explores two successful cases of implementation of a magnet-retained hollow cheek plumper prosthesis in the rehabilitation of a patient with sunken cheeks. The clinical evaluation, treatment planning, and prosthetic fabrication methods are discussed, accompanied by a thorough review of the existing literature on cheek plumper prostheses. The literature review encompasses historical perspectives, advancements in materials and techniques, and outcomes reported in similar cases. This combined approach provides a holistic understanding of the clinical efficacy and scientific basis underlying the utilization of cheek plumper prostheses in prosthodontic practice.
Oral sex refers to sexual activities involving the stimulation of the genitalia by the use of the mouth, tongue, teeth, or throat. Oral sex is practiced by people of all sexual orientations, and it is practiced in various forms: cunnilingus (oral-vaginal contact);fellatio(oral-penile contact); and anilingus (oral-anal contact).Over 35% of the global adult population have engaged in an oral sex activity at least once in their lifetime. Individuals who engage in oral sex are more vulnerable to various sexually transmitted oral infections, including oral gonorrhoea and oral HPV infection. These infections can result in severe health consequences, including oral cancer.Nonetheless, sexually transmitted oral infections could be avoided by using oral sex protective barriers such as cling films (aka saran wraps), dental dams, and tongue condoms. If oral sex protective barriers are used appropriately, the infections can beavoided. Unfortunately, the global use rate of these protective barriers is very negligible. For example, evidence has shown that just less than 10% of adolescents and young adults in the USA used condom at their last oral sex experience. Overall, the issue of oral sex, oral sex protective barriers, and oral cancer is a triple concern of global health significance; this commentary offered recommendations on how to address the triple concern.
Background: Impacted teeth are teeth that cannot be indicated in their physiological position in the expected period. Impacted mandibular third molar (IMTM)is the most common tooth to be impacted. Impaction of the tooth may be accompanied by complications such as pain, swelling, caries, bone loss, and inferior alveolar canal pathology. Because of possible complications of the IMTMs,a surgical extraction may be necessary. Moreover, knowing the pattern of IMTMs can lower the possibility of complications after the surgery.This research aims to evaluate the impaction pattern of the IMTMs in the population of patients referring to the Dentistry faculty of the Guilan University of medical sciences clinic. Methods: In this retrospective analytic cross-sectional study 98 radiographs were gathered and the angulation, depth, and side of impactions, inferior alveolar canal pathology, and decay existence were evaluated. Then each factor was assessed based on age and gender. Analyzing data was done using IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Statistics for Windows, version 21 (IBM Corp., Armonk, N.Y., USA). Conclusion: Mesioangular pattern and level B of impaction depth were the most prevalent position of the IMTMs. Most cases had unilateral impaction and right-sided impaction was more frequent than left-sided.
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is an increasingly common, chronic, sleep-related breathing disorder.The prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) continues to rise due to change in life patterns.The most common presenting symptom of OSA is excessive sleepiness and is associated with a 2- to 3-fold increased risk of cardiovascular and metabolic disease. The key contributors to OSA pathogenesis include a narrow, crowded, or collapsible upper airway “anatomical compromise” and “non-anatomical” contributors such as ineffective pharyngeal dilator muscle function during sleep, a low threshold for arousal to airway narrowing during sleep, and unstable control of breathing. Effective treatments include weight loss and exercise, positive airway pressure, oral appliances that hold the jaw forward during sleep, and surgical modification of the pharyngeal soft tissues or facial skeleton to enlarge the upper airway. This review summarizes the latest knowledge ondifferent contributors to OSA with a focus on emerging clinical tools.
Neurofibromatosis (NF) is an autosomal-dominant inherited syndrome with teeth retention and complex tooth deficiencies which can affect swallowing, speech, esthetic, and airway patency. That’s where the rehabilitation of structures, functions, esthetics deformities, and life quality with different prosthetic choices should be considered. The present literature review inspected the prosthetic treatment plans to rehabilitate NF type 1 after hemi-mandibulectomy. By an extensive literatures search, some articles were chosen. The prosthetic treatment options for dental reconstruction of the hemi-mandibulectomy can be conventional removable prostheses, implant-supported fixed protheses, and implant-supported removable protheses. Ultimately, choosing among prosthetic treatment plans is made based on clinician opinion, patient preference, and ridge condition in each case.
Background:Lichen Planus (LP) is a chronic mucocutaneous inflammatory disease that predominantly affects the oral mucosa, with a female predilection. The oral lesions are characterized by burning and pain which relentlessly affect the patient’s quality of life. The available treatment approaches for OLP documented to have a short term effect with potential adverse effects which further increases the demand of a novel therapeutic approach for the severe resistant lesions of OLP with a malignant potential. This double-blind, split-mouth randomized controlled trial aims to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of intralesional Autologous Platelet Rich Plasma and corticosteroid for the management of resistant OLP.Materials and methods: 28 clinically and histopathologically confirmed cases of resistant OLP were included with total 56 lesion sites divided into two groups of 28 each, in group 1 intralesional PRP and in group 2 intrealesional steroid was given. The injections were repeated for consecutive 4 weeks and then kept on regular followup. Parameters recorded on every visit were according to the Modified Escuider Index.Results: A statistically significant reduction in the lesion activity scores was found amongst the group treated with Platelet Rich Plasma as compared to the group treated with intralesional steroids.Conclusion: The use of intralesional PRP in resistant cases of OLP
Objective: In this study, the literature was systematically reviewed to evaluate the effect of play way a game based oral health education on oral hygiene of school children.Data Sources: Electronic databases were screened and hand searched. Searched electronic databases are PubMed, Cochrane library, Ovid Medline, Elsevier science direct, Wiley online library, Grey literature, Embase.Materials and Methods: Systematic literature review of clinical trials evaluating the effect of play way a game based oral health education on oral hygiene of school children by following PRISMA - Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines. PICO model was used for population, intervention, comparison and outcome assessment. Cochrane risk assessment tool was used for bias analysis.Results: A total of 5 articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The p-value is less than 0.05 showing that all the studies were statistically significant. Therefore, game-based oral health education is superior to conventional oral health education.Conclusion: This systematic review concludes that game-based oral health education effectively improves the oral hygiene of school children than conventional oral health education.
The diagnosis and management of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) require both clinical andimaging examinations of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). A variety of modalities can be used toimage the TMJ, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), cone beamCT, ultrasonography, conventional radiography. The present review outlines the indications of the mostfrequently used imaging techniques in TMD diagnosis.Because of the anatomic complexity of the TMJ, imaging can be difficult. Choosing the properimaging technique is essential. Conventional radiography, nowadays, is of limited interest. The useof flat plane films for TMJ pathology is not sufficient, because this joint requires three dimensionalimaging views. Osseous changes are better visualized with CT and cone beam CT. Cone beam CTprovides high-resolution multiplanar reconstruction of the TMJ, with a low radiation dose, withoutsuperimposition of the bony structures. MRI is a noninvasive technique, considered to be the goldstandard in imaging the soft tissue components of the TMJ. MRI is used to evaluate the articular disc interms of location and morphology. Moreover, the early signs of TMD and the presence of joint effusioncan be determined. High-resolution ultrasonography is a noninvasive, dynamic, inexpensive imagingtechnique, which can be useful in diagnosing TMJ disc displacements. The diagnostic value of highresolutionultrasonography is strictly dependent on the examiner’s skills and on the equipment used.
