Aquatic plants are an integral area of a lake and its aging process. Many of the warning to fresh waters such as, climate change and eutrophication will result in declined macrophyte diversity and will, in turn, warning the faunal diversity of aquatic ecosystems and favour the initiated of exotic species, at the cost of domestic species. Lake Maryout aquatic macrophytes observed in summer and autumn 2012, winter and spring 2013, were small diversity, indicating continuous pollution hazards. In spite of such situation, a new submerged macrophyte, P. pusillus, was observed for the first time in Lake Maryout along the project period (2009-2013), and probably not observed previously, according to the available literatures. Other submerged vegetations which withstand pollution such as; Cabomba caroliniana and N. flexilis, in addition to water cress Pistia stratiotes, all were recorded in different seasons but not often. Lake Burullus, known to be a protectorate in Ramsar sites list, is becoming seriously endangers more than the other north Nile Delta lakes. The outcome of summer-autumn seasons 2012, and winterspring 2013 at Lake Burullus, showed the disappearance of macrophytes diversity that is characterizing international Ramsar sites list. Thus, pollution indicators were observed in almost all stations under investigation such as, Potamogeton pectinatus. Eichhornia is known to resist increased pollution stress, recorded during the whole year round 2012-2013 investigation. Close to the drains El-Serou and Faraskour, places known also, for the various submerged vegetations, Najas marina, Potamogeton (dominated) and Echinochloa stagnina emerged in summer, autumn 2012 and spring 2013. At Edku Lake, Stations located in front of fish aquaculture drainage water, Phragmites was observed. The three formation of aquatic macrophytes were shown, along the period of investigation 2012-2013, such as free-floating (water hyacinths); submerged (Potamogeton and Ceratophyllum demersum and Cabomba caroliniana) and beginning (Scirpus maritimus), in inclusion to the emergent Polygonum amphibium, in autumn 2012. At Bardawil Lagoon (Ramsar Site), the green macroalga Caulerpa taxifolia was observed at El-Zaranik station, for the first time in Lake Bardawil history. Probably it was initiated from the Mediterranean through Boughaz opening. Generally plants biodiversity was very badly of in summer 2012 in all stations under investigations. Different aquatic plants such as the red macroalga Nemalion helminthoides and eelgrass Zostera marina and Cymodocea nodosa were shown in few regions; in some others the invasive species green macroalga Caulerpa prolifera was dominant. The biodiversity hotspots are 35 biogeographical areas which have each exceptional endemism and intense caution to their plants integrity, and as such are worldwide conservation priorities. Nonetheless, previous estimates of herbal intact plants (NIV) withinside the hotspots are usually imprecise, indirect, coarse, and/or dated. Using moderate- and high-decision satellite tv for pc imagery in addition to maps of roads, settlements, and fires, we estimate the contemporary volume of NIV for the hotspots.Hotspots with the best preceding NIV estimates suffered the best obvious losses. The paucity of NIV is maximum mentioned in biomes ruled through dry forests, open woodlands, and grasslands, reflecting their anciental affinities with agriculture, such that NIV has a tendency to pay attention in pick biomes. Low and declining degrees of NIV withinside the hotspots underscore the want for an pressing recognition of restricted conservation sources on those biologically.
Mangroves are salt-tolerant trees adapted to salty and brackish water environment. The decline of mangrove areas due to over-exploitation and unsustainable use has been a worldwide catastrophe. Thus, this study was conducted to determine the distribution and abundance of mangrove species which will serve as a baseline data for future research. The study was conducted at the landward, middle ward and seaward zones of Cagbaoto, Bayabas, Surigao del Sur where it employed a purposive sampling method. The study revealed 8 species of mangrove belonging to 8 families. It had shown that Acanthus ebracteatus was the highest in terms of species abundance (30.43%) and Aegiceras floridum was the lowest (1.45%). Bruguira cylindrica and Exoecaria agalloca were found across all zones but there were also species that only grow on seaward zone. Based on the study, it can be concluded that there were specific species that dominated in terms of their abundance on each zone and evidently shown their distribution across all zones.
AForest ecosystems play a significant role in the biodiversity conservation, in regulating climate protection of hydrological services, and in regulating climate. Poor management of forest that leads the distraction of wood species diversity. The study was carried out to quantify the woody plant diversity and population structure in Alemsaga Forest, South Gondar zone. Collection of vegetation data was made using a systematic sampling method; laying six transect lines with 500 m apart and 54 quadrants 20 m X 20 m established 200 m distance to each other along the transect lines. Abundance, DBH and heights of all woody species were recorded within 400 m2 for trees, 25 m2 for sapling and 1 m2 for seedling. The ShannonWiener diversity index was computed to describe the woody species diversity. One way ANOVA was used to test the significance difference of diversity indices along altitude. A total of 66 woody plant species belong to 42 families were identified, which had 2.51±0.28 and 0.94±0.25 mean value of diversity indices and evenness respectively. Both diversity and evenness decreased with increased of altitude. The population structure and regeneration of forest was inverted J shape. This study provides important information about their regeneration status in order to develop management approaches, and protecting threatened and economically important species.
The fundamentals of magnetism and magnetic materials have been widely used in medicine in recent years (such as, in drug and gene delivery and hyperthermia treatment of tumors). The idea of applying these concepts to tissue engineering has sparked a burgeoning field of research. Tissue engineering strives to create multidisciplinary approaches to tissue repair and regeneration. The major goal is to use three-dimensional biodegradable and biomimetic "scaffolds" as a template for cell growth and extracellular matrix deposition in order to repair tissues. The main driving idea behind the development of magnetic scaffolds was to create structures that could be manipulated using magnetic force gradients that attracted bio-aggregates and were linked to magnetic carriers (i.e. vascular endothelial growth factors) to stimulate angiogenesis and bone regeneration. They can also be utilised as hyperthermia agents to provide thermal energy to specific parts of the body. The manufacturing process, as well as the material and scaffold properties, such as morphological, chemical-physical, mechanical, and mass transport performances, have all been given special consideration through topological optimization. Additive manufacturing was used to create entirely biodegradable and magnetic nanocomposite scaffolds in particular. Experimental/theoretical in vitro investigations and in vivo experiments were used to evaluate the scaffolds' properties. MicroTomography and Scanning Electron Microscopy were used to conduct morphological analyses. Mechanical investigations at the micro, macro, and nanoscale were also performed. A magnetic study was used to evaluate the behaviour of these materials, revealing that they may be magnetised at 37°C with an external magnetic field. Confocal Laser Scanning microscopy and the Alamar . Blue assay were used to examine human mesenchymal stem cell adhesion and viability, while ALP activity was used to determine cell differentiation. Also investigated was the effect of a time-dependent magnetic field on cell-laden constructions. Finally, this research revealed that these materials would be good candidates for bone regeneration. Since the skeleton plays significant functions in the normal physiological functions of the human body, including as mechanical support, organ protection, and mineral homeostasis maintenance, strategies to enhance bone regeneration have traditionally been the focus of research. Magnetic fields have been found to have a big impact on the regeneration process, which has sparked a lot of interest in using magnetic materials to boost osteogenesis. We attempt a more comprehensive and detailed review of magnetic materials in promoting bone regeneration in this paper, which includes not only the mechanisms of bone regeneration, the history and basic concepts of magnetism, but also the different types of magnetic materials, their influence parameters, designs, and fabrication techniques, with a focus on their use in the field of bone regeneration like 3D printed scaffolds and implants. In addition, we discuss some potential synergistic effects of magnetic and other materials on bone tissue. Finally, we suggest that magnetic materials will continue to grow in the field of bone regeneration in the future. Patients with diseases including fractures, tumours, and osteoporosis, which cause acute aches, bone loss, limb deformations, and mobility constraints, are in desperate need of a more effective and less traumatic technique to speed bone regeneration. Magnetic materials have a lot of potential for being turned into new clinical applications that can improve bone regeneration efficiency. This work is partly presented at International Conference on Magnetism and magnetic Material October 09-10, 2017 London, UK
The current investigation was taken up to assess the status of pelagic fish biodiversity of Mangalore coast (Lat. 12°50'54N; Long. 74°50'11E). The data for the current study was collected from the trawlers and purse seiners operating from Mangalore fishing harbour over a period from September-2012 to April-2013 and sampling was done once in fortnight. A overall sixty nine species belonging to forty nine genera, 20 households and six orders had been recorded at some point of the take a look at period. Oil sardine contributed 26.97% of overall touchdown observed through Indian mackerel (26.30%). The own circle of relatives Carangidae contributed 21.74% of overall quantity of species, observed through Clupeidae 17.39%. Diversity indices together with Margalef s richness index, Shannon-Wiener index (H), Simpson index (λ), Hill variety quantity (N1 ) and (N2 ) and Evenness (J) had been calculated. The values of Shannon-Wiener index (H) (at log10) ranged among 1.1553 and 1.2679. The common fee recorded become 1.20, while maximum fee become recorded at some point of month of October 2012. The Simpson index (λ) ranged from 0.0650 to 0.0979, the common fee become 0.0836. Highest values for Hill variety quantity (N1 ) and (N2 ) had been recorded at some point of the month October 2012 and lowest at some point of the month of November 2012. The fee of evenness (J) ranged from 0.8134 to 0.9311. It become located to be lowest at some point of the month of October 2012 and maximum at some point of January 2013. Hierarchical cluster evaluation approach confirmed the similarity in species composition and abundance become located among the month of October and December 2012 (97.92%) and minimal inter-dating become among September and December 2012 (64.27%). Evaluation of spatial-temporal variability of species composition and variety in oceanic ecosystems isn't smooth due to the fact it's also hard to acquire enough statistics quantifying such variability. In this study, we tested pelagic species range indicators, species richness, Shannon-Wiener index of range and Hurlbert’s species evenness, for fish assemblages from areas (north and south) withinside the North Pacific Ocean (2°–12°N, 178°E–165°W) in the course of May–July 2008. The assemblages had been primarily based totally on statistics accumulated through an onboard clinical observer in the course of a industrial longline fishing trip. The equal sample become additionally obtrusive withinside the Non-metric Multi Dimensional Scaling plot wherein samples from Monsoon fell on one facet and people from post-monsoon and pre-monsoon on the opposite facet of the map demonstrating the near similarity with (80%) in species composition and abundance at some point of exceptional seasons. The strain fee, which become overlying at the MDS plot (0.01), confirmed an brilliant ordination of the samples collected. Studies have indicated that the Mangalore coast is one of the fundamental fishing harbours and having wealthy biodiversity; at some point of the take a look at period, there has been accurate recruitment to the fishery right now after the ban period, however the expanded recruitment did now no longer final for extra than 2 to three months; a bargain of pelagic biodiversity become located.
Alternatives to conventional agricultural farming methods, such as agroforestry systems, which merge production and environmental protection, are currently being studied. The purpose of this analysis was to measure the contribution of trees to the input and production of nutrients in crops grown in the agrosilvopastoral system in Sobral municipality, Ceara Province, Brazil. In the rainy and dry seasons, nutrient concentrations were quantified in Cordia oncocalyx Allemao (called pau-branco) trees in shade and sun leaves and at harvest time in maize leaves. Concentrations of nutrients in various soil layers (0-10, 10-20 and 20-40cm) were also quantified from the trunk of C at 0.4 and 4.0 m. Oncocalyx trees with trees. Also measured was the contribution of the trees to the nutrient input to the scheme and the nutrient production due to the elimination of maize plants. The land under the canopy of C. The maximum concentrations of total N, K, P, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn were seen by oncocalyx. In the concentrations of maize leaf nutrients, however, few variations were noted as a result of the distance from the trunk. The trees will produce up to 35 kg ha-1 Ca, 19 kg ha-1 N and 15 kg ha-1 K, while roughly 2.3 kg N, 5.6 kg K and 0.2 kg Ca leave the maize plant shoot removal method. The conservation of trees in processing systems thus contributes greatly to the replenishment of the nutrients depleted from seed harvesting.
Striped hyaena is one of the least studied large carnivores of Nepal. A pugmark was recorded from an altitude of 2136 meters from sea level in Salyan district, which is the new altitudinal record to Nepal. It was recorded nearby a human settlement and the local people also acknowledged that the species has been continuously occupying the particular study area since long back.
To prevent plastic leakage and pollution, plastics have been at the top of the political agenda in Europe and around the world. The COVID-19 pandemic, on the other hand, has significantly disturbed plastic reduction policies at the regional and national levels, as well as substantial changes in plastic waste management, all of which have the potential to have detrimental environmental and human health consequences. The rise in global population, combined with economic development, has resulted in fast urbanisation and industrialization, which has altered the population's consumption patterns, resulting in an increase in demand for energy and related services. Biomass leftovers and wastes have the potential to be significant sources of energy and materials. Forest, agricultural, and livestock residues, as well as energy crops, the organic component of municipal garbage, and other organic waste streams, can all be used to produce bioenergy. This article examines the potential energy production from biomass residues and wastes on a regional and worldwide scale, taking into account the amount of residues and wastes from main sources as well as pretreatment and conversion methods. Agricultural and forestry residues, animal residues, and municipal wastes are all examples of biomass energy sources. Statistical reports and a literature review were used to calculate the potential biomass resource quantity. In Italy country, residues from agricultural and forest, as well as urban wastes offer a substantial biomass potential. However, determining the national biomass availability is complicated not only by a lack of reliable official data, but also by a conceptual distinction: whether refers to the total amount of biomass available in the territory (potential availability), or to the availability that is technically and economically viable. This study gives an overview of plastic regulations and analyses how they were adjusted during the COVID-19 epidemic, as well as their potential environmental consequences. The sudden increase in plastic waste and composition as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic highlights the urgent need to strengthen plastic reduction policies (and put them into action as soon as possible), scale up innovation for sustainable and green plastics, and develop dynamic and responsive waste management systems. Policy recommendations and future research directions are discussed. Biography: Ashraf Abdelrahim is a doctoral student on Energy Science and Engineering program at University of Naples Parthenope. He majored in Mechanical Engineering at University of Khartoum, Sudan, and received MSc in Energy Engineering from the University of Khartoum in 2012. His research interests include energy management, simulation and modelling, energy consumption and planning and transition to sustainable energy systems, as well as energy efficient buildings and industry. He is involved in Parthenope's Laboratory of Thermo-fluid dynamics, Energy, and HVAC systems (LaTEC), an environment for experimental research in the above-mentioned areas. His doctoral study has been funded by National Research Council (CNR), the largest research council in Italy.
Ecologiq is a platform for Victorian infrastructure workers who desire to do their jobs in a more environmentally friendly way. Through the way we lead and operate, our circular economy approach makes sustainably-built projects the new normal. Victoria's transportation infrastructure boom is a once-in-alifetime opportunity to produce beneficial outcomes and contribute to garbage cleanup. Ecologiq aims to repurpose the Victorian transportation infrastructure business for a more environmentally friendly purpose. More waste materials can be recycled, repaired, and reused in our projects, and all of our new transportation infrastructure can be developed responsibly. We'll look into and put to the test how we may incorporate waste products into our daily work routines. In our flagship initiatives, we will do research, innovate, share expertise, and promote these applications. We'll align our environmental and sustainability standards with industryleading norms, then push those criteria even higher. This campaign will bring together the government, businesses, institutions, and anybody else who wants to be a part of an era-defining push to make world-class sustainable practises the new normal. The circular economy, which focuses on repurposing trash, will become our new standard and represent our bolder, more environmentally conscious mission. We try to minimise the quantity of trees and other vegetation removed inside construction zones in our projects, in addition to following all criteria under relevant Victorian and Australian legislation. We enlist the help of skilled ecologists and arborists to ensure that any important species is preserved and conserved. During construction, ‘no-go zones' are fenced off to safeguard trees and delicate species. We collaborate with the community and use ecologically conscious design and construction practises to save as many trees as possible. When a tree must be cut down, we will explore for ways to repurpose the wood for environmental and community projects. Soil management and treatment is a necessary aspect of the construction process. Victoria's Big Build manages construction sites responsibly to keep communities healthy and the environment safe. Qualified specialists will test the soil and design a management plan throughout the planning phase. The following substances are typically discovered in excavated soil: naturally occurring heavy metals, such as arsenic, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), a group of chemicals used in manufacturing, asbestos fibres. All soil handled and removed from the site is managed in accordance with the Environment Protection Authority (EPA) Victoria's strict regulations.
In the present study, the fish diversity was examined in relation to habitat parameters of water bodies in Jagatsinghpur district, Odisha, INDIA. The samples of water and fish species were collected in summer, rainy and winter seasons from six collection sites from April 2016 to March 2017. A total of 66 species of fishes under 43 genera, 25 families and 9 orders has been recorded. Highest species diversity was observed in the Cyprinidae (28.7%) followed by Bagridae (12.1%). The fish fauna includes 52 Least concern (LC), 3 Near threatened (NT), 2 Data Deficient (DD) and 9 Not Assessed (NA) as per IUCN. The study shows that water bodies of Jagatsinghpur district including numerous economic importance food fishes as well as ornamental fishes belongs to freshwater, marine and brackish water habitat. In the study 46 species coming under capture fishery, 48 species have ornamental value, 19 species for culture and 7 species under sports fishery. The study shows that river and water bodies support considerable diversity of fishes and water quality will be recommended for aquaculture and wildlife propagation. The study will be useful for conservation planning and management and for future assessment after interlinking.
A systematic checklist of fishes of Kendrapara district of Odisha, India was provided. A total of 63 species of fishes under 44 genera, 25 families and 8 orders has been recorded. Highest species diversity was observed in the Cyprinidae (33.3%) followed by Bagridae (7.9%). The fish fauna includes 49 least concern (LC), 5 near threatened (NT), 2 data deficient (DD) and 7 not assessed (NA) as per IUCN. The fish fauna is a composite of primary freshwater fishes, estuarine fishes and widely distributed forms. The present finding indicates that Kendrapara district is blessed with diverse fish fauna including numerous economically important food fishes and ornamental fishes. Fishery status shows existence of 44 species worth for capture fishery, 45 species for ornamental, 21 species for culture and 10 species worth for sports fishery. Water quality of the rivers and creek of the district are not contaminated as the value of pH and DO are within the tolerance limit of class ‘D’. The water quality of the river is considered suitable for fish culture and wildlife propagation.
There is a frantic race to escalate the storage density of hard disk drive (HDD) due to its vast applications. The recording media utilized for making conventional HDD is made up of varied layers thin film or magnetic alloys, which naturally forms nanometer-scale grains and every recorded bit is kept across hundreds of these magnetic grains. Although, the conventional perpendicular media is being used in present recording technology, but it is expected to drop its fuel in next few years due to a circumstances called super-paramagnetism (thermal stability of recorded bit). Newly, one alternative potential way has been proposed, so known as bit patterned media (BPM). Bit Patterned Media (BPM) for magnetic recording supply a way to densities $>1 Tb/in^2$ and circumvents numbers of the challenges connected with conventional granular media technology. Instead of recording a bit on an ensemble of random grains, BPM uses an arrangement of lithographically defined isolated magnetic islands, each of which kept one bit. Manufacture of BPM is viewed as the significant and big challenge for its commercialization. In this article we explained a BPM manufacture method which combines e-beam lithography, directed self-assembly of block copolymers, self-aligned double patterning, nanoimprint lithography, and ion milling to give rise to BPM based on CoCrPt alloys. In such bit patterned media, every artificially fabricated magnetic nanostructure can kept an individual bit rather than utilizing hundreds of naturally formed small grains to store single bit. Ordered arrays of isolated magnetic nanostructures are of appreciable interest to escalate the storage density of hard disks beyond the present perpendicular media. In such bit patterned media (BPM), every artificially fabricated magnetic nanostructure can store a particular bit. We advanced a novel non-lithographic technique to fabricate perpendicularly magnetized BPM system and we observed Co/Pt bit pattern media. In present talk, the author will check out few results on Co/Pt bit pattern media, as well as results on CoTb alloysbased bit patterned media. This amalgamation of fabrication technologies attains feature sizes of $<10 nm$, significantly smaller than what conventional semiconductor nanofabrication technique can achieve. The advantages of rectangular bits are analyzed from a theoretical and modeling point of view, and system integration requirements such as servo patterns, implementation of write synchronization, and providing for a stable head-disk interface are addressed in the context of experimental results. Optimization of magnetic alloy materials for thermal stability, writeability, and switching field distribution is discussed, and a new method for growing BPM islands on a patterned template is presented. These materials were manufactured using the barrier layer of auto-assembled anodic alumina template (a non-lithographic method) and by depositing either CoPt multilayers or CoTb alloy to shape an ordered array of ferromagnetic nanodots, so-called nanobumps. We used remarkable hall resistance quantification to probe magnetization reversal mechanism and switching field distribution. The role of interdot exchange coupling and dipolar coupling, magnetization reversal procedure will be discussed.
Against the backdrop of the almost total failure of conventional physical fences to prevent deaths due to human-elephant conflict and elephant-train collision, management of the problem requires novel approaches. The elephant is a giant and intelligent animal, who, as has been observed through experience, cannot be effectively confined to an area by physical barriers, most of which are built without even considering long-established elephant passes. Instead, human habitats and facilities, including highways, should be pre-planned following an overall strategy to suitably assign natural resources to each party such that natural habitats are disturbed as little as possible. Hence, we envisage the need for a virtual elephant fence as part of the aforesaid strategy to warn elephants that a certain area is not appropriate for them to be present in or best for the safety of the herd. The present study involved in-depth experimentation to investigate the effects of multiple stimuli on real elephants based on the known elephant responses to such stimuli. The proposed system is an autonomous system that detects the presence of elephants, generates alarms for concerned parties, and coordinatively and tactically repels the animals back to safer areas. Experiment results indicated that the sound of a drone and the sound of tiger growls can both exert a strong deterrent effect on elephants. The sound of bees and the low-frequency burst yielded similar results in terms of encounter and withdrawal reactions. The resulting insights may lay a foundation for a novel approach toward the management of human-elephant conflict and elephant-train collisions.
The year 2019 saw the most exceedingly terrible flames to hit the Amazon Basin for longer than 10 years. In a period where ecological issues are turning out to be progressively political, the Amazon rapidly spreading fires have become a combustible point that has gathered a lot of consideration on the global stage. The exceptional media inclusion and public judgment from unfamiliar forces and ecological offices have just assisted with stoking the fire, in a manner of speaking. In any case, for what reason did these flames occur? What is the fundamental driver and what amount more terrible is it than in earlier years? How does woodland fire even beginning in a rainforest? CLIMATE : The Amazon Biome traverses roughly 6.7 million square kilometres, which is double the size of India. The bowl is shared by eight nations (Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana and Suriname), just as the abroad region of French Guiana. Roughly 60% of the Amazon Basin is situated inside Brazil, and in this manner the political circumstance in Brazil generally affects the locale. Because of the plenty of species, the dominance of trees, and the huge quantities of native individuals living dominatingly inside distant districts of the Amazon, these gatherings have the most to lose from land-use changes identified with deforestation, urbanization, and backwoods fires. The Amazon Biome covers 6.7 million square kilometres, roughly the same size as India. Eight countries (Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, and Suriname) as well as French Guiana's overseas territory share the basin. Because Brazil accounts for roughly 60% of the Amazon Basin, the country's political status has a significant impact on the region. These tribes have the most to lose from land-use changes connected to deforestation, urbanisation, and forest fires because of the abundance of species, the preponderance of trees, and the enormous numbers of indigenous people living largely inside remote sections of the Amazon. The Amazon basin's rivers account for 15–16% of the world's total river discharge into the oceans. The Amazon River runs for more than 6,600 kilometres and contains the world's highest number of freshwater fish species, thanks to its hundreds of tributaries and streams. The streams of the Amazon bowl represent 15–16% of the world's absolute waterway release into the seas. The Amazon River streams for in excess of 6,600 km, and with its many feeders and streams contains the biggest number of freshwater fish species on the planet. While the Amazon is the biggest tropical rainforest on the planet, representing over half of the worldwide tropical rainforest, the frequently rehashed guarantee that the Amazon rainforest produces 20% of earth's oxygen depends on a misconception. Indeed, essentially the entirety of Earth's breathable oxygen began in the seas, and there is sufficient of it to keep going for a long period of time. There are numerous motivations to be horrified by the current year's Amazon fires, yet exhausting Earth's oxygen supply isn't one of them. Timberland plants produce bunches of oxygen, and woods organisms devour a great deal of oxygen. Subsequently, the net creation of oxygen by backwoods — and without a doubt, all land plants — is exceptionally near nothing. It is exact to say, in any case, that the Amazon rainforest creates roughly 20% of the world's oxygen turnover
The study was carried out in Wolaita, Hadya, Dawuro zone and Konta Special Woreda. The study was used household and key informant interview. The objective of the study was assessment of major opportunities and constraints of Honey production in central zones of SNNPR. Availability of ready and eager beekeepers to follow modern technology path way, availability of natural forest with adequate apiculture flora and water resource, availability of natural forest with adequate apiculture flora and water resource, existence of strong bee colony and a number of colonies, diversity and seasonal availability of bee forages and market access are some of opportunities of Honey production in the area. The major constraints of apiculture farming identified in the study districts comprised of lack of technical knowhow of small scale farmer, prevalence of honey bee enemies, lack of improved apiculture equipments, lack of improved honeybee flora, little attention given to apiculture development and technology introduction in the sector, lack of market oriented apiculture farming system and market information problem and others. The remedial measures for listed constraints of apiculture farming in the region recommended includes capacity building of small scale farmers, value chain analysis and value chain development adoption, pre-scaling up of proven apiary technologies and establishment of market oriented farmers apiary cooperatives.
Seed may be a fundamental agriculture input and access to locally adapted, quality seed is an important component of sustainable crop production. In much of the developing world, informal seed systems, like farmer-to-farmer exchanges and farmer self-saved seed, are critical components of resource poor farming systems. Indeed, planted seed from this informal system comprise the bulk of planted acreage in many regions of the planet . This local seed production and distribution facilitates maintenance of crop biodiversity by preserving in situ locally adapted varieties and by broadening the genetic base of production with multiple varieties adapted to specific production systems and micro-climates. These informal seed systems are also critical for seed and food security during periods of instability or natural disaster, including changing environmental conditions. A rich diversity of underutilized species functions within informal seed systems in Southeast Asia and represents a valuable resource for the development and improvement of crop species. Current efforts to conserve, improve and disseminate indigenous species are failing or insufficient. To optimize these informal seed systems, research has been conducted to better understand their germplasm characteristics, distribution pathways and gatekeepers and to improve local stakeholder access to seed information and value chains. In 2011, the number of hungry people in the world surpassed one billion for the first time (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [FAO], 2011). Disasters such as the famine in the Horn of Africa and a mega-typhoon scything through the Philippines, in conjunction with rapidly rising food prices worldwide, have further reduced food security for millions of people. Despite a declining trend in the proportion of hungry people in the world in the last 30 years of the 20th century, since 2004 there has been a reversal of this trend (FAO, 2011). With the world’s population forecast to rise to 9 billion by 2050, Malthusian speculation has once again emerged with concerns that the number of hungry and malnourished people will continue to rise and outpace food production increases, resulting in a food insecure world. Food security was first defined at the 1974 World Food Summit as “availability at all times of adequate world food supplies of basic foodstuffs to sustain a steady expansion of food consumption and to offset fluctuations in production and prices” (United Nations, 2003, “Official concepts of food security,” para. 2), reflecting the main supply-side concerns at the time in the context of repeated famines, hunger, and food crises around the world. Since then, the concept has been re-defined numerous times, and generally accepted definitions of food security have adopted a threefold axis of availability, accessibility, and utilization of food (FAO, 2008). More recently, concerns about the stability of the food system and its relation to the environment have also been incorporated. Food security concerns rose rapidly to the forefront of the global agenda beginning with the food price crisis of 2007–2008. Food riots from Haiti to Mozambique brought the realization that the world hunger problem had not yet been solved. At the 2009 L’Aquila summit, the G8 nations acknowledged the need to tackle food insecurity head on, and pledged $22bn to set up the Global Agriculture and Food Security Program (GAFSP), administered jointly by the World Bank, International Monetary Fund, and G8 governments (United States Treasury, 2011). Renewed emphasis thus is now being placed on addressing food security at its roots — in regions and locales where undernourishment is king and many households live daily on the edge. Arguably the most important focus of present-day food security concerns is resource-poor smallholder farmers in developing or emerging economies. The vast majority of the world’s one billion undernourished people resides in Asia or sub- Saharan Africa and depends daily on small farm output for their livelihood and/or their food. This farm output is dependent upon many inputs, of which seed is one of the most critical. Without available or accessible seed, many households in developing nations are exposed to the potential of becoming food insecure. The informal seed system contrasts with the formal seed system, which involves governmental, institutional, or private control of the whole gamut of seed activities, including but not limited to breeding, multiplication, processing, and storage. Such formal systems are typically vertically organized with specific structures in place for production and distribution of seed and operate on generally strict and similar principles across the globe (Almekinders, Louwaars & de Bruijn, 1994). These formal systems are the source of modern varieties and certified seed (Sperling & McGuire, 2010), usually developed through modern breeding technologies and often tested on research farms. Research and extension projects to conserve and promote neglected and underutilized species within these informal seed systems have resulted in: (1) surveys of key indigenous crops and collection of local crop knowledge, (2) training and development of regional community-based seed banking enterprises, (3) seed quality conferences including seed exchange activities and (4) improved human and institutional capacity, strategically focused on entrepreneurial women.
Birds are among the most extensively studied organisms; their aspects of behavior as migration, feeding, sexual and social display, and nesting are well documented Naish. Birds are relatively easy to identify compared to other taxa because of their conspicuous nature and therefore particularly interesting to study in community ecology Bird behavior refers to the action of a bird in response to environmental situations. Testosterone (T) regulates avian behaviors such as songs and aggression during the breeding season. However, the role of T in year-round territorial birds is still unknowable, especially in tropical birds
Statement of the Problem: Agricultural crops like cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) are vulnerable to a plethora of pests and diseases. Endophytic fungi are increasingly used in biological control against these pests and diseases as agricultural producers plan to reduce their environmental footprint. Methodology & Theoretical Orientation: During this study, putative endophytic fungi were isolated from cabbage grown in three regions in New Zealand so as to spot isolates with potential to help crop production. Isolation method was optimised in an exploratory study, and subsequently large scale sampling took place, where a culture-independent method was also used to detect fungi associated with cabbage. Spatial patterns in fungal communities in various plant tissues and geographical regions were investigated based on data obtained by culture-dependent and culture-independent methods. Selected fungal isolates were tested in bioassays to work out their potential for biological control of a fungal disease caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and an insect pest of cabbage - Diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella). In addition to isolation from plants, patterns in fungal communities were also described using metabarcoding data acquired by high-throughput sequencing and compared with data on direct isolation through culturing. Findings: Over 100 species were identified using culturing approaches, while metabarcoding approaches suggest the amount of fungal species related to cabbage tissues might be over 200. Fungal communities differ in above and belowground parts of cabbage. There does not seem to be a significant difference between fungal communities in different regions of New Zealand. Fewer species were recovered in both years than would be expected, nevertheless, these taxa stand out as ubiquitous and abundant; fungi such as Alternaria, Boeremia, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Monographella, Plectosphaerella, Pyrenochaeta and Stemphylium were isolated in most of the sampled plants and usually in high frequencies. However, most of the species isolated in this study were rare. Such distribution of fungi is similar to that in a study describing mycorrhizal and phylosphere fungal communities [139], or 7th International Conference on Biodiversity Conservation and Ecosystem Management July 26-27, 2018, Melbourne, Australia Extended Abstract Journal of Biodiversity & Endangered Species to the one describing potential of endophytic fungi isolated from oilseed rape [153]. It is not possible to directly compare 2015 and 2016 studies, given differences in plant ages, isolation approaches, and sampled fields. Nonetheless, the relatively large number of species found in only one year or the other is consistent with a very high total diversity of fungi in these systems. Increased mortality of Diamondback moth larvae feeding on cabbage leaves treated with spore suspensions of several isolates of Lecanicillium sp. was observed. None of the tested isolates used as seed inoculants significantly reduced disease symptoms caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum during a bioassay on cabbage seedlings. Conclusion & Significance: During this study several isolates were identified as promising biological control agents of an insect pest of cabbage. However, these isolates are members of a large consortium of fungi. The uncovered patterns within the fungal communities underline the importance of understanding of the microbial communities related to agricultural crop for us to enhance it. Endophytic fungi isolated from internal tissues of crop plants such as cabbage, have potential for improving crop production through biological control of pests. Diverse fungal communities can be detected, not only by isolation, but also culture independent methods such as Illumina high-throughput sequencing. This study is far from being exhaustive in describing microbial communities associated with cabbage but gives a solid description of fungi associated with different plant tissues across different geographical regions. Three out of over fifty isolates tested, showed potential for biological control of Diamondback moth, however, further research needs to be conducted in order to formulate a biopesticide based on these isolates, In addition, more pests could be targeted by fungi isolated in this study.
This study was conducted in Thur village Jabel Marra, Darfur which is one of the richest places in Sudan in terms of biodiversity and vertical land for agriculture since agriculture is constitutes the backbone and principal source of Jabel Marra’s economies. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of war on the socio-economic activities of rural communities in the study area. The study adopted the descriptive analytical approach for the collection and analysis of data, using questionnaires, meetings, and inventory as a basic tool for data collection and analysis by the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences program (SPSS).The study concluded that, decreased cultivated lands led to decrease in the production system; which means that, the war affected human activities. Also about 94% of the studied communities are engaged in agricultural activities, where 84% confirm that, the available areas have dramatically decreased due to conflicts causing, further distresses to other agricultural activities. Added to that, about 68% of respondents were depends on the forests products as source of income, while 32% of them mention that they do not depend on the forest. The bulk of respondents mentioned that, the area exploited for agriculture were decreased due to the war period, which led to reductions in individual income as a result of high level of insecurity
In this work, we are dedicated to investigating the environmental services generated by the Brazilian Army tutored areas located in Brazil. The five study areas were the field instruction and others 4 Battalion. Before coming under the responsibility of the Army, these areas were used in the cultivation of sugar cane and grass for livestock. Today, the whole represents the largest proportion of the remnants of Atlantic forest biome north of the Rio Sao Francisco. These findings lead to the following hypotheses: the Brazilian Army develops various activities of instruction and training in areas with forest cover which, combined with restrictions imposed by the military administration, contributed to the regeneration of local ecosystems, forest areas under the tutelage of the Army Brazilian generate various environmental services of interest of the state and metropolitan society and broader ecological importance and the lack of environmental regulations that categorize the specific areas of the military can induce directions of uses incompatible with military activities. To test them were identified and discussed climatic environmental services, the maintenance of inventories and carbon absorption, maintenance and regeneration of biodiversity and watershed recharge. We identified the evolution of the environmental condition of forests subordinate to the Army based on comparison of photographs and leaf area index. In the quest to observe the existence of incompatibility of some provisions of law with military training activities were identified environmental legal aspects that govern these areas. Finally, we identified the current uses, intended uses and scenarios envisioned up to induced inertial and objects of study. The results show the important environmental role played by forests studied and important contribution made in terms of environmental services for the military areas for RMR, softening the local climate by acting as smoothing the flow of some springs and providing conditions for the conservation of fauna and flora the Atlantic forest biome.
