Kenaf is a common wild crop of tropical and subtropical Africa and Asia with numerous applications. However, it required optimal water for growth and yields which may be a constraint in tropical areas. This study aims to investigate the biochemical response of ten kenaf varieties to water stress to develop drought-tolerant kenaf. Ten kenaf varieties (Ifeken 400, Ifeken 100, Cuba 108, Au-72, Tianung, Vi-100, A60-282, AC-313, Au-754, and Au-2452) were planted n=5 in a pot of soil in a completely randomised block design. They were arranged and divided into five groups according to the days of watering (WR10, WR8, WR6, WR4). WR10 (watered on every tenth day), WR8 (watered every eight days), WR6 (watered every six days), WR4 (watered every four days), while the control received water as required. The plants were later harvested at maturity (110 DAP); Compatible solutes (soluble protein, soluble carbohydrate and proline), lipid peroxidation, and ascorbic acid, photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid), and antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD and catalase) were examined. Data were analysed using anova at (P≤0.05). The results showed that among the ten varieties of kenaf examined, Ifeken 400, Ifeken 100, Tianung and Cuba 108 showed the highest values in all the biochemical parameters, which indicates that these varieties could be tolerant to water stress and could be useful in an area with little or no rainfall.
Background: Microvascular complications in diabetes cause significant morbidity if not detected and treated early. Patient education is critical, but traditional methods often fail to ensure knowledge retention. Video-assisted teaching (VAT) combines visual and auditory elements, offering a promising alternative. Objective: To assess the short-term knowledge gain and feasibility of video-assisted teaching on microvascular complications among newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients. Methods: A single-group pre-test/post-test pilot study was conducted among 60 newly diagnosed diabetic patients aged ≥20 years. Knowledge was assessed using a structured 35-item questionnaire before and after a 45-minute VAT session. Post-test assessment was performed on day eight. Data were analysed using paired t-tests. Results: Mean knowledge scores increased significantly from 11.80 ± 2.15 at baseline to 25.32 ± 2.14 post-intervention (mean difference: 13.52; p < 0.001). Significant improvements were observed across all knowledge domains (p < 0.001). The proportion of participants with adequate knowledge increased from 0% to 66.7%. Conclusion: VAT shows promise as a feasible educational approach associated with short-term knowledge improvement; however, controlled studies are required to confirm effectiveness.
Background: AMR remains a critical global health threat, yet pathogen-focused surveillance underestimates the commensal human microbiome as a resistance gene reservoir. Evidence linking plasmid persistence, stress-associated mobilization, and clinical relevance remains fragmented. Objective: This scoping review synthesized evidence on plasmid persistence mechanisms, antibiotic- and stressor-associated horizontal gene transfer (HGT), and clinical or translational implications of microbiome-associated AMR. Methods: Following PRISMA-ScR guidelines, five databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, and Global Health) were searched for English-language studies published between January 2010 and December 2025. From 1,200 records identified, 223 unique records were screened after duplicate removal, and 35 met the inclusion criteria. Data were extracted on plasmid maintenance, mobilization pathways, clinical relevance, and translational approaches. Results: Sixteen studies on plasmid persistence showed that maintenance may be supported by host–plasmid co-adaptation, compensatory evolution, regulatory remodeling, epistatic interactions, and stability systems. Eight studies on stressor-associated mobilization indicated that HGT may be influenced by SOS responses, metabolic disruption, redox imbalance, antibiotic-specific regulatory effects, and selection-driven genetic exchange. Eleven clinical or translational studies highlighted underdetection of plasmid-mediated AMR transmission and early evidence for microbiome-based and anti-plasmid strategies, including fecal microbiota transplantation, CRISPR-based targeting, conjugation inhibition, and RecA-targeted approaches. Conclusion: Plasmid-mediated AMR in the human microbiome is shaped by persistence dynamics, stress-associated mobilization, and clinical selective pressures. Plasmid-resolved surveillance, standardized HGT detection, longitudinal studies, and validated microbiome-informed interventions are needed to strengthen AMR mitigation.
Neurocognitive decline represents a growing public health concern, with limited disease-modifying therapeutic options currently available. Curcumin, a polyphenolic compound derived from Curcuma longa, has attracted interest due to its proposed neuroprotective properties, however, translating experimental findings into consistent clinical benefits remains uncertain. This narrative review synthesises mechanistic, preclinical, and clinical evidence examining the role of curcumin in neurocognitive health and highlights key translational challenges. Experimental studies demonstrate modulation of oxidative stress, neuroinflammatory signalling, amyloid aggregation, and neurotrophic pathways, supporting biological plausibility. Preclinical models frequently report improvements in learning and memory, though effects often occur at exposure levels not readily achievable in humans. Clinical evidence remains heterogeneous and influenced by formulation, bioavailability, dosage, intervention duration, and cognitive assessment methods. Conventional curcumin preparations generally show limited cognitive benefit, whereas selected trials using enhanced-bioavailability formulations report modest improvements, primarily in non-demented older adults. Curcumin supplementation is generally well tolerated, although long-term safety data remain limited. Overall, despite compelling mechanistic rationale, current clinical evidence is insufficient to support routine use of curcumin for neurocognitive enhancement or treatment of neurodegenerative disease, underscoring the need for rigorously designed trials using standardised formulations and robust cognitive and biomarker-based outcomes.
Microbial pigments have gained significant attention as promising therapeutic agents due to their diverse bioactive properties, including antibacterial, anticancer, cytotoxic, and antioxidant activities. These natural pigments, produced by bacteria, offer immense potential in both medicinal and industrial applications. In this study, a thorough literature review was conducted to explore the therapeutic significance of bacterial pigments, particularly their role in combating infections and advancing cancer treatment. The pigment was characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, with absorption spectra ranging from 220 to 250 nm. Additionally, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy of strain BJZ10 identified functional groups associated with alcohols, esters, sulfate, alkanes, and alkyls, confirming the structural complexity of the pigment. The antibacterial efficacy of the pigment was evaluated using both Gram-positive (Bacillus cereus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria, demonstrating significant antimicrobial activity. Notably, this study identified a brown pigment produced by Streptomyces sp. strain BJZ10, which exhibited strong antibacterial properties. Given these findings, microbial pigments hold substantial promise for therapeutic applications, particularly in antimicrobial and anticancer strategies. This paper discusses the potential biomedical applications of microbial pigments, emphasizing their role as next-generation therapeutic agents in treating infections and combating cancer.
Bioaccumulation of persistent metals in aquatic organisms poses ecological and public health risks. This study assessed cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in gill, head, and muscle tissues of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) from Zobe Dam during dry and wet seasons. Water samples were collected using composite techniques, while fish were systematically sampled by weight and size. Samples were digested and analyzed using Microwave Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (MP-AES). Bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) were calculated as tissue-to-water concentration ratios, revealing no significant seasonal and tissue-specific variations (p > 0.05). BAFs ranged from negligible (<1) to low-level accumulation (1–20). Estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of metals were below oral reference doses. Hazard quotients (HQs) and hazard indices (HIs) were consistently below 1, indicating no non-carcinogenic risk, while carcinogenic risk (CR) values for Cd, Ni, and Pb were below the acceptable range (10⁻⁶–10⁻⁴), suggesting negligible lifetime cancer risk. These findings indicate minimal metal accumulation in Zobe Dam fish and no significant ecological or health risks, confirming that consumption of Tilapia and Catfish from this reservoir is safe.
During general surveys for eriophyoid mites in the Indo-Gangetic Plain of India, a new species, Abacarus indogangeticus n. sp. of the family Eriophyidae, was found on the ventral and dorsal surfaces of the leaves of Mitragyna parvifolia (Roxb.). Korth (Rubiaceae). Mitragyna parvifolia is a medium to large deciduous tree, and it is recommended in Ayurveda for the prevention and treatment of many health issues. After a thorough study, this mite species appears to be new to science, so the morphometric and diagnostic features of this new mite species are well described and illustrated from the area of the present study. A brief discussion on the genus Abacarus and the relationships of new species with other eriophyoid species is also provided. This new mite species causes damage to this economically important medicinal plant by its sap sucking habit and produces leaf rusting and brown patches on leaves as visible damage symptom. Due to the infestation of this mite, the leaves become unsuitable for medicinal use. The etymology of the new name of the mite is mentioned here. The holotype and paratype specimens are deposited in a national repository, and registration of new species in the Zoo-Bank Account is done following the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. For proper control and eradication of the mite pest, the taxonomic study of this mite and their relation to the host plant is very much essential.
The establishment of the world’s first AI-based indoor vertical berry farm in Virginia, USA, marks a pivotal advancement in agriculturaltechnology, integrating artificial intelligence (AI) with innovative vertical farming techniques. This facility, spanning 1081 acres and utilizing 30-foot-high towers, redefines traditional agricultural practices by optimizing space and resource use, enabling food production inurban environments where conventional farming may not be viable. Vertical farming allows for the cultivation of crops in stacked layers,effectively addressing land scarcity and reducing transportation costs while enhancing food security.The AI-driven management system at the Virginia facility plays a crucial role in regulating essential growth factors such as temperature,light, humidity, and nutrient delivery. By continuously monitoring these parameters and adjusting them in real time, the system ensuresoptimal conditions for plant development, leading to healthier crops and superior berry quality. One of the standout features of this innovative farm is its remarkable water-saving capability; the AI technology facilitates a 90% reduction in water usage by delivering preciseamounts of water only when needed. This efficiency is particularly significant given the growing global challenges of water scarcity andthe need for sustainable agricultural practices.Furthermore, this AI-based approach utilizes 17% less land compared to traditional farming methods, underscoring its potential as a highlyefficient model for future food production. With its commitment to resource conservation and enhanced productivity, this vertical farminginitiative exemplifies how technology can revolutionize agriculture, offering promising solutions to meet the increasing demand for foodwhile minimizing environmental impact. As the world grapples with pressing issues related to food security and environmental sustainability, the Virginia vertical berry farm stands as a beacon of innovation, paving the way for the future of agriculture.
and facilitating germplasm characterization for crop improvement. Understanding and harnessing crop genetic diversity are paramount with the escalating demand for sustainable agricultural practices and the need to address global food security challenges. Molecular markers have emerged as powerful tools enabling precise identification, characterization, and utilization of genetic resources for crop enhancement. The paper provides an in-depth analysis of various molecular marker techniques, encompassing DNA-based markers such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), simple sequence repeats (SSRs), and amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs), as well as RNA-based markers like expression sequence tags (ESTs) and microRNAs. By elucidating genetic relationships, population structure, and phylogenetic analysis, these markers facilitate the conservation and utilization of crop germplasm. Moreover, the review highlights recent advancements in high-throughput genotyping technologies and bioinformatics tools, which have revolutionized crop genomic research. These advancements enable comprehensive genome-wide analyses, accelerating breeding efforts for the development of improved crop varieties with enhanced traits such as yield, quality, and stress tolerance. Integration of molecular marker-assisted selection (MAS) into breeding programs further enhances the efficiency and precision of crop improvement strategies. Despite the significant contributions of molecular markers to crop genomics, challenges persist. The review addresses these challenges and discusses potential solutions, emphasizing the importance of collaborative efforts, data sharing, and interdisciplinary research endeavors. By overcoming these hurdles, the agricultural community can fully harness the potential of genomics for sustainable crop improvement, thus addressing global food security challenges in the face of changing environmental conditions and population growth. In conclusion, understanding the role of molecular markers in crop genomics is crucial for optimizing breeding strategies, conserving genetic resources, and developing resilient crop varieties to meet the demands of a growing population and ensure food security in a changing world.
Background: Socioeconomic status (SES) impacts dietary choices and poor dietary pattern has been reported to play a role in the etio-pathogenic mechanisms that give rise to various diseases. Objective: The study is designed to explore the relationship between parental SES and both the dietary habits and disease severity markers among sickle cell disease (SCD) pediatric patients. Methods: Participants’ hemoglobin genotypes and hematocrit levels were determined using standard methods. Questionnaire was administered to the participants to obtain information on qualitative parameters. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. Significant level was set with P < .05. Results: A high percentage of parents of SCD participants were of medium to high SES [73.33%- HbSC; 64.29%- HbSS]. While the rates of hospitalization of HbSS (92.85%) and HbSC (66.67%) were dissimilar, the rates of patients that had suffered vaso-occlusive crisis (VOC) in the last three months prior to the study were comparable [46.67%-HbSC; 53.57%-HbSS]. The daily fruit/vegetable consumption habits of 3 genotypes were poor ranging from 15-25%. The hematocrit levels of the 3 groups were significantly different. Conclusion: The study suggests that high percentage of patients belong to medium-high SES, signifying that educational background of parents did not impact prevalence of the disease.
Nanoparticles have emerged as a new technique in the field of targeted drug delivery, providing major benefits in terms of therapeutic results. The present study studies the improvements in nanoparticle applications for targeted medication administration, focusing on their advantages and wider implications. Nanoparticles, because to their nanoscale size, distinct physicochemical features, and capacity to be functionalized with diverse ligands, can easily penetrate biological barriers and transport medications directly to sick cells, reducing off-target effects and increasing treatment effectiveness. Nanoparticles' adaptability allows them to encapsulate a wide range of therapeutic substances, such as tiny molecules, proteins, and nucleic acids, expanding the range of treatable disorders. Recent advances have focused on optimizing nanoparticle surface properties and composition to increase biocompatibility, circulation time, and targeted delivery capabilities. Polymeric, lipid-based, and inorganic nanoparticles have made significant advances in drug loading capacity, controlled release profiles, and selective cell targeting. Furthermore, stimuli-responsive nanoparticles that release medications in response to biological signals or environmental changes are shown encouraging outcomes in preclinical and clinical trials. These breakthroughs have far-reaching ramifications, possibly altering the therapeutic landscape for a variety of illnesses, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurological disorders. However, scalability, repeatability, and long-term safety remain crucial topics of ongoing study. The combination of nanotechnology with personalized medical techniques has the potential to produce extremely effective, patient-specific medicines. To summarise, the continuous development of nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems offers a significant step towards more accurate, efficient, and safe treatments. This research focuses on nanoparticles' unique contributions to targeted medication delivery, as well as potential future paths and consequences for medical science and patient care.
After the samples are obtained, the research aims to determine A. fumigatus, the fungus that causes disease and a severe type of pneumonia that can be fatal. This method entails processing DNA with precise and balanced amounts of primers. As a result, after the migration process ended, suitable images were obtained, which served as a helpful reference for differentiating the isolates. If the band was cut from the gel after staining, more single bands with particular molecular weights emerged to benefit from those bands by their dimensions for research and other studies. Furthermore, some of the pioneers of this approach can discern between medical and environmental isolates. ISSR4 effectiveness has been shown in ISSR4 and proved that it’s efficient in identifying between the first medical isolate, which has two bands with a molecular weight of 500bp, and yet another of 350bp. In contrast, he observed single bands in the seven environmental isolates connected to a weight of 250. In contrast to his companion, ISSR3, who was unable to distinguish that group of isolates with distinctive single bands, it was determined that he was a special baddie in that he was able to distinguish both isolates with distinct weights and a polymorphism card equal to 100 with high efficiency. In opposition to ISSR 9, the joke in that group’s initiator, which is superior to the remainder of the group, ISSR 5 is exceptionally fragile. concerning a total of five independent packages for medical isolation, each of which has an efficiency of one and a polymorphism of 100 within the molecular weight range of 900, 600, 350, and 250 bp. He could accurately differentiate across the two isolates utilizing a molecular weight difference of 200bp. for one packet of the isolate derived from river water.
The history of plant breeding can be broadly divided into four eras: the Pre-Mendelian era (before 1900), the Mendelian era (1900-1920), the post-Mendelian era (1921-1950), and the Modern era (after 1950). Significant milestones include the release of the first hybrid maize varieties in 1961, the first sorghum hybrid (CSH-1) in 1964, the first bajra hybrid (HB-1) in 1965, and the first pigeon pea hybrid (ICPH-8) in 1991. Achieving a world with zero hunger requires a sustainable increase in food production and distribution and elimination of poverty. This goal demands scientific, logistical, and humanitarian approaches to ensure food security from farmers and breeders to policymakers and governments. Conventional breeding techniques alone are insufficient to meet the challenges posed by climate change, biotic and abiotic stress, and the growing global population projected to reach 10 billion by 2050. Novel plant breeding techniques, such as genome editing, speed breeding, and omics technology integration, offer precise, cost-effective, and less time-consuming solutions. These techniques enable the editing of agriculturally significant genes, promoting hybrid seed production, induced apomixis, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stress. Genome editing technologies have evolved, with CRISPR/Cas9 and its variants, base editing (BE), and prime editing (PE) playing pivotal roles in generating transgene-free plants. These advancements have significant implications for crop improvement, meeting food and nutrition security, and catering to regional preferences. Syngenta's initiative to open rights to CRISPR-based technologies through the Shoots by Syngenta platform exemplifies the collaborative efforts needed to drive agricultural innovation and sustainability. The review discusses the current regulatory regimes governing genome-edited crops, prospects of new tools such as DNA-free editing systems and nanotechnology, and their applicability in crop improvement. A multidisciplinary approach involving political, social, economic, and scientific stakeholders is essential for the successful adoption of genome editing technologies, which will ultimately make agriculture a lucrative profession and attract youth to the field.
Purpose: To identify, evaluate and establish the relation of LOXL1 gene polymorphism among patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome in North West Rajasthan. Methods: 50 patients diagnosed with pseudoexfoliation syndrome and 50 healthy subjects of age >40 years were enrolled in the study. All participants underwent routine ophthalmic examination. 2ml blood samples were taken of each participant which were sent to Multi Disciplinary Research Unit to be checked for specific gene mutation using Polymerase Chain Reaction technique. Results and conclusion: Study showed that rs10486(G) SNP and rs21652(T) SNP has been present in general population also but is more prevalent in those with pseudoexfoliation syndrome. While, rs38259(G) SNP was found not to be a significant factor in development of pseudoexfoliation syndrome. Understanding the genetic basis of pseudoexfoliation syndrome would further contribute in aiding the early diagnosis and management of this disease.
ABSTRACT Effects of sodium butyrate (SB) and rosemary leaves (RL) on growth performance, biochemical profile, immune status, and carcass traits of broiler were evaluated. Fifty-one-day old Hubbard chicks (unsexed) were purchased from Al-Ahram Company for Poultry, Egypt and reared on floor pens in a private farm. The chicks were weighed on arrival and assigned at random into five equal groups, with four replicates each (25 chicks/replicate). Group 1 was fed on a broiler diet without any additions and used as a control. The diets of groups 2 and 3 were supplemented with 500 g/ton SB and 4 kg/ton RL, respectively. In group 4, the diet was enriched with 250g/ton SB plus 2 kg/ton RL. Chicks in group 5 were fed on a diet fortified with 500 g/ton SB plus 4 kg/ton RL. Body weight gain (BWG) and feed efficiency ratio (FER) were determined weekly. Biochemical indexes, immune system function, and carcass traits were determined. The results revealed that supplementing broiler diet with 500g/ton SB plus 4 kg/ton RL increased BWG and FER of birds. This diet decreased serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase, (AST) alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), malondialdehyde (MDA and increased superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and immunoglobulins. It also boosted immunity as it elevated phagocytic activity, phagocytic index, lysozyme activity, and nitric oxide (NO) concentrations. Antibody titers against Newcastle disease virus were elevated. It can be concluded that supplementing broiler diet with 500g/ton SB plus 4 kg/ton RL improve performance, normalize biochemical profile, and boost immunity.
The growth of microalga Anabaena sphaerica in electroplating industrial effluent with reference to the vegetative cells , heterocysts and dry biomass weight brings about oxygenation and mineralization in addition to the increase in biomass which serve as a multipurpose raw material to the industries. From lab scale experiments it is demonstrated that the present investigation could be converted to pilot study for large scale production of biofuel and other commodity chemicals. Cultivation of microalgal biomass as a potential resource / raw material for various industries to produce commodity chemicals could enhance the economy and curtail the environmental hazards.
Actinomycetes are Gram-positive anaerobic bacteria that cause disease in cattle and sometimes other animals. Mandibular abscess is a localized, chronic, progressive granulomatous abscess that often involves the mandible, maxilla, or other bones of the head. When an infection occurs, byproducts of the infection begin to break down bones. This article aims to determine the possibility of disease in the medieval bones of these animals, to identify and analyze their macro-structural features and their diagnostic potential value in the archaeological skeletal material of studied animals. This late medieval (13th-14th century) document was found in Wysburg, near Weisbach in the Saale-Holzland-County in the central German state of Thuringia. Macroscopic and histopathological examination of the bone revealed a lesion in the lower jaw, suggesting that it may result from actinomycosis (Mostly in the jaw). Descriptions of jaw bones are rare in the paleo-pathological literature. Analysis is limited by the absence of other anatomical elements of the affected animals, which affects the interpretation of the paleo-pathological skeleton. For further research, it is recommended that similar studies be conducted on better-preserved animals.
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the world's most frequent infectious diseases, affecting 150 million people each year and resulting in severe morbidity and high medical expenditures. UTIs can be clinically defined as uncomplicated UTIs (uUTIs) or complicated UTIs (cUTIs) to differentiate infections of benign origin from those with a higher risk of recurrence or progression to severe pathology. The aim of this study was to evaluate interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-8 as potential biomarkers in differentiating complicated and uncomplicated. Ninety samples of urine were collected. There were 43 samples from healthy controls and 47 samples from UTI patients—those who have been clinically diagnosed with UTIs by the urologist. The serum IL-6 and IL-8 were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and commercially available kits. The levels of both IL-6 and IL-8 were significantly higher in UTI patient then in control subjects (p=0.001, p=0.001). A significant difference was observed in the mean of level IL-6 between culture positive UTI patients and culture negative UTI patients (p=0.014). In addition, the type of bacterial growth, a significant difference was observed in the mean of serum IL-6 and IL-8 level in UTI caused by gram negative bacteria in comparison with UTI caused by gram positive bacteria. High levels of IL-6 are associated with the growth of gram-negative bacteria, and this indicates that gram-negative bacteria could induce stronger inflammatory responses than gram-positive bacteria. IL-8 levels are higher in UTIs caused by gram-negative bacteria. This result further supported the evidence that gram-negative bacteria are potent inducers of inflammatory responses.
The current study enlightens the comprehensive picture, relative population status, and species diversity of lizard fauna in the lower Dir district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan. This study was designed to collect the data and record/investigate the population status and the diversity of lizard species from six different tehsils (Towns) in this district. We used the latest keys for identification of the collected and observed specimens. A total of 288 specimens of Lizards were examined, the collected specimens belonged to 6 families, 11 genera, and 14 species. The most abundant and observed species was H. brookii and the most abundant and observed family was Gekkonidae in this area during the current study. In this study, we have identified a new species of the genus Cyratopodion, and we will publish it after a thorough investigation in near future. The present study provides a baseline for future extensive studies on lizard habitat analysis, population dynamics, systematics, and phylogeny for incoming researchers and experts of herpetology.
Spiders are invertebrates belonging to the phylum Arthropoda, class Arachnida, and order Araneae. Arachnids are one among the largest and most diverse groups, with 129 families, 4234 genera and 49,773 species. Spiders are carnivorous and polyphagous in nature. They are most effective against pests. This study was carried out to examine the arachnoid fauna status and diversity in Talash Valley, Lower Dir district of KPK. Spiders were collected from different parts of the study area. The surveyed period wss from April to July 2022 and was done by hand picking and beet crushing method. Most spiders are collected by hand. The collected samples were then stored in 70% ethanol solution. Spiders are identified with the help of available information. A total of 10 families were identified. These are Salticidae, Lycosidae, Sparassidae, Pholcidae, Hersilidae, Gnaphosidae, Oxyopidae, Araneidae, Scytodidae and Therididae. The dominant families in this study are salicidae with three species, lycosidae and sparassidae with two species each, and seven other families with one species each.
