Governments all over the world rely on their various public administration systems to implement state policies and programmes and drive the goals of development. However, achieving this requires that public administration be practised with all sense of rationality. This paper argues that the Nigerian state, in her sixty-five years of political independence, has yet to achieve a robust public administration system designed and nurtured to drive development goals. The institution has continued to falter and underperform, thereby failing to meet the service-delivery demands and expectations of the teeming population. This high level of dysfunctionality is exacerbated by the predatory nature of the Nigerian State, where the institution is continuously manipulated by the ruling class to achieve selfish interests. The paper's concern is to interrogate whether a functional public administration can be achieved without a developmental state agenda. Analysts have argued that a functional public administration, characterised by a professional, skilled bureaucracy, is needed to achieve a developmental state agenda. The paper recommends that achieving a functional public administration system depends on the emergence of transformative, development-state-driven political leadership.
This study investigated the relationship between social media use and employee performance in the Federal Capital Development Authority (FCDA), Abuja, Nigeria. The study is grounded in Task–Technology Fit and Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory. A cross-sectional mixed-methods design was adopted, combining a structured questionnaire administered to 459 employees with in-depth interviews conducted with ten purposively selected key informants. Employee performance was examined across five dimensions: task completion speed, communication and collaboration, work efficiency and productivity, workplace distraction, and job satisfaction. The findings reveal a clear paradox. A majority of respondents reported positive effects of social media on task speed (63.4%), communication (80.4%), efficiency (73.0%), and job satisfaction (75.6%). At the same time, a larger proportion (87.6%) identified social media as a major source of workplace distraction. Spearman’s rank-order correlation analysis shows a statistically significant but weak positive relationship between social media use and employee performance (r = .107, p = .022, N = 459), leading to rejection of the null hypothesis. The weak association reflects the presence of two opposing processes: a communication and collaboration pathway that supports performance, and a distraction pathway that reduces it. Qualitative findings indicate that the widespread use of WhatsApp for work-related communication is the main source of performance gains, while the absence of clear organisational policies contributes to distraction and misuse. The study proposesa dual-pathway model to explain these dynamics, provides empirical evidence from a major Nigerian public sector organisation, and offers practical recommendations for improving social media governance in developing-country contexts.
This empirical research paper examined the contributions of SMEs to the Economic Development of Nigeria. This study adopted a time-series econometric technique and a quantitative research design to investigate the relationship between Nigeria's economic development and SMEs contributions. Because it allows the researcher to apply statistical tools to measure correlations among variables, the quantitative design is appropriate. Because the study uses pre-existing macroeconomic data and entrepreneurial indicators in Nigeria, it explicitly employs the ex-post facto research design. This method enables the researcher to examine past patterns to ascertain the SMEs contributions in connection to Nigeria’s economic development. Using secondary time-series data obtained from institutions such as the Central Bank of Nigeria, the National Bureau of Statistics, and the World Bank through regression analysis, the study empirically analyzed the relationship between the contributions of SMEs to Nigeria’s economic development. The regression results indicated that the contributions of SMEs facilitate Nigeria’s Economic development. The findings proved that SMEs are indispensable to the economic development of Nigeria. This study concludes by specifically determining SMEs contributions which include employment generation, poverty reduction, industrial growth and development, encouragement of entrepreneurial innovation, contribution to Gross Domestic Products (GDP), Export Promotion and Foreign Exchange Earnings, revenue generation to government, development of local content, rural development, all have significant and positive effect on Nigeria’s economic development. The study recommends that strengthening SMEs through supportive policies, access to finance, and infrastructure development will further enhance their role in driving sustainable economic growth in Nigeria.
The research studied the relationship between interest sensitivity and deposit growth in Rwandan banking institutions during 1995–2024 periods. The researchers used documentary secondary data and quantitative techniques, to analyze the two variables. Descriptive tables showed a long-run decline in deposit interest rates alongside sustained growth in real savings deposits, reflecting financial sector modernization, digitalization, and inclusion initiatives. Table 4, shows the correlation (r) between interest rates and deposit growth Which is 0. 606.This implies that the relationship between interest rates and deposits growth is positive. The R-squared value = 0.367, which means that 36.7% of deposits were determined by the interest rate during the study period. On the other hand, Table 5 shows that the interest rate influences deposits. That is, if the interest rate is held at a constant zero, a deposit would be 0.779. A one-unit increase in the interest rate would lead to an increase in deposits by a factor of 85.56. If the interest rate increases by one unit, the savings deposits would increase by 85.56 units. Therefore, despite structural changes, interest-rate policy remains an important lever for deposit mobilization. The study highlighted policy implications for the National Bank of Rwanda and commercial banks on balancing rate-setting with financial inclusion and digital channels, and recommended complementary initiatives such as financial literacy, broad access via SACCOs and mobile platforms, to strengthen domestic savings mobilization.
This study provided a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of research on generative artificial intelligence (AI) and large language models (LLMs) in higher education by examining publication trends, thematic structures, and international collaboration networks during 2023– 2024. A total of 1,301 publications were retrieved from the Scopus database. Bibliometric analyses were performed using VOSviewer and the Bibliometrix package in R (Biblioshiny interface). Author keywords were harmonized to remove terminological variants and were analyzed using keyword co-occurrence mapping, thematic clustering, and temporal evolution techniques. Crossref was consulted as a supplementary source for metadata verification. Publication output increased by 179.3% from 2023 (343 papers) to 2024 (958 papers), indicating rapid scholarly engagement with generative AI following the release of ChatGPT. The United States, China, Australia, and the United Kingdom were identified as the leading contributors. Six thematic clusters were identified: core AI technologies; educational context and pedagogy; assessment and academic integrity; ethics and literacies; student experience; and academic writing and prompt skills. Temporal analysis showed a shift from technical foundations in 2023 toward pedagogical, ethical, and applied educational concerns in 2024. Australia occupied a central position in the Asia-Pacific collaboration network. Overall, this study contributed a data-driven mapping of a rapidly emerging research domain and provided researchers, educators, and policymakers with an evidence base for understanding how scholarship on generative AI in higher education evolved and where future research priorities could be directed.
The study investigated the intricate relationship between socio-demographic factors and livelihood diversification in coastal Tanzania, particularly in the Tanga Region, over a 30-year period from 1993 to 2023. It addressed the pressing need for empirical evidence linking these characteristics to agricultural transformation amidst changing environmental and economic conditions. Three hypotheses were tested: the influence of socio-demographic characteristics on livelihood diversification (H₁), the evolution of crop types cultivated over time (H₂), and the association of these changes with various drivers (H₃). Utilising a mixed-methods approach, the research incorporated quantitative data from a household survey of 215 participants alongside qualitative insights from key informant interviews. Descriptive statistics were employed to outline the socio-demographic profile, revealing significant variations in age, education, and household size across different districts. The findings indicated a prevalent trend of livelihood diversification, with households increasingly engaging in multiple economic activities beyond traditional agriculture. Inferential statistics, specifically Chi-square (χ²) tests, confirmed a significant relationship between socio-demographic variables and diversification patterns, thereby supporting H₁. The comparative analysis of cropping systems highlighted a notable transition from traditional crops in 1993 to a more diversified and market-oriented agricultural landscape by 2023, with statistically significant differences across districts, thus validating H₂. The driving forces behind these transformations were identified as climate variability, market dynamics, population pressure, and institutional factors, all of which demonstrated significant associations with changes in crop patterns, thereby supporting H₃. Thereof, the study underscored that agricultural transformation and livelihood diversification in coastal Tanzania were profoundly influenced by socio-demographic characteristics and external drivers. The observed shifts reflected adaptive strategies to evolving climatic and socio-economic conditions, albeit unevenly distributed due to disparities in resource access and institutional support. The study therefore recommended enhancing climate-smart agricultural practices, improving access to extension services, and promoting integrated rural development approaches to foster resilience and sustainability in the region.
The determinants of saving behaviour among informal-sector workers have received considerable attention in the financial inclusion literature, yet occupation-specific evidence from secondary African cities remains limited. The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of saving, the frequency of saving, and the correlates of saving behaviour among leafy vegetable vendors in Mwanza, Tanzania. A cross-sectional survey was administered to 385 vendors drawn from four urban markets between January and March 2024. The analysis combined descriptive statistics, bivariate tests of association, an ordered logistic regression of saving frequency, and an exploratory multinomial logistic model of saving-channel choice; tree-based machine learning classifiers were additionally used tocheck the robustness of the regression-based inferences. The results indicate that most respondents reported some form of saving, although informal and semi-formal mechanisms remained more prevalent than formal banking. In the ordered logistic model, divorced respondents had substantially higher odds of reporting more frequent saving than single respondents (OR = 2.38, 95% CI [1.39, 4.09], p = 0.002). Education level and daily sales were positively, but more weakly, associated with saving frequency. The exploratory channel-choice analysis suggested that older respondents were more likely than younger ones to use banks rather than home cash storage, and that respondents with credit access were less likely to rely on VICOBA relative to home storage; these findings should, however, be interpreted cautiously given the weak overall fit of the multinomial model. Taken together, the evidence indicates that saving among informal vendors is widespread, but that it is concentrated in non-bank channels, pointing to a persistent gap between formal financial access and the actual use of formal saving instruments. The findings underscore the importance of life-course vulnerability and human capital in shaping reported saving behaviour, and argue for financial inclusion policies that strengthen trusted intermediary mechanisms while easing the gradual movement of informal workers into formal savings products.
The paper describes reasons as to why people change their personal Names. The act of changing names is not only deeply rooted from person decision but also sociocultural implication. The existing body of literature dwell on the factors for naming personal names, this attracts attentions for the factors of personal names changing . The study used descriptive theory which argues that the meaning of the name is identical to its descriptions and their referents satisfy these explanations. The study used purposive sampling in selecting twenty informants aged 20-50, ten from villages and the rest from the town area in Tanzania, snowball technique was used in selecting them as they seemed to change their names. The study used qualitative approach under descriptive theory in data analysis and discussion thematically. It was found that divorce, business, articulation simplification, safety and security, homosexuality, religious conversion and artistic purpose were circumstantial contexts of changing names. It was concluded that names changing results into loosing and endangering sociocultural identities of human historical heritage because African names serve not only as identifiers but also as powerful tools for driving and developing social cultural navigation.
Foreign private capital inflows (FPCI) remain a contested driver of economic growth in developing economies, with collected evidence yielding heterogeneous results across contexts and methodologies. This study considers the dynamic relationship between FPCI and economic growth in Tanzania over the period 1990-2023, clearly accounting for institutional quality as a moderating factor. Employing annual time-series data and a comprehensive econometric framework that combines Johansen cointegration analysis, vector error-correction modelling (VECM), vector autoregression (VAR), and Granger causality tests, we address critical methodological challenges, including non-stationarity, endogeneity, and structural breaks. FPCI was measured using data from the Bank for International Settlements and UNCTAD, expressed in constant 2020 prices, while institutional quality was assessed using a composite index from Worldwide Governance Indicators. Our study reveals a statistically significant long-run elasticity of 0.42, indicating that a one per cent increase in FPCI is associated with a 0.42 per cent increase in GDP, with effects materialising over a two-year adjustment period. Short-run dynamics exhibit positive but attenuated effects (elasticity = 0.23) and an error-correction coefficient of -0.56, denoting a moderate adjustment speed toward the long-run equilibrium. Critically, institutional quality significantly moderates this relationship, with each one-standard-deviation improvement in governance indicators increasing the growth impact of FPCI by approximately 0.08 percentage points. Structural break analysis verifies that the 2007 Investment Act reform enhanced the effectiveness of FPCI, with post-reform elasticity (0.46) exceeding pre-reform estimates (0.36). These findings stress the importance of complementary institutional reforms, particularly in property rights protection, regulatory quality, and corruption control, to maximise the developmental benefits of foreign capital inflows. Policy implications emphasise strengthening governance, targeting sector-specific investment, and persistent monitoring of distributional outcomes to ensure fair and long-term growth.
Roadside markets constitute a critical yet underexamined component of informal agricultural marketing systems in Sub Saharan Africa. This study assessed the structure, sourcing practices, and livelihood viability of roadside markets along the Musoma to Mwanza highway in Tanzania's Lake Zone. Guided by the Sustainable Livelihood Framework and agricultural marketing theory, a cross sectional survey of 205 vendors in four markets was conducted. Chi square tests examined associations between market typology, vendor characteristics, sourcing mechanisms, and profitability. Results show pronounced spatial differentiation, with significant associations between crop type and market location (χ² = 156.34, df = 36, p < 0.001). Tomatoes emerged as the most traded commodity (106 observations), followed by sweet potatoes (72 observations). Vendors predominantly source from own farms (51.3%) or through U pick arrangements (24.9%), indicating substantial production and marketing integration with limited intermediary reliance. Women constituted 54.6% of vendors, with gender composition varying significantly across markets (χ² = 12.84, df = 3, p = 0.005). The modal daily profit was TShs 7,500 (approximately TShs 195,000 monthly), exceeding Tanzania's agricultural minimum wage, though 24.9% reported profits of TShs 5,000 or less. Semi wholesale markets showed higher profitability than retail markets (χ² = 14.27, df = 6, p = 0.027). The study conceptualised roadside markets as spatially embedded livelihood systems relevant for inclusive agrifood development and rural income diversification.
Forests and land-use systems are vital for climate change mitigation and sustainable development in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in Tanzania, where rapid land-use changes increasingly threatened ecosystems. This study assessed long-term forest and land-use dynamics in Tanzania up to 2050, aligned with the Tanzania Development Vision 2050, with the aim of informing climate-smart land-use planning. The study utilised data from the National Forest Resources Monitoring and Assessment (NAFORMA) 2014 and employed advanced machine learning and spatial modelling techniques. Future land-use dynamics were projected under three scenarios: Business-as-Usual (BAU), Sustainable Management (STB), and High-Pressure (HP). Scenario differences and model performance were evaluated to demonstrate the predictive advantages of machine learning approaches over traditional methods, thereby generating policy-relevant insights. The findings showed statistically significant divergence among scenarios. Descriptively, total forested land (forest + woodland) declined from 48.09 million ha in 2014 to 32.99 million ha by 2054 under the BAU scenario and to 28.30 million ha under the HP scenario, while the STB pathway moderated the decline to 43.85 million ha. Inferentially, these trends were highly significant (BAU: β = −0.410, F = 96.3, p < 0.001; HP: β = −0.553, F = 121.9, p < 0.001), whereas the STB trend was significantly smaller (β = −0.135, F = 14.8, p = 0.003), supporting Hypothesis H₃ that alternative management pathways generated statistically distinct outcomes. Cultivated land expanded significantly under BAU (β = +0.168, F = 88.4, p < 0.001) and HP (β = +0.251, F = 104.6, p < 0.001), but at a reduced rate under STB (β = +0.067, F = 12.2, p = 0.004). Machine learning models achieved high predictive performance (Random Forest: overall accuracy = 0.87, Kappa = 0.81, AUC = 0.89; Artificial Neural Network: overall accuracy = 0.84, Kappa = 0.78), confirming Hypothesis H₂. Translating land-use outcomes into carbon dynamics revealed that national forest carbon stocks declined from approximately 1,060.8 Mt C in 2014 to 707.8 Mt C under BAU and 590.8 Mt C under HP by 2054, compared with 963.8 Mt C under STB. Corresponding cumulative CO₂-equivalent emissions reached 2,596 MtCO₂-eq under BAU and 3,411 MtCO₂-eq under HP, while remaining limited to 723 MtCO₂-eq under STB, with scenario differences statistically significant (p < 0.01). These results confirmed Hypothesis H₃ at the climate-policy level. Generallyl, the study highlighted that Tanzania’s forest and land-use future to 2050 depended critically on policy decisions. Continuation of historical land-use trends posed substantial risks to climate mitigation objectives, whereas improved governance and sustainable land-use practices enhanced system stability and substantially reduced emissions. The study therefore recommended prioritising sustainable forest and land-use governance, institutionalising NAFORMA as a long-term national monitoring system, and integrating machine learning–based forecasting into climate and land-use policy processes.
Women’s political participation remains limited across the West African sub-region despite regional and global commitments to gender equality and inclusive governance. This study examined the gender dynamics shaping women’s political participation in selected West African countries. Guided by Feminist Political Theory, the study analyzed how structural and institutional barriers, socio-cultural norms, legal frameworks, civil society interventions, political context, and economic factors influence women’s engagement in political processes. The study employed thematic analysis to analyze the collected qualitative data. Findings revealed that while women demonstrate high participation as voters, their involvement in party activities, electoral contests, and leadership positions remains low. Education emerged as a significant enabler of political participation, while socio-cultural norms, financial constraints, male-dominated party structures, and limited access to resources constituted major barriers. Legal and affirmative action frameworks were found to exist but remain moderately effective due to weak enforcement and limited political will. Civil society and advocacy programs positively influenced women’s participation by building capacity, confidence, and awareness, although their impact varied by education level and context. The study concluded that women’s political participation in West Africa is shaped by the interaction of multiple structural, social, and institutional factors. It recommended integrated strategies that strengthen education, enforce gender-responsive laws, reform political party practices, expand civil society interventions, and address socio-cultural constraints. By combining descriptive and substantive perspectives, the study contributed to a deeper understanding of gender dynamics and offers evidence-based insights for policy and practice aimed at enhancing women’s political participation in the sub-region.
This study examines youth employment characteristics, conditions, and challenges at Nyamhongolo and Nyegezi Bus Terminals in Mwanza City, Tanzania, urban informal hubs. A quantitative cross-sectional research design was employed to collect data from 173 youth aged 18 to 35 using structured questionnaires. Data were analysed using descriptive including the use of frequency and counts and inferential statistics the use of chi-square tests, independent t tests and ANOVA. The findings indicate that bus terminal-based employment is accessible to youth, particularly those with primary and secondary education, yet remains predominantly informal with 60 percent of respondents engaged in temporary or seasonal work and only 36 percent reporting written employment contracts. The overall mean daily earning was TZS 28,260, with higher income levels associated with tertiary education and formal employment status. Social protection coverage was limited, with 9 percent of respondents having health insurance and 16.2 percent enrolled in pension schemes. Although 87 percent of respondents perceived employment at the terminals as easy to access, employment quality remained low, characterised by income instability and limited labour protections. The main barriers to improved employment outcomes were lack of job relevant skills and limited access to capital. The study recommends integrated interventions focusing on skills development, financial inclusion, and extension of social protection tailored to informal terminal-based work environments.
This study analyzed the influence of macroeconomic drivers on human capital, operationalized as primary school enrollment, as a dimension of inclusive growth in Tanzania from 1970 to 2024. It employed SB-ARDL, NSB-ARDL, and 2SLS models. Results showed that GDP per capita and government effectiveness boosted long-term enrollment rates (SB-ARDL: 1.5642 and 5.2354, both p<0.05). Negative inflation shocks reduced enrollment more sharply than positive changes did (NSB-ARDL: -0.2625, p=0.024), with support from robust cointegration (F-statistics of 7.810 and 17.116), Granger causality (p<0.01), and diagnostic stability (steady CUSUM plots and VIF<5). Tanzania posted average GDP growth of nearly 6.2% from 2000 to 2019 amid rising population pressures. These findings underscored the value of capping inflation below 5%, ramping up funding for rural school infrastructure, and launching skills-linked job programs to advance the goals of Tanzania Vision 2050.
Avocado (Persea americana) has recently emerged as a significant cash crop in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania, with production increasing due to deliberate efforts by the government and development partners to promote the crop. However, current production levels have not been sufficient to meet growing market demand. This study was conducted in two councils of the Njombe Region namely; Njombe District Council and Njombe Urban Council with the overall objective of investigating avocado agronomic practices and their implications on avocado production in the Southern Highlands. Specifically; the study investigated various agronomic practices adopted by farmers in avocado and examined the influence of various agronomic practices on avocado production in the study area. Data were collected through household surveys, Focus Group Discussions, and Key Informant Interviews, involving a total of 385 respondents. The findings revealed a limited adoption of recommended agronomic practices among farmers. The study also found that plant spacing and fertilizer application were the only significant predictors of farmers not experiencing lower harvests than expected, Specifically, farmers who used proper plant spacing (6 meters to 8) were 3.755 times more likely to report consistent or experiencing expected harvests compared to those who did not adhere to the spacing guideline. Moreover, fertilizer application was positively and significantly associated with better harvest outcomes in the study area. The rest of predictors (expert consultation; pesticide use; and foliar sprays) did not reach the threshold for statistical significance, indicating that on their own, they may not strongly influence yield stability in the studied context. Based on these findings, the study recommends increasing awareness among avocado farmers about modern agronomic practices. This should be achieved through participatory approaches to effectively boost avocado production in the future. From a policy perspective, the study recommends the need of creation of targeted extension programs that emphasize the benefits of proper plant spacing and timely fertilizer application. In addition, government and development partners may consider subsidy programs or revolving input funds to enhance access to fertilizers, especially for smallholder farmers who may not afford regular purchases
This study analysed the influence of the blue economy on sustainable economic development in Tanzania using annual time series data from 1990 to 2024. It employed a Structural Break Autoregressive Distributed Lag (SB-ARDL) model, which thoroughly accounted for mixed integration orders and critical structural breaks, such as the COVID-19 pandemic and economic liberalisation. The outcomes disclosed a significant long-run cointegrating relationship between blue economy variables most notably aquaculture and total fisheries production and GDP percapita growth. Aquaculture production exerted a robust positive effect on economic development, while agriculture, forestry, fishing, and gross capital formation exhibited nuanced impacts, including significant interaction effects. Comprehensive diagnostic tests confirmed the model’s validity, with no evidence of heteroskedasticity, autocorrelation, or misspecification, and residuals displaying normality. These results emphasised the blue economy’s essential role in Tanzania’s economic progress and highlighted the need for integrated, adaptive, and sustainable policy frameworks. The study recommended targeted investments in blue economy sectors, coordinated sectoral policies, adaptive responses to structural shocks, environmental stewardship, improved data systems, and strengthened public-private partnerships to maximise inclusive and strong economic growth.
In Kenya, the Directorate of Criminal Investigations (DCI) has challenges of balancing police reforms, their duties and delivering on their mandate as expected. The purpose of this study,therefore, was to examine the influence of personnel reforms on performance of DCI law enforcement officers in Kenya based on Peelian Principles. Mixed-method approach involvingdescriptive survey with an ethnographic method was used whereby quantitative data was collected using structured questionnaires and the qualitative data obtained using open-endedinterview guides and focus group discussions. A sample of 384 participants comprising of 230DCI officers and 154 stakeholders drawn from the civil society staff and Nyumba kumi leaderswas selected using multistage sampling, cluster and stratified techniques. Data was collectedusing Likert-scale questionnaires, open-ended interview guides as well as focus group discussion. Data was analyzed using both quantitative and qualitative methods, with the formercomprising both descriptive and inferential statistics, while qualitative analysis was carried outusing thematic content analysis. From the study, it emerged that personnel reforms of the policein Kenya focused on facilities, remuneration, and deployment. Improvement of the DCI performance was attributed to continuous fair recruitment reforms. Nevertheless, perceptionsof welfare benefits, particularly health insurance as well as retirement and deployment, wereinconsistent and hence created uncertainty. Such ambiguities seem to undermine officerperformance, despite further personnel reforms. For better DCI effectiveness, It is recommended that government should make facilities accessible across the country, invest indigital tools to address new crimes, and institutionalize frequent maintenance checks. At thesame time, competitive, inclusive pay and open, skill-based allocation based on officer adviceand with trained supervisors are important for morale, trust and performance.
This comparative review examines Rwanda’s postcolonial economy under the First Republic (1962–1973) and the Second Republic (1973–1994), highlighting continuities, divergences, and lessons for post-1994 economic transformation. The study synthesizes literature on political economy, agrarian structures, state capacity, and crisis management, employing a comparative historical and document analysis methodology. Findings reveal that both republics faced enduring structural constraints, including land scarcity, demographic pressure, small domestic markets, dependence on coffee exports, and limited industrial capacity. The First Republic operated with weak institutions, elite-driven patronage, and modest state intervention, producing limited growth and regional inequalities. In contrast, the Second Republic expanded bureaucratic reach through the MRND, enforced coercive agricultural policies, and mobilized ideology to align peasantry with state objectives. While these strategies initially improved extraction and state penetration, they also increased rigidity, stifled local adaptation, and amplified vulnerability to external shocks. Accumulating economic friction, legitimacy erosion, and crises such as the ruriganiza famine and falling coffee prices ultimately constrained resilience and contributed to regime collapse in 1994. Comparative analysis underscores the interplay between structural path dependencies, regime agency, coercion, and legitimacy. Lessons drawn highlight that developmental interventions in constrained settings require adaptability, inclusive institutions, feedback mechanisms, and legitimacy buffers to avoid brittleness. These insights are particularly relevant for Rwanda’s post - genocide economic trajectory and broader theories of developmental states in resource-limited contexts. By juxtaposing the First and Second Republics, this review elucidates how historical policy choices and institutional arrangements shaped economic outcomes, vulnerabilities, and potential pathways for transformation.
Globally, arbitration provides businesses with an efficient, confidential, and impartial means of resolving disputes, offering an alternative to the often protracted and expensive litigation process. In recent decades, the use of arbitration in commercial disputes has grown significantly, driven by the forces of international trade, globalization, and the need for neutral, expert dispute resolution mechanisms. Countries around the world have increasingly adopted arbitration laws in line with international standards, such as the United Nations Commission on C International Trade Law, Model Law and the New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards to ensure that their legal systems remain attractive to both domestic and international investors. This study assessed the effectiveness of Rwanda’s arbitration framework in resolving commercial disputes by examining its legal foundation, alignment with international standards, and its practical application in the business environment. In this study, main legislations which are closely related to the arbitration were qualitatively analyzed. It has illuminated the strengths, challenges, and opportunities within Rwanda’s arbitration framework. The study thus highlighted the legal and practical measures necessary for the effective settlement of commercial disputes through arbitration in Rwanda. In order to ensure the efficacy of arbitration in resolving commercial disputes in Rwanda, it is worthwhile recommending that the autonomy of arbitration should be taken into consideration as well as the regular training of arbitrators in order to render the effective justice.
This study investigates the efficiency of resource utilization in cassava production among smallholder farmers in Nigeria. It utilized data from the fifth wave of the General Households Survey of the Living Standards Measurement Study–Integrated Survey on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA). The objectives were to examine the marginal contributions of key production inputs, assess both technical and allocative efficiency, and establish the influence of specific institutional and socio-economic factors on farmers’ efficiency. Ordinary Least Squares regression was used to analyze the input-output relationship, while Stochastic Frontier Analysis and the Tobit model were employed to estimate technical efficiency and its determinants, respectively. Results revealed that labour and pesticide use had significant positive effects on cassava output, underscoring their importance in the production process. Allocative efficiency analysis indicated underutilization of planting material, pesticide and labour and overutilization of herbicide, suggesting suboptimal input allocation despite their output potential. Technical efficiency was relatively high, with a mean score of 85.31%, and over 70% of farmers operating within the 80–99% efficiency range. However, the Tobit analysis revealed that variables such as access to credit, information, education, and government support had positive effects on technical efficiency, although they did not significantly influence it, pointing to possible inefficiencies in cassava production program design or implementation. These findings suggest that while cassava farmers in Nigeria are technically efficient to a great extent, economic inefficiencies persist due to misallocation of key inputs. Improving allocative efficiency through better-informed input use, enhanced extension services, and more targeted policy interventions is crucial to raising productivity and profitability in cassava farming.
