Fusarium wilt disease of banana causes a great production loss in the world and particularly in Jordan, since 2008. Field survey and sample collections were conducted from 2015 to 2018 in Jordan Valley (JV) to evaluate the disease incidence and severity as well as the distribution of Fusarium species. Ten arbitrarily chosen banana orchards were selected in South JV, eleven orchards in North JV, and thirty-two orchards were tested in Middle JV. 560 samples from the soil and the irrigation water were collected along the whole banana plantations of JV, samples from the vascular strands of the wilted tree were also collected from some visited orchards. In Southern JV, the disease incidence varied from 0 to 100% and disease severity from 0 to 3.7, where three different Fusarium species were molecularly identified as Fusarium proliferatum, F. verticillioides, and F. oxysporum f.sp. cubense. In North JV, disease incidence varied from 0 to 100% and disease severity from 0 to 3.8, and five Fusarium spp. were identified as F. brachygibbosum, F. proliferatum, F. andiyazi, F. equiseti, and F. oxysporum f.sp. cubense (FOC). In Middle JV, the average disease incidence was 80.8% and 3.55 for disease severity, and 12 isolates out of 22 were identified as F. oxysporum f.sp. cubense and four isolates as F. verticillioides. In addition to that, F. musae, Gibberella moniliformis, and F. equiseti were reported in Middle JV. Therefore, six Fusarium species were reported for the first time to infect banana in JV of Jordan.
أجريت تجربة اصص في مشتل كلية العلوم جامعة حضرموت من 21 /1 الى 21/2/2025م ولمدة شهر بعد التأكد من جفاف وموت عقل الصنف المحلي لمعرفة أفضل نمو للمجموع الخضري وتجذير عقل صنفين من نبات الحناء Lawsonia inermis L في أوساط نمو نقية وخليطة ومن طين ونشارة خشب (2 طين+ 1 نشارة) و(1طين + 2نشارة خشب). لدراسة صفة عدد الجذور وعدد وطول الأفرع وعدد الأوراق ووزنها الرطب والجاف. حللت النتائج باستخدام تصميم القطاعات كاملة العشوائية بعاملين، عامل الصنف وعامل وسط النمو. وكررت كل معاملة أربع مرات. وبينت النتائج التفوق المعنوي للصنف الهندي المدخل في جميع الصفات المدروسة على الصنف السيئوني المحلي حيث بلغت (4.3، 3.12، 0.81، 5.78، 0.221، 0,136) لكل من عدد وطول الفرع وطول الجذر وعدد الأوراق ووزنها الطري والجاف على التوالي، كما أعطى وسط النمو (2 نشارة الخشب + 1 طين) وكذا التداخل بين نفس الوسط والصنف الهندي أعلى المعدلات لجميع الصفات المدروسة. وتوصي الدراسة إجراء المزيد من الدراسات على الصنف المحلى للمحافظة عليه من الانقراض.
The experiment was conducted to study the effects of inorganic fertilizer application and intercropping with Bambara groundnut on the growth and yield of maize. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Seeds were planted in rows on a flat field at a spacing of 25 × 75 cm. Each plot measured 6 × 6 m, and the space between plots was 1m. There were 3 plots in each replication. Fertilizer NPK 15:15:15 was applied to the sole maize two weeks after planting, and urea 5 weeks after planting, at a rate of 5g per plant. The parameters measured were plant height, number of leaves, cob weight, grain weight, and dry weight. Results indicated that the intercropping was effective on plant height and the number of leaves of the maize plant. Maize under fertilizer treatment recorded significantly (P<0.05) higher (0.52 t/ha) grain yield than the sole maize without fertilizer (0.26 t/ha). However, intercropping maize with Bambara groundnut did not differ significantly (P<0.05) in grain yield (0.45 t/ha) compared to the yield of the fertilizer-treated maize. A land equivalent ratio (LER) of 1.4 was recorded for the intercropping. Farmers in the locality should take care of their fertilizer needs by including Bambara groundnut in their maize farming, as the inorganic fertilizers are expensive and unavailable in recent times.
هدفت الدراسة إلى جراء تحاليل استكشافية لمحاولة فهم دور المدارس الحقلية الزراعية على المستفيدين الحاصلين على منح في تبني الممارسات الفضلى، وتسليط الضوء على الصعوبات والتحديات من حيث أثرها على الدخل والإنتاجية واستحداث فرص العمل في المجتمعات المحلية، مع الأخذ بعين الاعتبار أهم الخصائص الاجتماعية والاقتصادية للمستفيدين. وقد استخدمت الدراسة الاساليب الإحصائية الاستدلالية من خلال الاختبارات اللامعلمية (Non-Parametric Tests) والتي طبقت على عينة طبقية (Stratified Sample) حسب المحافظات بعدد (154 مستفيد). ومن أبرز النتائج الدراسة ظهور تفاوت في دور المدارس الحقلية الزراعية على المستفيدين من حيث الآثار الاقتصادية حسب المحافظات؛ وتجلى ذلك في تصدر محافظتي عجلون والكرك التي لم تواجه صعوبات في الحصول على التمويل في تحقيق الزيادة في الإنتاجية والدخل معاً، وفي المقابل محافظتي جرش ومأدبا كانت الادنى من حيث تحقيق زيادة الدخل واستحداث فرص عمل للأردنيين وكان ذلك مترافق في ظهور صعوبات في البحث عن التمويل وصعوبات في الحصول على المعلومات التي بحاجة لها المستفيد .كما أظهرت النتائج بوجود علاقة ارتباط سالبة ومعنوية إحصائية بين الصعوبات الإنتاجية للمستفيدين مثل صعوبة الحصول على خدمات إرشادية مجانية، الافتقار الى المعلومات، الحصول التمويل وبين تحقيق زيادة (الإنتاجية ، الدخل، واستحداث فرص العمل ). ومن أبرز توصيات الدراسة تمثلت في العمل على تضافر الجهود في البحث عن سبل الحد من هذه الصعوبات. وكذلك زيادة قيمة المنح والتركيز على المزارعين المستأجرين أو غير المالكين للحيازات من خلال العمل على تحفيز المانحين في تقديم المزيد من حجم المنح، ولاسيما بأن مؤشر كفاية قيمة المنحة كان بمثابة متغير هام في زيادة الإنتاجية والدخل، واستحداث فرص العمل في المجتمعات المحلية.
Flaxseed is increasingly recognized as an effective functional dietary supplement in poultry nutrition due to its high content of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and various bioactive components. Current evidence demonstrates that incorporating flaxseed into poultry diets markedly improves the nutritional profile of animal products by significantly reducing the omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids ratio, thereby enhancing lipid balance and contributing to potential health benefits for consumers. Moreover, studies have shown that flaxseed supplementation does not impair production performance; instead, it may enhance key indicators such as egg production rate, egg weight, and internal egg quality. These improvements are attributed to its antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects, as well as its positive regulation of genes involved in lipid metabolism. Collectively, the findings underscore the value of flaxseed as a sustainable nutritional intervention capable of enriching poultry products, supporting animal performance, and contributing to improved public health outcomes.
This study investigated the multidimensional poverty among rice producers in North Central, Nigeria. A simple random sampling approach was employed. Data were collected from 200 rice growers (100 per state) through a validated questionnaire. The analysis analysesutilized were descriptive statistics, multidimensional poverty indices (MPI), Logit regression, and t-test statistics to address four objectives: describing the socio-economic and farm-specific characteristics, estimating the poverty indices, evaluating the dimensional contributions to MPI, and identifying the predictors of multidimensional poverty. The results revealed that 70.07% of rice growers are multidimensional poor, with an MPI of 0.4701, driven by deprivations in standard of living (42.4%), health (33.7%), and education (23.9%), respectively. The significant predictors of poverty include education, household size, farming experience, and food expenditure (p < 0.05), while age and credit access were non-significant. The t-test confirmed the rice farming’s profitability, with mean returns (₦1,357,090) significantly exceeding costs (₦577,140.23) per hectare (t = 29.52, p < 0.05). These findings reject the null hypotheses that rice growers are not multidimensional poor, also that the socio-economic factors do not significantly influence poverty status, and rice farming is not profitable. The high poverty incidence underscores the need for targeted interventions addressing the living standards, health, and education, alongside enhancing access to inputs and markets to sustain profitability. Policy recommendations include improving rural infrastructure, promoting education, and supporting financial inclusion to alleviate multidimensional poverty among rice producers.
Mediterranean saltbush (Atriplex halimus L.) belongs to the family Amaranthaceae. It is a halophyte and perennial shrub, which is a resilient and versatile plant species native to the Mediterranean basin. It has remarkable adaptation to arid and semi-arid environments. Jordan is considered one of the poorest countries in the world in terms of natural water resources, and the desert areas occupy more than three-quarters of the country. Considering the conditions of global warming, desertification, lack of rainfall, and scarcity of pastures and green fodder, A. halimus is promising to confront these challenges. This review presents the scientific classification of A. halimus, its geographical distribution, its presence in Jordan, its uses, and its anatomical and phenotypic characteristics. The study sheds light on its most important characteristics that make it an adapted plant to a desert environment. It can be concluded that by leveraging the unique properties of A. halimus, Jordan can address critical environmental challenges while supporting sustainable practices. This aligns with the nation's long-term goals of water conservation, land reclamation, and food security.
Greenhouse technology has been recognized as the best innovation in addressing issues of food insecurity, improved agricultural production, and climate change issues. Therefore, this study investigates the profitability of greenhouse tomato production in Oyo State, Nigeria. Data were collected from 60 respondents across six local government areas using a multistage sampling technique. Descriptive statistics analysis, gross margin analysis, and the Cobb-Douglas production function analysis were only used to assess the profitability as well as establish the factors affecting it. This finding shows that greenhouse tomato production is very lucrative with a gross margin of ₦10,678,978.65, and the benefit-cost ratio of 3.99 means every ₦1.00 invested yields ₦3.99. The computed annual net farm income of ₦9,331,986.65 reasserts this farming system as economically feasible irrespective of the high initial investments. Significant determinants of profitability include farm size, farming experience, and labor costs, all statistically significant at the 5% level. However, the high cost of seeds negatively affects its profitability, which stands out as an essential constraint. Some critical issues facing greenhouse tomato producers include water scarcity, high costs of production input and competition in the market. Such challenges require policy interventions, such as subsidies on agricultural inputs, support for sustainable means of irrigation and strengthening of farmers’ technical knowledge. This study calls for collective action between the government, private stakeholders and researchers to scale up adoption and overcome existing barriers, all of which can help enhance rural development and national food security.
This feeding trial investigated the effect of dietary supplementation with probiotic powder and Anredera cordifolia phytobiotic on the performance, metabolic status, gastrointestinal (GIT) characteristics, and nutrient digestibility of broiler chickens. Four hundred one-day-old Cobb broiler chicks were randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments and grown for five weeks. The treatments included a control diet (P0), a basal diet supplemented with 0.5% probiotics powder (P1), a basal diet supplemented with 1.5% Anredera cordifolia (P2), and a combination of probiotics powder and Anredera cordifolia phytibiotic (combination of P1 and P2; P3). The results indicated no significant differences (P>0.05) in final body weight, feed intake, abdominal fat, gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) characteristics, depletion rate, and performance index among treatments. However, the dietary inclusion of P3 significantly (P < 0.01) increased carcass yield percentage and small intestine weight (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum) compared to P0, P1, and P2. Birds fed Anredera cordifolia phytobiotic exhibited reduced plasma cholesterol, but increased plasma triglycerides compared to other treatments. Additionally, the combination of probiotics powder and Anredera cordifolia phytobiotic (P3) significantly improved dry matter and organic matter digestibility and plasma bilirubin levels (P<0.01). Albumin and total protein levels remained unaffected by the treatments. The combination of probiotic powder and Anredera cordifolia phytobiotic synergistically enhances carcass percentages and nutrient digestibility in broiler chickens.
تمَّ دراسة التركيب الكيميائي لأنواع مختلفة من المساحيق الوظيفية وهي نخالة القمح WB ودقيق الحمص CF ودقيق الشوفان OF ومدى تأثيرها في بعض الخصائص الريولوجية للعجين والفيزيائية والحسية للبسكويت الوظيفي، حيث تمَّ تحضير البسكويت باستخدام دقيق القمح وخليط من ثلاثة مكونات وظيفية مختلفة (دقيق القمح: نخالة القمح WB ودقيق الحمص CF ودقيق الشوفان OF) بنسبة (20:80). واستخدم تصميمSimplex lattice mixture لتحديد تأثير الخلطات في بعض الخصائص الريولوجية باستخدام مؤشرات الميكسولاب وكذلك الخصائص الفيزيائية والحسية للبسكويت. بيّنت النتائج ارتفاع المحتوى البروتيني في دقيق الحمص وغنى النخالة بالألياف الخام والرماد. تبين أنَّ القيم المثلى لدقيق المساحيق لإثراء البسكويت يتضمن 4.46% نخالة القمح و5.02% دقيق الحمص و10.5% دقيق الشوفان، ووفقاً لهذا الخليط فقد بلغ معدَّل امتصاص الماء 60.43%، زمن تطور العجين 3.93 دقيقة، الثباتية 5.65 دقيقة، بالمقابل بلغت قيم عزوم الميكسولاب C2= 0.50N.m، C3= 2.17 N.m، C4= 2.09N.m ، C5= 3.04 N.m، ومعدل التمدُّد 6.89، أما بالنسبة للخصائص الحسية فحاز اللون على (5.69) والرائحة (7.41) والقوام (5.74) والطعم (6.53) والتقبل العام (6.20) من الناحية النظرية، أكدت الاختبارات التجريبية صلاحية النموذج ولوحظ تقارب القيم الفعلية والمتوقعة لدرجة القبول الحسي للبسكويت الناتج.
Black Soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larval (BSFL) frass is gradually becoming a source of organic fertilizer in cropping systems because of its role in improving crop growth and development as well as suppressing the growth of fungal pathogens. This study evaluated the effect of Black Soldier Fly Frass Fertilizer (BSFFF) on the growth of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) plant and development of southern blight disease during its growth. The BSFFF was applied at the rate of 10g, 15g, and 20g per 3kg of heat pasteurized soil in (5 litre capacity and 20 cm-diameter at the top and 15 cm height) plastic pots. No BSFFF application served as control while NPK 20:10:10 was applied at the rate of 30 kg ha-1 to serve as a check. Results showed no significant difference (p=0.05) in the growth parameters on BSFFF-treated okra plants regardless of level of application. From the second to fifth weeks after sowing (WAS), the growth parameters of okra plants treated with BSFFF at all levels were significantly different (p = 0.00001) from those of untreated and NPK-treated plants. Plant heights in the first and sixth WAS ranged from 15.95±0.53 to 37.65±2.63 cm, respectively. From the second to fifth WAS, stem girth of okra plants treated with BSFFF at all levels was significantly wider (p = 0.00001) than that of untreated and NPK-treated plants. At two WAS, the number of leaves (6.56 ± 0.24) on okra BSFFF20 treated plants was significantly (p = 0.0098) more than that of control plants (5.20± 0.13). However, from 3 WAS, there was a steady reduction in the number of leaves on okra plants irrespective of the treatment received, probably due to the onset of disease symptoms. At 4 WAS, the number of leaves on BSFFF20 (5.67± 0.33) treated plants was again significantly more (p = 0.0003) than that of untreated plants despite the moderate incidence of disease symptoms on plants. The findings in this study demonstrate that integration of BSFFF into the okra cropping system would improve the growth and development of the okra plant and boost its tolerance to southern blight disease.
Wild lupine (Lupinus varius L.) is an annual plant native to the Mediterranean region. Only a few studies have investigated the germination performance of wild lupine seeds in the Mediterranean region and examined different effects of temperatures and multiple dormancy-breaking treatments, which could help crop breeders to develop varieties more resilient to climate change. This study was conducted to assess how different dormancy-breaking treatments, including hot water (80 °C), chemical scarification using sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), and mechanical scarification, affect the germination rate and radicle length of wild lupine seeds when exposed to four controlled temperatures: 10, 14, 18, and 22 °C. A complete randomized design with three replications was used in this study. Mechanical scarification combined with a temperature of 22°C for 15 days was the most effective treatment for breaking the dormancy and resulted in the highest germination percentage (93.3%) and the highest radicle length (7.6 mm) for lupine seeds. In contrast, the lowest germination percentage (13.1-13.3%) was observed for H₂SO₄ and control wild lupine seeds (untreated) incubated at 10°C. In conclusion, mechanical scarification is an excellent method for breaking the seed dormancy of wild lupine seeds.
نفذت تجربة حقلية في محافظة طرطوس- منطقة الدريكيش خلال الموسم الزراعي 2024، وذلك لمقارنة تأثير الرش بحمض الجبرليك والتسميد بالنتروجين وتأثير تداخلهما في نمو وإنتاجية نبات الملوخية ، واستخدم من أجل ذلك الصنف البلدي من الملوخية. اتبع التصميم العشوائي الكامل ((CRD، شملت التجربة تسع معاملات وثلاثة مكررات: معاملة الشاهد (G0N0)، الرش الورقي بحمض الجبرليك (G1N0= 25 ppm, G2N0= 50 ppm)، والتسميد بالنتروجين(G0N1=15g/m2 G0N2=25 g/m2,)، ومعاملات التداخل بينهما (G2N2 ,G2N1 ,G1N2 ,G1N1). أظهرت النتائج أن المعاملة بحمض الجبرليك تركيز50 ppm حققت تفوقاً معنوياً واضحاً على المعاملات الأخرى بعد 60يوماً من الزراعة، وأعطت أعلى القيم لمؤشرات النمو الخضري والإنتاجية المتمثلة في: ارتفاع النبات ( 107سم)، مساحة المسطح الورقي (977 سم2/نبات)، طول الفروع الجانبية (46.8 سم)، وزن النبات (41.6 غرام) وإنتاجية وحدة المساحة ( 2080غ/م2). ومن التداخل بين العاملين تبين أن الرش بكلا التركيزين 50 ,25 ppm من حمض الجبرليك والتسميد بأعلى معدل من النتروجين 25 غ /م2 أدى إلى زيادة مؤشرات النمو الخضري معنوياً وزيادة وزن النبات والإنتاجية بالمقارنة مع بقية معاملات التداخل ومعاملة الشاهد.
Cardiospermum halicacabum is an ornamental plant known for its significant medicinal benefits. It is utilized in the treatment of various ailments, including rheumatism, neurological disorders, and snakebites. However, overgrazing and poor seed germination are the main constraints for C. halicacabum propagation and sustainability. Tissue culture can be applied as an efficient technique for increasing and conserving this plant. In this research, the effect of several growth regulators and pH levels on C. halicacabum micropropagation was investigated. For shoot proliferation growth regulators (Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP), zeatin, and kinetin) at different levels (0.0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, and 2.0 mg/L) were tested to enhance shoot development in C. halicacabum. Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP) was found to be the most effective hormone for shoot multiplication at (0.8 mg/L) BAP, which produced 3.89 shoots. Meanwhile, pH ranging from 4.0 to 6.0 did not show any significant difference related to in vitro propagation. For rooting, indole acetic acid (IAA), naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) at (0.0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, and 2.0 mg/L) were tested. IAA was the best growth regulator used for rooting of C. halicacabum. Most plantlets (90%) were acclimatized under greenhouse conditions. Our data demonstrate a successful in vitro propagation method of C. halicacabum. This would encourage further research work on C. halicacabum, such as investigating its active ingredients and antimicrobial powers.
The discriminant effect of NEAZDP on the livelihoods of beneficiary communities in Yobe State, Nigeria, highlights the need to address disparities in socio-economic outcomes and structural barriers limiting the program’s equitable and sustained impact. Consequently, this study examines the structural (programme) and endowment effects on the livelihood status of beneficiaries, comparing results across beneficiary, spill-over, and control groups. Further, using a multi-stage sampling technique, the study used a cross-sectional survey data elicited through a well-structured questionnaire coupled with an interview schedule from a total of 396 respondents spread across the treated and untreated communities of Nigeria’s Yobe State. Moreover, strictly using inferential statistics, the goals of the study were achieved. In the short term, statistical analysis demonstrates significant improvements in the livelihoods of NEAZDP participants, with results indicating that the programme addresses specific needs and enhances economic outcomes for beneficiaries. However, long-term analysis reveals a decrease in livelihood status among beneficiaries relative to spill-over groups, suggesting potential challenges in sustaining the programme’s positive effects. Through Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition, the study finds that while beneficiaries have favorable socio-economic characteristics, structural barriers within the programme limit their livelihood gains. Spill-over groups, despite non-participation, experience indirect benefits, hinting at broader community impacts. Recommendations include enhancing structural support, refining program interventions, and leveraging spill-over effects to maximize the programme’s reach. This analysis underscores the need for continuous monitoring and adaptation to maintain NEAZDP's effectiveness in fostering sustained livelihood improvements among beneficiaries.
Yam is an important economic crop that is widely cultivated in Africa and other sub-tropical continents. Its cultivation is, however, constrained by huge postharvest yield losses in tubers and setts meant for next season planting due to microbial-induced rot. The essential oils (EOs) of three botanicals, Cymbopogon nardus, Ocimum gratissimum and Citrus sinensis were evaluated for their phytochemical composition and efficacy in the management of Fusarium soft rot disease in white yam (Dioscorea rotundata Poir). Chemical constituents were analyzed and quantified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-flame ionization detectors (GC-FID). The experimental design for the in vivo trial was a 15×3×3 factorial in completely randomized design with three replications, which comprised fifteen isolates of Fusarium oxysporum, three EOs and three concentrations. Geraniol (51.73%), thymol (50.52%) and limonene (45.84%) were the major compounds found in C. nardus, O. gratissimum and C. sinensis EOs, respectively. Rot development in inoculated but treated tubers was significantly (p<0.05) reduced by 9.3 -16.4%, 10.1-17.6% and 10.2-18.3%, respectively at 0.8 ml/ml EO concentration. The efficacy of the EOs in this study indicates their potential as biofungicides in the management of Fusarium soft rot disease in white yam.
This study examined the feasibility of using two geographical features: magnetic vessel science and gravimetry, and monitoring the amount of carbon adsorbed in soil and subsurface layers. For the purpose of our study, we conducted field campaigns at various locations where we collected magnetotelluric gravity data by using of specialized equipment and integrated it with geological and environmental data analyses. Magnetotellurics measurements of soil electrical resistivity show a strong negative correlation with organic carbon concentration (e.g., S010 in situ has an electrical resistivity of 82.671 Ωm and organic carbon content of 3,786%). This made it possible to estimate the amount of carbon stored in the soil. Gravimetric changes below the ground were linked to higher levels of CO2 saturation (for example, site G003 had a 0.912 mGal change and a 25.621% CO2 saturation), which helped scientists figure out what kind of carbon storage reservoirs might be there. Using autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models and nonlinear regression techniques (Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm), time series analyses showed that it was possible to track the dynamics of CO2 injection (gravimetric anomalies went from 0.000 to 1.756 mGal when 0.623 Mt of CO2 was injected) and CO2 plume migration (resistivity went from 35.671 to 7.789 Ω•m as the plume spread to 2.16 km2). The findings contribute to developing effective climate change mitigation strategies, promoting sustainable land management practices, and informing carbon capture and storage initiatives.
Emerging evidence suggests a strong association between hydration status and the etiopathogenesis of obesity. This critical review highlights the possible role of hydration status in preventing, or at least ameliorating, the prevalence of obesity, a chronic, low-grade proinflammatory disease. PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and World Health Organization (WHO) databases were searched for literature published in English, using the following keywords search terms ‘water’, ‘water intake’, ‘hypohydration’ or ‘hydration’ and ‘energy intake’, ‘obesity’, ‘appetite’, ‘satiety’, ‘food consumption’, and ‘Body Mass Index (BMI)’ for the period between 2003 and 2023. The current review included data from clinical trials, cross-sectional stydies, cohort studies, published reviews, and case-control studies investigating the role of the hydration status in the development of obesity as well as prevention mechanisms. Rehydration by a moderate increase of daily water intake could be an effective, costless lifestyle modification for individuals at risk of developing obesity. Hypohydration could be one of the most important predisposing risk factors in both obesity pathogenesis and management, and its comorbidities via several mechanisms, mainly fat metabolism, thermogenesis, energy expenditure, food consumption, energy intake, hormonal balance, appetite regulation, and satiety regulation. Appropriate hydration status could help prevent or at least delay weight gain. Further clinical trials are required to verify the proposed mechanisms. The figure was created with BioRender.com.
تم تنفيذ هذه الدراسة في قرية كسب في اللاذقية على أشجار تفاح صنف (Golden delicious) خلال موسمي النمو (2021 و 2022) وذلك لمعرفة تأثير الرش الورقي ببعض العناصر الغذائية في محتوى ثمار التفّاح من العناصر الغذائية وفيتامين C. شملت التجربة ثمانية معاملات حيث تم الرش بالبورون والبوتاسيوم ومستخلص الطحالب البحرية بشكل منفرد او مزيج مع بعضها, أدت عملية الرش بهذه المواد إلى تفوّق معنوي للمعاملات المدروسة مقارنة بالشاهد, زادت النسبة المئوية لمحتوى الثمار من النتروجين معنويا عند الرش بمستخلص الطحالب البحرية 0.414 % بالنسبة لمتوسط العامين مقارنة بالشاهد0.288%, كما أعطت معاملة المزج بين البورون والبوتاسيوم ومستخلص الطحالب البحرية ومعاملة مستخلص الطحالب البحرية أعلى محتوى للثمار من الفوسفور %0.084,% 0.087بينما كان الشاهد 0.058% اما محتوى الثمار من البوتاسيوم فقد تفوقت معاملة المزج بين البورون والبوتاسيوم على بقية المعاملات بالنسبة لمتوسط العامين %1.555والشاهد كان 1.201 %، بالنسبة لمحتوى الثمار من الكالسيوم تفوقت معاملة الخلط بين البورون والبوتاسيوم والطحالب البحرية 0.055% والشاهد أعطى 0.043 %أما المحتوى من المغنزيوم فقد تفوقت معاملة الطحالب البحرية على باقي المعاملات حيث أعطت 0.043 %أما الشاهد 0.035%, وبالنسبة للمحتوى من البورون فقد تفوقت معاملة الخلط بين البورون والبوتاسيوم والطحالب البحرية على باقي المعاملات وكانت27.232 PPM والشاهد كان 23.76PPM , وزادت نسبة فيتامين C في الثمار عند المعاملات المختلفة مقارنة بالشاهد وكانت أعلاها في معاملة المزج بين البورون والبوتاسيوم والفوسفور16.87 ملغم/100مل أما الشاهد8.07ملغم/100مل.
Fertilizer is a crucial subject as it affects plant growth besides the surrounding soil environment and the environment at large. Deep water percolation usually drains excess soluble fertilizers to the underground water reservoirs. Finding the most proper fertilizer that can gradually and efficiently feed plants' requirement from nutrients and keep good interaction with soil, microorganisms and the surrounding environment can be promising. Conventional fertilizers have been in use for decades. The development of nanoparticulate fertilizers is becoming a trend in the industry. Plants and soil interact positively or negatively with nanoparticles depending on nanoparticle type, concentration, and level. Nano-size particles are premium fertilizers when taken in precise levels, sizes, and types, and given to the most proper plants; they can provide great advantages to the plants and surrounding environment. Microsize particle fertilizer can be promising, but the topic needs further studies.
