AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionBatch Synthesis of Organic NanoparticlesSpecifications of Reactors: Macroscale versus Microscale SynthesesProperties and Application of Organic Nanoparticles for Drug DeliveryMicrofluidic Synthesis of Organic NanoparticlesOverview: Unique Features of Microfluidic Reactors for the Controlled Synthesis of Organic NanoparticlesMicrofluidic Reactors for Organic NanoparticlesEmulsionsNanoprecipitationLiposomesControlled Operating Parameters of Microfluidic ReactorsFlow Velocity, Microfluidic Dimension, and Mixing TimeMixing Time, Aggression Time, and the Damkohler NumberSynthetic OperationsMicromixingOnline Process of Various ReactantsThermal Control and Heat TransferSpatial and Temporal Kinetic ControlSelf‐Assembly Mechanism and Competitive ReactionMicrofluidic‐Related Organic Nanoparticles for Drug DeliveryDrug Encapsulation and ReleaseStimuli‐Responsive ReleaseNanomedicine Delivery to Target CellsConclusions and Prospective StudyMaterials, Design, and FabricationHigh‐Throughput Microfluidic ProcessesControlled Synthesis of Organic NanoparticlesSpatial and Temporal Kinetics Investigation of Nanoparticles
AbstractGiven the rapid advances in the fabrication of nanostructures composed of inorganic materials, scientists have in recent years sought new methods for the fabrication of nanostructures composed of organic molecules. Organic nanostructures are promising for applications ranging from drug delivery to photomechanical actuation. This chapter will survey the methods used for producing organic nanostructures (nanoparticles, nanorods, nanotubes, nanowires), with attention focused on the use of hard templates for the fabrication of organic nanostructures with well‐defined shapes and dimensions. The unique properties and applications of these organic nanostructures will be reviewed.
Abstract The sections in this article are Introduction Diffraction Techniques Imaging Electron Microscopy Electron–Specimen Interactions Scanning Electron Microscopy Transmission Electron Microscopy Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Scanning Probe Microscopy Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Atomic Force Microscopy Spectroscopy Energy‐Dispersive X ‐Ray Spectroscopy Electron Energy‐Loss Spectroscopy X ‐Ray Absorption Spectroscopy X ‐Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Raman Spectroscopy Infrared Spectroscopy Summary
AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionCarbon NanotubesCarbon Nanotubes for Matrix EnhancementCellular Responses toCNT‐Based MatricesCNTEngineering into Three‐Dimensional MatricesVertically AlignedCNT‐Based MatricesThree‐Dimensional Cavity Network of Interconnected NanotubesFreestandingMWNT‐Based MatrixModification of theMWNT‐Based Matrix Surface with Bioactive Calcium Phosphate NanoparticlesSummary
Abstract In this chapter we describe the synthesis of iodinated homopolymeric radiopaque nanoparticles of 28.9 ± 6.3 nm diameter prepared by emulsion polymerization of 2‐methacryloyloxyethyl(2,3,5‐triiodobenzoate) (MAOETIB). These nanoparticles dispersed in aqueous continuous phase tend to agglomerate in concentration above 0.3%. The agglomeration rate increases as the concentration of the nanoparticles in the aqueous phase rises, and prevents thereby the in vivo use as contrast agent for medical X‐ray imaging. This limitation was solved by synthesis of copolymeric iodinated nanoparticles of 25.5 ± 4.2 nm diameter, via emulsion copolymerization of MAOETIB in the presence of a low concentration of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA). The surface of the resulting copolymeric nanoparticles is far more hydrophilic than that of the polyMAOETIB (PMAOETIB) nanoparticles. Therefore, P(MAOETIB‐GMA) nanoparticles are significantly more stable against agglomeration in aqueous continuous phase. After intravenous injection of the P(MAOETIB‐GMA) nanoparticles dispersed in 5% dextrose aqueous solution into rats and mice (including those with a liver cancer model) CT‐imaging revealed a significant enhanced visibility of the blood pool for 30 min after injection. Later, lymph nodes, liver and spleen strongly enhanced due to nanoparticles uptake by the reticuloendothelial system. This favorably enabled the differentiation of cancerous from healthy liver tissue and suggests our particles for tumor imaging in liver and lymph nodes.
AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionCNTPropertiesMechanicalElectricalChemical/ElectrochemicalElectrochemical BiosensingCNT‐Based Electrode FabricationAdsorptionCovalent BondingPolymer EntrapmentAligned ArraysNanoelectrodesHybrid (CNT/Metal Nanoparticle) ElectrodesApplicationsNonenzymatic BiosensingNicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NADH)HomocysteineDopamineIndole Acetic Acid (IAA)Enzymatic BiosensingGlucoseGlutamateEthanolConclusions
AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionGeneral Concepts on the Synthesis of Carbon (Nano‐)MaterialsUncatalyzed Synthesis of Carbon (Nano‐)MaterialsCatalyzed Synthesis of Carbon (Nano‐)MaterialsSynthesis from Solid PrecursorsNanodiamondsTurning Graphite into DiamondExplosive Detonation SynthesisFullerenes, Nanohorns, Single‐ and Multi‐Wall Carbon NanotubesCatalytic Chemical Vapor DepositionDefinitionsMechanistic AspectsSingle‐ and Multi‐Wall Carbon NanotubesFloating CatalystCCVDImmobilized CatalystCCVDAligned Carbon NanotubesCarbon Nanotubes Synthesized from Biocompatible CatalystsMetal‐ andPAH‐Induced Toxicity of Carbon NanotubesPurification TechniquesImportance of Defects and Curvature for Further FunctionalizationFunctionalization: Creating Anchoring Points for Bioactive MoleculesFunctionalization by OxidationFunctionalization by Coupling ReactionsNoncovalent FunctionalizationConclusion and Outlook
Abstract The sections in this article are Introduction Gene Therapy Antibacterial Therapy Wound Healing Chemotherapy Hyperthermic Drug Delivery Using CNTs Drug Transport Using CNTs Summary and Future Perspectives
Abstract The sections in this article are Introduction The Sensing Mechanisms of Nanotube Biosensors The Immobilization of Biomolecules on SWNTs Covalent Binding Noncovalent Binding Other Immobilization Methods (Metal Particles, etc.) Various Receptors for Nanotube Biosensors Aptamers Fragment Antibodies Enzymes and Proteins Other Receptor Types The Application of Nanotube Biosensors to Pathogen Detection The Future of Nanotube Biosensors
AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionTypes of Organic Particle and Scope of This ChapterCharacteristics of Organic NanoparticlesMethods of Organic Nanoparticle PreparationTop‐Down Approaches to Organic NanoparticlesReduction of Particle Size by Mechanical ForcesLithographic MethodsBottom‐Up Approaches to Organic NanoparticlesSolution‐Based Bottom‐Up MethodsVapor Condensation‐Based MethodsApplication of Organic NanoparticlesSummary and Future Perspectives
Abstract The sections in this article are Introduction Structure and Properties Functionalization Covalent Functionalization Noncovalent Functionalization Biomedical Applications Toxicity Assessment of SWCNHs SWCNHs Used in Drug‐Delivery Systems SWCNHs Used in Magnetic Resonance Analysis Biosensing Applications of SWCNHs Conclusions Acknowledgments
The sections in this article are Introduction The Chemistry of Polymersomes Polymersomes: Physico-Chemical Properties Membrane Conformations Responsive Polymersomes Surface Chemistry of the Polymersomes Polymersomes Formation and Preparation Biomedical Applications Medical Imaging Cancer Therapy Polymersomes as Delivery Vectors Nanoreactors Artificial Cells and Organelles Gene Therapy Conclusions Keywords: polymersome; block copolymers; vesicle; drug delivery; gene delivery; encapsulation
AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionUse of Nanotubes as Heated ParticlesUse of Anticancer Agents Associated with NanotubesSummaryFuture PerspectiveAcknowledgments
AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionAllotropic Forms of CarbonMagnetism in DiamondBiomedical Applications of Magnetic DiamondMagnetism in GraphiteBiomedical Applications of Magnetic GraphiteMagnetism in Carbon Nanotubes/FullerenesBiomedical Applications of Magnetic Carbon Nanotubes/FullerenesMagnetism in GrapheneBiomedical Applications of Magnetic GrapheneConclusion
AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionMethods Used to Prepare Fullerene SuspensionsSolubility of FullereneAqueous Suspensions of FullerenesToxicity of Aqueous Fullerene Suspensions as a Factor of the Dispersion MethodToxicological Data Relating to FullerenesToxicological Effects of C60on FishToxicological Effects of C60on InvertebratesToxicological Effects of C60on AlgaeToxicological Effects of C60on Bacteria and Soil MicrobesToxicological Effects of C60on Other OrganismsPossible Emission Sources of C60The Environmental Fate of C60Fullerenes in the EnvironmentConclusion
AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionPeptide‐Based NanotubesSelf‐Assembling Rosette NanotubesSelf‐Assembly PeptidesG∧CMotif Self‐Assembly: Novel Helical Rosette NanotubesNoveltyG∧CMotif Self‐Assembly ProcessBuilt‐In Strategy for Manipulating the Properties ofRNTsBiological Functions ofRNTsStability IssuesNanomaterials for Receptor‐Mediated TargetingHuman Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR)Vasoactive Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase (VPAC)‐Activating Peptide ReceptorsTransferrin Receptor (TfR)Folate Receptor (FR)Ethical Issues and Future DirectionsConclusions
