Pendahuluan: Ibadah haji maupun umrah merupakan ibadah umat Islam yang dilakukan di Arab Saudi. Pelaksanaannya pada musim panas dengan suhu dapat mencapai lebih dari 40°C sehingga berisiko menimbulkan dehidrasi, khususnya pada kelompok lansia. Dehidrasi pada lansia dapat menimbulkan komplikasi serius bahkan kematian. Pencegahan dehidrasi dapat dilakukan melalui pengetahuan dan sikap yang baik dalam pemenuhan asupan cairan.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan studi analitik observasional dengan desain potong lintang. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan teknik purposive sampling, melibatkan 50 responden lansia calon jemaah haji dan umrah. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Februari–Desember 2023 di Biro Umrah dan Haji NRA, Jakarta Selatan. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji chi-square untuk menilai hubungan antara pengetahuan dan sikap terhadap pencegahan dehidrasi.Hasil: Mayoritas responden memiliki pengetahuan baik (62%) dan sikap cukup (56%), dengan karakteristik terbanyak perempuan usia 60–65 tahun. Analisis bivariat menunjukkan adanya hubungan bermakna antara pengetahuan dengan sikap calon jemaah haji dan umrah lansia terhadap pencegahan dehidrasi (p = 0,035). Simpulan: Terdapat hubungan antara tingkat pengetahuan dengan sikap calon jemaah haji dan umrah lansia terhadap pencegahan dehidrasi.Kesimpulan: Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara tingkat pengetahuan dengan sikap pada calon jemaah haji dan umrah lansia dalam pencegahan dehidrasi.
Pendahuluan: Mutasi Gen DDX41 dapat terjadi pada keganasan hematopoesis terutama leukemia mieloid akut (LMA) dan sindroma mielodisplasia. Angka rerata insiden sindroma mielodisplasia (Myelodysplastic Syndrome/MDS) pada populasi umum adalah 4.5 dari 100,000 penduduk setiap tahun. Sindroma mielodisplasia (MDS) dapat terjadi mutasi genetik yang berbeda dan akan memberikan prognosa serta hasil terapi yang berbeda. Sindroma mielodisplasia (MDS) hipoplastik sering didapatkan pada 10-15% pasien MDS. Belum ada penulisan studi kasus maupun penelitian di Indonesia yang melaporkan kasus sindroma mielodisplasia hipoplastik yang berkaitan dengan mutasi gen Dead Box Helicase 41 (DDX41).Laporan Kasus: Seorang laki-laki umur 66 tahun datang dengan keluhan lemah. Pasien memiliki riwayat penyakit riwayat sindroma mielodisplasia 2 tahun yang lalu. Hasil pemeriksaan aspirasi sumsum tulang didapatkan selularitas dengan aktivitas granulopoesis dan thrombopoesis menurun dengan sel mieloblas sebesar 2.0%. Hasil pemeriksaan genetik dengan panel Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) didapatkan DDX41 p.(Pro258Leu) sebesar 47.9%, DDX41 p.(Arg525His) sebesar 1.7% dan ASXL1 p.(Gln977Ter) sebesar 1.6%. Pasien diberikan terapi kombinasi antara venetoclax dan azacitidine. Pada aspirasi sumsum tulang ditemukan perbaikan selularitas, aktivitas eritropoesis meningkat dengan penurunan jumlah sel yang mengalami displasia.Diskusi Kasus: Mutasi gen DDX41 dapat ditemukan terbanyak pada kasus sindroma mielodisplasia hipoplastik, sedangkan pada sindroma mielodisplasia normoseluler atau hiperseluler terbanyak dapat ditemukan mutasi genetik seperti SF3B1, TET2, STAG2, ASXL1, BCOR. Gen DDX41 berhubungan dengan molekul seluler dan imunitas innate. Mutasi gen DDX41 menentukan dalam pemilihan obat kemoterapi.Kesimpulan: Pemeriksaan genetik DDX41 dengan metode NGS sangat dibutuhkan untuk menentukan prognosis dan terapi target yang tepat didalam penatalaksanaan kasus sindroma mielodisplasia hipoplastik
Pendahuluan: Survival pasien kanker kolorektal sangat dipengaruhi oleh faktor penyertanya antara lain usia, merokok, obesitas faktor komorbid serta faktor genetiknya. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisa faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi survival kanker kolorektal di RSUD Nganjuk dan melihat ekspresi gen APC, KRAS dan SMAD4 pada jaringan tumornya.Metode: Sebanyak 51 pasien kanker kolorektal kami analisa faktor-faktor penyertanya kemudian kami analisa hubungannya dengan survival kanker kolorektalnya. Pengecatan immunohistochemistry (IHC) dilakukan untuk melihat ekspresi gen KRAS, APC dan SMAD4 pada jaringan kanker kolorektal. Data dianalisis dengan analisa bivariat antar variabel menggunakan uji Chi Square dan analisa survival dilakukan dengan analisa statistik Kaplan Meier.Hasil: Terlihat dari data bahwa pasien kanker kolorektal yang memiliki penyakit komorbid memiliki kecenderungan tingkat survival yang lebih rendah dibandingkan pasien yang tidak memiliki komorbid (P-value 0.054) dan pasien yang mengalami metastasis juga memiliki tingkat survival yang lebih rendah (P-value 0.748). Ekspresi gen APC dan SMAD4 pada IHC jaringan stroma lebih dominan daripada ekspresi gen KRAS pada stroma. Ekspresi gen yang meningkat pada stroma menandakan perannya pada invasi dan metastasis tumor.Kesimpulan: Faktor penyakit komorbid dan adanya metastasis menunjukkan kecenderungan yang negatif pada survival pasien kanker kolorektal. Ekspresi gen APC dan SMAD4 pada jaringan stroma lebih dominan daripada ekspresi gen KRAS pada stroma, menunjukkan peran gen tersebut pada invasi dan metastasis tumor.
Introduction: Depression affects approximately 22.9% of people with epilepsy (PWE), substantially higher than the general population. This comorbidity is mediated by complex neurobiological mechanisms including neuroinflammation, GABA-glutamate imbalance, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation, and is further exacerbated by psychosocial stigma.Case Presentation: We report the case of a 19-year-old woman with epilepsy diagnosed at age 6 who had been treated with phenytoin for 12 years. She developed depressive symptoms following prolonged bullying and social stigma, presenting with persistent sadness, anhedonia, self-harm behaviors, and subsequent psychotic features. Initial management included sertraline and aripiprazole. A drug-drug interactions between sertraline and phenytoin resulted in ataxia and gait imbalance, necessitating a switch in antiepileptic therapy to levetiracetam, carbamazepine, and clobazam.Methods: A systematic literature review using PubMed, Cochrane, and Google Scholar databases, focusing on studies published between 2018 amd 2023 evaluating antidepressant treatment in PWE.Result: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are recommended as first-line treatment for depression in epilepsy (recommendation level B). Venlafaxine reduced Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) scores by 7.59 points compared with no treatment (RR 3.25; 95%CI 1.19–8.90; NNT = 4). Paroxetine versus doxepin demonstrated an RR of 1.16 (95%CI 0.88–1.52; NNT = 9), while amitriptyline versus nomifensine showed an RR of 0.55 (95%CI 0.28–1.06; NNT = 3). SSRIs (sertraline or citalopram) reduced Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scores by 4.90 points compared with cognitive behavioral therapy.Conclusion: SSRIs are effective to reduce depressive symptoms in PWE, with venlafaxine representing a viable alternative for non-responders. However, clinicians should carefully consider potential drug-drug interactions, particularly CYP450 enzyme inhibition, which may increase antiepileptic drug levels and require dose adjustments and close monitoring.
Hipertensi menjadi salah satu faktor risiko utama penyakit kardiovaskular di seluruh dunia. Bukti telah menunjukkan bahwa pengendalian tekanan darah secara efektif dapat menurunkan morbiditas dan mortalitas kardiovaskular sekaligus memperlambat progresi menuju penyakit ginjal stadium akhir. Namun demikian, tingkat kontrol tekanan darah di populasi global masih jauh dari optimal meskipun telah tersedia berbagai pilihan terapi berbasis modifikasi gaya hidup maupun farmakologis. Data terbaru menunjukkan bahwa dari sekitar 120 juta orang dewasa dengan hipertensi di Amerika Serikat, hanya sekitar 23% yang berhasil mencapai target tekanan darah kurang dari 130/80 mmHg, sementara hampir 45% masih memiliki tekanan darah ≥140/90 mmHg.1
Introduction: Drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) is a major health concern in Indonesia, where treatment success rates remain low. Comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus (DM) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) may worsen patient outcomes by complicating disease management and increasing the risk of treatment failure. This study aimed to assess the impact of comorbidities on treatment success among DR-TB patients at dr. Soebandi Hospital Jember.Method: An analytic observational study was conducted on 228 DR-TB patients at RS dr. Soebandi in 2018-2022 who had completed treatment, selected using total sampling. Data were analysed using bivariate analysis to examine associations between comorbidities and treatment outcomes.Results: The overall treatment success rate was 36.8%. Comorbidities were present in 37.3% of patients and were associated with a significantly lower success rate compared to those without comorbidities (21.2% vs. 46.2%; p=0.000; OR=3.19). DM (p=0.018; OR=2.17) and HIV (p=0.026; OR=9.31) each significantly reduced treatment success. A combination of DM and hypertension also showed a significant association (p=0.041; OR=9.44).Conclusion: Hypertension alone, chronic kidney disease, and chronic hepatitis were not statistically related to treatment success. Comorbidities, particularly DM, HIV, and the combination of DM with hypertension, significantly affect DR-TB treatment success. Addressing these conditions could improve patient outcomes and enhance treatment programs.
Perilaku manusia dipengaruhi oleh interaksi kompleks antara sistem saraf dan sistem hormonal. Kelenjar hipofisis, sebagai bagian utama dari sistem endokrin, memiliki peran penting dalam regulasi fisiologis dan psikologis melalui produksi berbagai hormon. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meninjau secara sistematis peran kelenjar hipofisis dan pengaruh sistem neuroendokrin terhadap perilaku manusia. Penelitian ini melakukan telaah literatur secara sistematik terhadap delapan artikel ilmiah terpilih yang diterbitkan antara tahun 2021 hingga 2025. Artikel diperoleh melalui Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, dan ResearchGate dengan kata kunci yang relevan, serta diseleksi berdasarkan pedoman PRISMA. Telaah literatur menunjukkan bahwa hormon-hormon yang disekresikan oleh kelenjar hipofisis seperti ACTH, GH, prolaktin, LH, FSH, dan oksitosin berpengaruh signifikan terhadap pengaturan stres, emosi, ikatan sosial, serta fungsi kognitif. Sumbu HPA (hipotalamus– hipofisis–adrenal) memiliki peran sentral dalam respons stres dan berkontribusi terhadap gejala psikologis seperti kecemasan dan depresi. Selain itu, terapi non-farmakologis seperti musik terbukti menstabilkan aktivitas neuroendokrin dan menurunkan kecemasan secara signifikan. Kelenjar hipofisis berperan sebagai pusat regulasi hormonal yang memengaruhi berbagai aspek perilaku manusia. Kajian ini menegaskan pentingnya pemahaman neuroendokrin dalam konteks psikologi dan membuka peluang pengembangan intervensi mental berbasis fisiologis untuk kesehatan jiwa.
Demensia Alzheimer merupakaan penya- kit neurodegeneratif progresif yang ditandai dengan akumulasi β-amyloid dan tau, menyebabkan penurunan kognitif.1 Insiden demensia Alzheimer di seluruh dunia meningkat dengan cepat dan saat ini diperkirakan mendekati 46,8 atau 50 juta orang yang didiagnosis dengan demensia di dunia, 20,9 juta di Asia Pasifik, ada sekitar 10 juta kasus baru setiap tahun.1 Di Indonesia, diperkirakan ada sekitar 1,2 juta orang dengan demensia pada tahun 2016, yang akan meningkat menjadi 2 juta di 2030 dan 4 juta orang pada tahun 2050.1
Pendahuluan: Bayi dengan Berat Badan Lahir Rendah (BBLR) yaitu kurang dari 2500 gram menjadi salah satu faktor utama yang dapat memengaruhi kematian neonatal, kematian postneonatal maupun morbiditas pada neonatal. Terdapat beberapa faktor yang mempengaruhi BBLR diantaranya anemia. Anemia yaitu suatu kondisi ibu hamil yang memiliki kadar hemoglobin kurang dari 11 gr/dl yang bisa menjadi risiko melahirkan berat bayi lahir rendah akibat kurangnya suplai darah pada plasenta yang akan mempengaruhi pada fungsi plasenta terhadap janin. Ibu dengan anemia juga berisiko mengalami perdarahan sebelum dan saat persalinan, bahkan dapat menyebabkan kematian ibu dan bayinya apabila ibunya mengalami anemia. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis hubungan anemia dengan kejadian Bayi BBLR pada ibu hamil di RSUD Waled Tahun 2018–2021.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional dengan menggunakan metode cross sectional dengan sampel 247 responden. Peneliti menggunakan data sekunder dengan analisa univariat, dan bivariat menggunakan uji korelasi spearman.Hasil: Dari penelitian ini didapatkan hasil sebanyak 50,2% ibu hamil dengan riwayat anemia yang mempunyai bayi BBLR dan 49,8% ibu hamil tidak mengalami BBLR. Hubungan anemia dengan BBLR mempunyai hubungan signifikan (p=0,000, rs=0,321).Kesimpulan: Terdapat Hubungan antara kondisi Anemia dengan kejadian bayi BBLR pada ibu hamil di RSUD Waled pada tahun 2018–2021.
Pendahuluan: Anemia pada ibu hamil merupakan masalah kesehatan serius yang berisiko meningkatkan morbiditas dan mortalitas ibu serta bayi. Upaya pencegahan membutuhkan peran aktif kader kesehatan, namun keterbatasan pengetahuan dan keterampilan masih menjadi kendala di lapangan. Karakteristik kader di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Bandarharjo yang didominasi usia 46–55 tahun, masa kerja panjang, dan sebagian besar tidak bekerja menunjukkan perlunya media edukasi yang lebih komunikatif dibandingkan metode konvensional. Video animasi dengan kombinasi visual dan audio dinilai mampu meningkatkan pemahaman materi teknis secara lebih efektif. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis efektivitas media video animasi dalam meningkatkan pengetahuan kader kesehatan tentang anemia pada ibu hamil.Metode: Penelitian kuantitatif pre-eksperimental dengan desain one group pretest–posttest. Sampel terdiri dari 49 kader kesehatan aktif yang dipilih secara total sampling. Intervensi berupa video animasi yang dibuat dengan canva berdurasi 4 menit 41 detik. Analisis meliputi univariat dan uji Wilcoxon (data tidak normal, kurang dari 0,05).Hasil: Rata-rata skor pengetahuan meningkat signifikan dari 56,87±13,008 menjadi 78,30±15,680 (kurang dari 0,05).Kesimpulan: Media video animasi efektif meningkatkan pengetahuan kader kesehatan mengenai anemia pada ibu hamil.
Introduction: Mechanical Low Back Pain (mLBP) is a common issue linked to obesity. This study evaluates the effectiveness of Proper Body Mechanics Program in managing pain and enhancing functional ability in obese patients with mLBP.Method: Single-blind, randomized controlled trial conducted three times a week for six weeks. Thirty eligible participants at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital were divided into two groups: the intervention group (14 subjects) received the Proper Body Mechanics Program in addition to a standard treatment plan including diet education, aerobic exercise, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and William flexion exercise, while the control group (16 subjects) only received a standard treatment plan.Result: Results showed a significant reduction in pain levels as measured by the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) (p=0.011) after six weeks; however, no significant difference was found in functional ability scores (p=0.976).Conclusion: While pain and functional ability improved in each group, the study indicates that the Proper Body Mechanics Program significantly reduces pain when added to standard Williams Flexion Exercises. Although the improvement in functional ability was not statistically significant, the intervention group showed higher overall functional improvement after six weeks.
Introduction: Generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP) is a rare, acute inflammatory and potentially life-threatening variant of psoriasis, characterized by widespread sterile pustular eruptions on an erythematous base, often accompanied by systemic symptoms such as fever, malaise, and leukocytosis. GPP differs from chronic plaque psoriasis due to dysregulation of the IL-36 pathway and IL36RN mutations, classifying it as an autoinflammatory keratinization disease, which poses significant therapeutic challenges, especially in settings with limited healthcare resources and restricted access to biologic agents.Case Report: A 43-year-old man presented with high fever, severe skin pain, and widespread pustules coalescing into “lakes of pus.” Histopathological examination revealed orthokeratosis, parakeratosis, regular acanthosis, thinning of the suprapapillary plate, Munro microabscesses, and Kogoj’s spongiform pustules. Case Discussion: A diagnosis of Von Zumbusch-type GPP was established based on clinical and histopathological findings. Although biologic agents are the first- line treatment according to current guidelines, short-term systemic corticosteroids remain an important option in resource-limited settings. The patient responded well to intravenous methylprednisolone and topical corticosteroids, with significant reduction in the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) and no relapse during eight weeks of follow-up.Conclusion: This case underscores the feasibility of achieving remission in generalized pustular psoriasis using conventional systemic corticosteroids under close monitoring, particularly in resource-limited settings where access to biologic agents may be restricted.
Buku harian nyeri kepala merupakan alat penting dalam meningkatkan akurasi diagnosis dan pemantauan klinis nyeri kepala, terutama pada kondisi dengan pola serangan yang bervariasi atau kronik seperti migren. Mengingat belum tersedianya uji baku emas untuk menegakkan diagnosis, pencatatan prospektif melalui buku harian membantu mengurangi bias ingatan dan mendukung klasifikasi berdasarkan kriteria ICHD-3. Tinjauan literatur ini merangkum bukti ilmiah mengenai penggunaan paper headache diary (PHD) dan electronic headache diary (EHD) dalam praktik klinis. Berbagai penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kedua bentuk buku harian mampu meningkatkan ketepatan diagnosis, mengidentifikasi pola serangan dan faktor pencetus, serta mendukung evaluasi terapi abortif maupun profilaksis. Buku harian nyeri kepala elektronik menawarkan keunggulan tambahan seperti pencatatan otomatis, visualisasi grafik, dan kemudahan analisis longitudinal, meskipun penggunaannya dapat dipengaruhi oleh ketersediaan perangkat dan literasi digital. Temuan dari studi lokal maupun internasional konsisten menunjukkan manfaat diary pada layanan primer, sekunder, dan tersier. Secara keseluruhan, buku harian nyeri kepala, merupakan instrumen efektif dan praktis yang perlu diintegrasikan dalam manajemen klinis nyeri kepala.
Introduction: Irrational antibiotic use in pediatric populations remains a significant challenge in Indonesia, contributing to antibiotic resistance. Despite interventions and public awareness campaigns, inappropriate antibiotic prescribing and self-medication persist among patients, healthcare providers, and pharmacies. This study aims to identify trends, challenges, and potential solutions for promoting rational antibiotic use in Indonesia.Methods: A retrospective review was conducted on 11 unpublished survey studies by YOP related to antibiotic use in pediatric populations and healthcare practices in Indonesia from 2004 to 2023. Data sources included prescription surveys (2004-2012), community perception surveys (2014-2023), and healthcare provider assessments (2010-2013). Prescription patterns, antibiotic perceptions, and dispensing practices were analyzed.Results: The public surveys over two decades show a decline in the behavior of buying antibiotics without a prescription (from 91% to 23%), while the prescribing of antibiotics for colds and coughs remains high and unchanged (around 68-79%). Pharmacy assessments found that 85% of pharmacies dispensed antibiotics without a prescription and 43% advised antibiotics for URTI.Conclusion: Misconceptions about antibiotics, lack of stringent regulations on antibiotic sales, and continued overprescription by healthcare providers are the key factors of irrational antibiotic usage in pediatric population in Indonesia.
Introduction: Tuberculosis, one of the most globally burdensome infectious diseases, poses high mortality and morbidity risks due to the adverse effects of treatment and disease-related complications, resulting in poor treatment adherence. Despite probiotics, treatment supplements containing live bacteria and having known immunomodulatory effects, their impact on tuberculosis therapy remains understudied. Hence, this systematic review aims to explore the effect of probiotic supplementation on the outcomes of active tuberculosis therapy, including but not limited to its effectiveness in improving tuberculosis treatment and host immunity, as well as its adverse events. Method: A systematic review was performed by searching relevant primary clinical studies from PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, and Clinicaltrials.gov. The included studies were assessed for risk of bias with the Revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials, and the findings were synthesized qualitatively. Results: A total of five randomized controlled trials involving 926 patients were included in this systematic review. Our findings revealed that Lactobacillus casei probiotic supplementation significantly reduced the incidence and duration of gastrointestinal side effects during tuberculosis therapy, particularly vomiting, decreased appetite, and constipation. Additionally, probiotics displayed the potential to enhance immunity by increasing lymphocyte cell counts, downregulating proinflammatory cytokines, maintaining immunoglobulin A levels in saliva, mitigating oxidative stress in gastrointestinal organs, and ameliorating gut dysbiosis. Conclusion: These results highlight the advantageous impact of probiotics on active tuberculosis therapy outcomes. Further studies involving a more heterogeneous population investigating the adverse effects following probiotics use, and the long-term effects of probiotics supplementation are required to substantiate our findings.
Since James Parkinson's 1817 initial description of Parkinson's disease (PD), autonomic dysfunction has been identified in PD patients. Parkinson disease (PD) is clinically heterogeneous due to motor and nonmotor symptoms, disease progression, and treatment responses. Autonomic dysfunction can cause a variety of symptoms, such as gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, urogenital, thermoregulatory, irregular pupillary movements, respiratory, and sleep symptoms. The idea that autonomic dysfunction may have a major role in PD patients' mobility, cognition, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is supported by several studies. Current management, as determined by the most recent guidelines, is crucial for updating physician expertise. Appropriate care is contingent upon a correct and timely diagnosis which will enhance the quality of life for PD patients. A thorough discussion of the clinical symptoms and current therapy will be provided in this article.
Introduction: Cancer causes a significant physical and emotional burden, not only for patients, but also for caregivers. Caregiver’s burden is associated with caring for a chronically ill family member, which would increase if role tensions and concerns related to cancer are high and/or if they are in poor physical and emotional health, such as depression or anxiety. This study aims to determine the relationship between depression and anxiety with the burden of caregivers of cancer patients receiving chemotherapy.Method: A cross-sectional study with consecutive sampling involving caregiver of cancer patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The sample filled out the DASS-21 and ZBI questionnaires to determine the degree of depression, anxiety, and caregiving burden. The relationship between variables was obtained using the Spearman test.Results: From 30 caregivers of cancer patients who received chemotherapy, 3 experienced mild depression, 1 experienced moderate depression, 7 experienced severe depression, and 2 experienced very severe depression. While 5 experienced mild anxiety, 3 experienced moderate anxiety, 4 experienced severe anxiety, and 5 experienced very severe anxiety. ZBI showed 18 with little or no burden, 3 with mild to moderate burden, 4 with moderate to severe burden, and 5 with severe burden. There is a significant correlation between the degree of depression and anxiety with the burden of caring for cancer patients who receive chemotherapy (p less than 0,001).Conclusion: Depression and anxiety are associated with the burden of caring for cancer patients who receive chemotherapy due to the tension and worry related to cancer with various symptoms and chemotherapy side effects.
Introduction: Indonesia, part of the “Thalassemia Belt,” carries a significant burden of hemoglobinopathies, with β-thalassemia trait (BTT) affecting up to 10% of the population. In rural settings with limited access to advanced diagnostics, distinguishing between BTT and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) using clinical and hematologic indices such as the Mentzer Index may aid early management.Method: A structured literature search was conducted in MEDLINE and EBSCO to identify diagnostic or cross-sectional studies comparing red blood cell indices, particularly the Mentzer Index, in differentiating IDA from BTT. Studies were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, and full texts were critically appraised by three reviewers using criteria of validity, importance, and applicability.Results: Six studies with Level 4 evidence were included. The Mentzer Index was evaluated in all studies, with sensitivity ranging from 66% to 100% and specificity from 47.1% to 100%. Rashwan et al. and Jasim et al. reported perfect or near-perfect accuracy, while Indrasari et al., an Indonesian study, found more modest results (sensitivity 66%, specificity 62.5%). Variability in diagnostic performance may be influenced by population genetics, disease spectrum, and laboratory techniques.Conclusion: The Mentzer Index demonstrates promising diagnostic value, particularly in settings where advanced testing is unavailable. However, variability in its accuracy across populations suggests that clinical judgment remains essential. The Mentzer Index can be a useful preliminary tool but should not replace confirmatory tests when available.
Introduction: HIV/AIDS remains a global health problem with opportunistic infections (OIs) contributing to increased mortality. As a referral center for HIV/ AIDS services in Kediri City, Gambiran Hospital has reported a rising prevalence of HIV/AIDS and associated OIs. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and distribution of OIs among HIV/AIDS patients at Gambiran Hospital, Kediri, East Java.Method: This study involved adult patients diagnosed with HIV/AIDS and OIs during the period 2019–2021. Sampling from medical records was performed using a proportional random sampling method. Data were analyzed descriptively.Results: Of the total subjects (n = 59), the highest proportion of HIV/AIDS patients with OIs was found in group age of 26–45 years (62.7%). Most were male (66.1%), married (71.2%), actively employed (66.1%), and had completed high school (45.8%). The majority of subjects had a single OI (61%), with tuberculosis being the most common (34.9%).Conclusion: HIV/AIDS patients with OIs at Gambiran Hospital were predominantly aged 26–45 years, male, married, actively employed, and had completed high school, with tuberculosis being the most common OI.
Pneumonia eosinofilik merupakan kelompok penyakit paru yang jarang dan bersifat heterogen, terdiri dari dua subtipe utama yaitu pneumonia eosinofilik akut (PEA) dan kronik (PEK). Kedua subtipe ini ditandai dengan infiltrasi eosinofil ke dalam jaringan paru dan ruang alveolar, dengan patofisiologi yang serupa namun manifestasi klinis dan etiologi yang berbeda. PEA umumnya terkait pajanan rokok pada perokok baru atau yang kembali merokok, sedangkan PEK sering ditemukan pada individu dengan riwayat atopi seperti asma atau rinitis alergi. Diagnosis memerlukan pemeriksaan radiologi dan konfirmasi melalui bronkoskopi dengan kurasan bronkoalveolar. Tata laksana utama adalah pemberian kortikosteroid, namun terdapat potensi kekambuhan dan kebutuhan terapi jangka panjang. Terapi biologis dengan antibodi monoklonal mulai dikaji sebagai alternatif. Tinjauan pustaka ini bertujuan untuk meninjau karakteristik klinis, patofisiologi, diagnosis dan tatalaksana PE berdasarkan pustaka terkini.
