The genus Aristolochia gathers plants used in folk medicine, which present in their composition the Aristolochic acids I and II. Among the major toxicological events caused by Aristolochic acids is programmed cell death. Aristolochic acid induced apoptosis occurs in target organs such as the liver, kidney, pancreas, testis, ovary, intestine and lung. Although it is beneficial for the cure of various diseases Aristolochias or Aristolochic acids I and II can also cause necrosis. The objective of this work was to compile information about the effects of Aristolochic acids on the induction of apoptosis. The present work makes an alert when consuming this herb, and derivatives that possess Aristolochic acids.
Fish is the most species-rich class of vertebrates, including a number of species that correspond to about half of the total vertebrates [...].
Background: The liver is the site of numerous neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions, with neoplastic lesions accounting for a prominent cause of morbidity and mortality. Being a common site for metastatic tumors, it becomes imperative to differentiate the same from hepatocellular carcinoma, owing to varied management modalities involved. Diagnosis by fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), is considered a prominent investigative procedure in this regard. However, it is not without its limitations and disadvantages. Aim and Objectives: This retrospective research analyzes the cytological features of hepatic masses, with particular reference to pattern assessment, cellular and nuclear details along with background characteristics of note which could define differentiating characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma from metastatic malignancy. Accompanying clinico-radiological and biochemical parameters that could be helpful in this regard were also studied. An attempt was also made to distinguish the features characteristic to different grades of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Method: FNAC of 114 hepatic neoplastic lesions received during a two years period in the pathology department of a tertiary care hospital were retrospectively analyzed. Clinico-radiological and biochemical parameters were correlated, and data thus retrieved was analyzed statistically for relevance. Results: Males were predominantly affected both by primary and metastatic malignancy with primary over 60 years of age. Jaundice, history of prior alcohol consumption, pre-existing liver disease, elevated LFT along with AFP levels >400 ng/ml was seen in significant cases of hepatocellular carcinoma. Radiologically, metastasis showed multiple lesions with most cases less than 5cms in diameter with invasion of adjacent structures. Analysis of three characteristic cytological features including presence of cytoplasmic bile, intranuclear inclusions and traversing blood vessel was carried out and it was observed that the highest chance of tumor being HCC was when all three were seen. After analyzing features to differentiate between the different grades of HCC it was observed that as the grades progressed the cells became undifferentiated and similarities increased. Cytohistological correlation was seen in 91.3% of cases of primary and 86.9% of metastatic malignancies. Conclusion: Close attention to cytological features like cell clusters, intranuclear inclusions, endothelial rimming in conjunction with radiological images and biochemical markers provide valuable pointers in distinguishing between primary HCC and hepatic metastatic carcinomas thus obviating the need of invasive procedures.
Many tissues if not all are thought to contain undifferentiated cells that are answerable for recovery and fix of the tissue after injury. Dysregulation of tissue recovery might bring about different obsessive conditions, among which malignant growth is the most broadly considered. Remarkably, the supposed malignancy undifferentiated organisms or tumor-starting cells, have been concentrated to comprehend the components of carcinogenesis and additionally metastasis. In any case, the idea of disease immature microorganisms, not to mention typical stem/forebear cells, especially those of the thyroid remaining parts subtle. There stays a hole in information between grown-up thyroid stem/forebear cells and disease immature microorganisms of the thyroid, and if as well as how they are identified with one another. Comprehension of the component for thyroid recovery and method of investment of typical grown-up thyroid stem/forebear cells in this cycle will ideally yield a more complete comprehension of the idea of thyroid malignant growth foundational microorganisms, as well as assist with understanding the pathogenesis of other thyroid sicknesses. This audit sums up the current comprehension of grown-up thyroid stem/begetter cells, with specific accentuation on how they add to thyroid recovery.
Satellite cells (SC) constitute the stem cell population of skeletal muscle and conduct myogenic growth and differentiation. Recently, aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) has been identified as a novel myogenic factor in experimental models of SCs. ALDH1 constitutes a subfamily of the ALDH enzyme super family. The enzymatic functions of ALDH1 isoforms include both protection against oxidative stress products and regulation of differentiation as pacemaker enzyme in retinoic acid signaling. Although ALDH enzymatic activity has been demonstrated in SCs it is not clear which isoforms are important in human skeletal muscle. Here, we show that ALDH1A1 and ALDH1A3 are expressed in human SCs. Using antibodies directed against ALDH1 and its isoforms ALDH1A1 and ALDH1A3, respectively, we demonstrate immunohistochemical staining in peri-fascicular position matching the localization of SCs. Consistently, co-immunofluorescence reveals ALDH1 expression in CD56 positive stem cells and co-localization of the isoforms ALDH1A1 and ALDH1A3 in Pax7 positive SCs. Quantitative analysis of immunohistochemical staining showed no significant differences in the distribution of ALDH1 positive SCs in the skeletal muscle groups pectoralis, diaphragm and psoas that have been investigated in the present study. In conclusion, human SCs co-express the ALDH1 isoforms ALDH1A1 and ALDH1A3.
The endosymbiotic beginning of eukaryotes united two dissimilar genomes in the cell. Also, eukaryotic normal history has included other endosymbiotic occasions, phagotrophic utilization of living beings, and personal associations with infections and endoparasites. These wonders worked with enormous scope sidelong quality exchange and organic contentions. We combine data from almost twenty years of genomics to outline how the exchange between horizontal quality exchange and natural contentions has affected the rise of new variations in eukaryotes. Utilizing apicomplexans as model, we outline how sidelong exchange from creatures has added to extraordinary parasite-have interfaces included grip and O-connected glycosylation-related spaces. Variations, arising because of extraordinary choice for variety in the atomic members in organismal and genomic clashes, being scattered by sidelong exchange, were accordingly exapted for eukaryote-explicit developments. We show this utilizing models identifying with eukaryotic chromatin, RNAi and RNA-preparing frameworks, flagging pathways, apoptosis and invulnerability. We feature the significant commitments from synergist areas of bacterial poison frameworks to the beginning of flagging catalysts (e.g., ADP-ribosylation and little particle courier blend), mutagenic chemicals for invulnerable receptor broadening and RNA-preparing. Also, we examine commitments of bacterial anti-infection or siderophore combination frameworks and intra-genomic and intra-cell childish components (e.g., limitation change, portable components and lysogenic phages) in the rise of chromatin renovating/adjusting chemicals and RNA-based guideline. We foster the idea that organic struggle frameworks filled in as transformative nurseries for advancements in the protein world, which were conveyed to eukaryotes through parallel quality stream to spike key developmental advancements right from nucleogenesis to genealogy explicit variations.
Introduction: Salivary gland shows various pathological conditions ranging from cystic, inflammatory, tumor like and neoplastic lesions. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) plays an important role in evaluating salivary gland (SG) tumors. Salivary gland tumors are one of the most heterogeneous groups of neoplasms with cytopathological features overlapping among the entities and making it difficult to assign to specific category. Due to these facts, salivary gland cytopathology is one of the most challenging areas of cytology. The lack of a uniform reported guidelines in salivary gland cytopathology leads to inter-observer variability and disagreements. The present study was undertaken to assess the degree of inter-observer reproducibility for diagnostic categorization of salivary gland lesions utilizing MSRSGC among pathologists with varying experience along with its role in providing a framework for reporting salivary gland lesions. Materials and Methods: In this cross sectional study, total of 44 cases of salivary gland lesions subjected to FNAC over a period of 7 year were studied. The cases were critically reviewed by 2 pathologists and a pathology resident with variable experience in cytopathology using MSRSGC in our institution. Inter-observer variability was assessed by comparing the agreement between two cytopathologists and pathology resident by using Cohen’s kappa statistics (Io score) and interpretation of the results was done using scale of Landis and Koch. Results: All the salivary gland aspirates were categorized according to MSRSGC.Out of 44 cases, maximum cases 22 (50%) were classified under IVA (BN) followed by 27.27% to 29.5% cases classified under II (NN), 2.27-4.55% of cases under Category IVB (SUMP), 4.55% under category V( SM) and 6.82% cases under category VI ( M). Inter-observer variability (IOV) was calculated for individual category in Milan system using Cohens kappa test, which was found to be in the almost perfect agreement range as per Landis and Koch, for categories II, IVA, V, VI ( Io score 0.89- 1). Kappa score ranged from 0.645 - 1 for category I (ND), which showed substantial to an almost perfect agreement. Whereas, category IVB (SUMP) showed variable results, with substantial agreement (Io score 0.656) to no agreement (Io score 0) between different observers.The overall IOV showed an almost perfect agreement with a kappa score of 0.861(obs1 vs 2) ,0.896 (obs1 vs R), 0.965 (obs 2 vs R). The data was found to be statistically significant (p=< .0001). Conclusion: MSRSGC is a very efficient system and has the potential to standardize salivary gland FNA diagnoses, providing clear prognostic and management information to clinicians and surgeons. This system can be used with good reproducibility between observers with variable cytopathology experience. Placing lesions in categories using MSRSGC can result in optimal management of discordant cases without using a specific diagnosis. Application of MSRSGC has immense value for standardization of reporting of salivary gland FNAC.Hence we recommend the use of Milan system for reporting salivary gland cytopathology.
Palmoplantar keratodermas(PPK) are group of cornification disorders characterized by epidermal hyperkeratotic lesions involving the palms and soles. A 50years old healthy male, presented with history of multiple punctate hyperkeratotic papules since last 5 years.
Introduction: Bronchiolar adenoma (BA) of the lung is a recently recognized rare benign neoplasm of bronchiolar origin. Because of a lepidic growth pattern in routine histopathologic examination, pathologists often erroneously recognize this lesion as pulmonary adenocarcinoma, atypical adenomatous hyperplasia, peribronchiolar metaplasia, or basal cell hyperplasia in intraoperative frozen section diagnosis. Differential diagnosis from malignancy is especially important. Case Presentation: We report herein a case of BA which was accurately diagnosed with both intraoperative cytology and frozen histology preparations. A 70-year-old man nonsmoker underwent computed tomography scan, revealing a 7.2 × 6.8 mm-sized solid nodule in the peripheral field of the right lower lobe.Video-assisted thoracoscopic wedge resection of the nodule followed. A localized anterior mediastinal mass was also simultaneously excised, and the diagnosis of B1 thymoma was made. The 7 × 7 × 4 mm-sized, solitary, jelly-like, well-circumscribed and subpleurally located lung mass microscopically revealed a lepidic growing lesion, consisting of non-atypical ciliated cells, mucous cells and basal cells, surrounded by mucin pools.The diagnosis of distal-type BA was made intraoperatively with both cytologic and histologic examinations. Immunohistochemically, the ciliated columnar, mucous, and basal cells were positive for cytokeratin 7 and p16INK4a.TTF-1 and napsin A were positive in the ciliated columnar and mucous cells. Mucous cells were focally immunoreactive for MUC5AC. MUC6 was negative. Basal cells were clearly recognized by immunostaining for CK5/6, p40, p63 and podoplanin. Genetic analysis demonstrated mutation of BRAF V600E. The postoperative course was uneventful for four months. Discussion/Conclusion: Previous studies have described difficulty in making a diagnosis of BA, particularly during intraoperative consultations.Appropriate recognition of a two-celled pattern with consistent association of basal cells is critically important for the intraoperative diagnosis of BA. Ultrarapid immunostaining for p40,p63 or CK5/6 using frozen sections may be of diagnostic value.
Background: Ovarian tumors are a heterogenous group of neoplasia of epithelial, stromal and germ cell origin. Each class there are different behaviors ranging from benign to highly aggressive malignant tumor. The management depends on the histological type, presentation and stage of the disease. Aim: To ascertain the incidence, the age of distribution, the parity, the clinical presentation, and the histological types. Materials and methods: It was a retrospective study and information was retrieved from patient’s files in the department of Obstetrics and Gynecology as well as the histology forms from the histopathology department of the teaching hospital Result: A total of 82 cases were studied out of 3,084 gynecological admissions within the study period giving an incidence of 2.7%. The germ cell tumor was noted to be the commonest gynecological tumor. Conclusion: Clinical data and sonographic findings can help narrow our differential diagnosis. However, histology is indispensable in making the final diagnosis and thus helping to determine the appropriate treatment management of patient.
Introduction: Breast cancer is the commonest malignancy in women worldwide and leading cause of death from cancer in women. So the preoperative evaluation of breast lumps is an essential part of the management of breast lesions. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a well-accepted procedure and is a valuable tool in the diagnosis and patient management of breast lesions. It has high diagnostic accuracy. This helps the clinician in planning the correct surgical or medical treatment. Aim: Correlation of breast lump FNAC with biopsies Materials and Methods: 3 years retrospective study of 90 patients attending outpatient department of M.S.RAMAIAH Medical College from JAN 2015 to DEC 2017 presented with breast lump in women, who underwent FNAC in the Department of Pathology were correlated with histopathology in 90 cases. Results: Out of 90 cases 67 benign and 23 were malignant. Maximum cases (24) seen in 21 -30 years, most of them were benign conditions. Fibro adenoma was the most common benign condition (32.8%). Malignant cases were seen more in the 5th decade. IDC was the most common type. Diagnostic accuracy of FNAC for malignant condition was 68.96%. Conclusion: The results of our study showed FNA of breast lump to be a reliable method to diagnose breast lump with high accuracy. Triple assessment by clinical, radiological and FNAC can produce 99% accuracy for both benign and malignant lesions. Histopathological study acts as an internal quality measure for Cytological diagnosis .It is the gold standard for diagnosis of neoplastic lesions. Keywords: Breast lumps • Fibro adenoma • Biopsy Abbreviations: FNAC: Fine needle aspiration cytology • IDC: Invasive Ductal Carcinoma
Columnar cell lesions in the breast are seen as mammographic microcalcifications. Occasionally they may be seen on ultrasound imaging. Cytological material from these lesions is rarely obtained, but seem to mirror the heterogeneous histological findings ranging from benign to low grade atypia. The cytological features of a handful of cases are described and demonstrated in this short report.
Background: Evaluation of patients with skin or subcutaneous nodules, especially if it was multiple represents a major problem for the clinicians. But with full investigations, the problem becomes easier. However, the final diagnosis depends on pathological reports of tissue biopsy [1]. The easy access of the skin nodule provides the soil for performance fine needle aspiration cytology and taking the samples by the pathologists, or the clinicians. Smear cytology gives many defaults[2]. Performance of cell blocks was a trial to avoid these defaults and improve the diagnosis. The results of smear and cell block examinations were compared with examination of tissue biopsies. Methodology: Two hundred twenty five skin and subcutaneous nodules from 225 patients underwent the material of this study. The patients were selected from those referred topathology department, faculty of medicine Zagazig University, through the period between January 2018 and December 2020. Fine needle aspirations were performed utilizing the ordinary 22-gaugeneedle 10 cc syringes. Cell blocks were done utilizing the remnants in the syringe after performance of the smears. Histopathological examination was done using biopsies taken later on. Results: According to tissue biopsy examination: Benign lesions constitute the commonest findings (180 cases) 80% 0f cases: Lipoma35 cases (15.5%), Adipose tissue30 cases (13.3%), Fibrolipoma 20 cases (8.8%), Fibroma20 cases (8.8%), Juvenile fibroma 5 cases (2.2%), Neurofibroma 5 cases (2.2%), Sebaceous cyst in 25 cases (11.1%), Implantation cyst, or dermoid cyst 20 cases (8.8%), Pilomatrixoma 5 cases (2.2%), Seborrheic keratosis 10 cases (4.4%), Madura foot (actinomycosis) 5 cases (2.2%). Intermediate lesions: Atypical lipoma 5 cases (2.2%). Malignant lesions 25 cases (11.11%): Basal cell carcinoma10 cases (4.4%), squamous cell carcinoma 10 cases (4.4%), Basosquamous cell carcinoma 5cases (2.2%). For the FNAC smear examination, the sensitivity test was: 83.01%, the specificity test was: 16.66%. For the cell blocks examination, the sensitivity test was: 97.77%, specificity test was: 100%. Conclusion: Smear cytology is an easy, rapid test for diagnosis of skin nodule and performance of cell blocks improves its sensitivity and specificity outcome, but both must be attempted, because smear may be inefficient for some cases while cell block cannot be performed others.
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most widely recognized essential focal sensory system cancer in grown-ups. It is a profoundly obtrusive sickness, making it hard to accomplish a total careful resection, bringing about helpless anticipation with a middle endurance of 12–15 months after conclusion, and under 5% of patients endure over 5 years. Careful, instrument innovation, demonstrative and radio/chemotherapeutic procedures have gradually developed after some time; however this has not converted into huge expansions in persistent endurance. The current norm of care for GBM patients including a medical procedure, radiotherapy, and attendant chemotherapy temozolomide (known as the Stupp convention), has just given an unassuming increment of 2.5 months in middle endurance, since the milestone distribution in 2005. There has been impressive exertion as of late to expand our insight into the sub-atomic scene of GBM through propels in innovation, for example, cutting edge sequencing, which has prompted the delineation of the infection into a few hereditary subtypes. Flow therapies are a long way from acceptable, and concentrates on exploring procured/inborn protection from momentum treatments; confined medication conveyance, inter/intra-tumoral heterogeneity, drug repurposing and a cancer invulnerable shifty climate have been the focal point of extraordinary examination over ongoing years. While the clinical headway of GBM therapeutics has seen restricted movement contrasted with different malignant growths, improvements in clever treatment procedures that are being explored are showing empowering signs for fighting this infection. This point of this audit is to give a short outline of a chose number of these clever helpful methodologies.
