The aim of this study was to evaluate grain yield, ecological plasticity, and stability often durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) cultivars in multi-environment trials in terms of their suitability for dissemination under the conditions of the Western region of Ukraine. Field experiments were conducted over two growing seasons (2023-2024 and 2024-2025) at three agroecologically distinct locations, which in combination with years constituted six environments. Grain yield data were analyzed using combined analysis of variance and parametric stability approaches, including the Eberhart-Russell regression model and a set of nine stability parameters. The ANOVA results revealed a predominant contribution of the genotype effect to grain yield formation (over 90% of the total variation), while the effects of environment and genotype & times; environment interaction were statistically significant but comparatively smaller. Analysis of the G & times; E structure indicated the dominance of a linear, predictable component, suggesting that cultivar responses to changing growing conditions can be adequately described using regression coefficients. The cultivars differed markedly in their levels of plasticity and stability: high-yielding genotypes exhibited specific adaptation to favorable environments, whereas more stable cultivars produced moderate yield levels. The obtained results confirm the relevance of an integrated assessment of durum wheat cultivars that combines yield performance, stability, and plasticity as a scientifically sound basis for cultivar recommendation under conditions of increasing climatic variability.
Modern biologized technologies require the implementation of scientifically sound measures that combine agrotechnical, chemical and biological methods, which makes this issue extremely relevant. The aim of the article was to evaluate the effectiveness of various forms of the drug Lipaktiv in combination with soil and insurance herbicides compared to the effect of Liposam on sunflower, soybean and corn crops for grain. Field and laboratory tests were conducted during 2021-2024 on the basis of the scientific research farm "Agronomichne" of the Vinnytsia National Agrarian University, located in the village ofAgronomichne, Vinnytsia region. The main indicators were: The number of weeds and their death, according to standard methods. It was established that in experiments with sunflower, with natural moistening with an additional 100 mm of precipitation, 19 +/- 4 weeds/m2 were recorded on the control plot without the use of Liposam. The use of Liposam extra reduced this indicator to 12 +/- 3 weeds/m2, which is 7 units less. The best result was obtained when combining the soil herbicide with Liposam ultra 9 +/- 1 weeds/m2, which is 10 units less than the control. In the variant with the herbicide guardian tetra and Liposam, there was an average of 14 +/- 3 weeds/m2. On soybean crops, the combination of the herbicide with Liposam at doses of 0.5 and 0.8 l/ha turned out to be the best-the difference between these variants was insignificant. A similar picture was observed on corn crops. The results showed that the combination of the soil herbicide with the adhesive Liposam does not significantly affect the density of seedlings. The most effective 30 days after application was the use of Liposam ultra in combination with the herbicide, with a minimum level of weediness 9 +/- 1 pcs/m2. On soybeans and corn, the best results were also shown by the use of Liposam in doses of 0.5-0.8 l/ha. The minimum number of weeds on corn14 +/- 3 pcs/m2 was recorded in the variant with Liposam ultra 0.5 l/ha and additional moistening. The proposed agrotechnical approaches based on elements can be effectively implemented to improve the technologies for growing grain crops, in particular sunflower, soybeans and corn.
The aim of the research was to conduct a comparative evaluation of winter wheat varieties regarding their ability to consistently realize yield potential depending on the level of mineral nutrition and the mechanisms of formation of the main yield components. It was established that winter wheat yield was most closely related to productive tillering density and grain weight per spike, whereas the effect of thousand kernel weight was variety-specific. A two-factor regression model including productive tillering and grain weight per spike demonstrated high explanatory power (R2=0.98-0.99) for all studied varieties. However, the magnitude of residual variance differed significantly, indicating different yield formation mechanisms. The obtained results justify the feasibility of a differentiated approach to mineral fertilization of winter wheat considering varietal peculiarities of yield formation.
Based on the combined assessment of energy value, the potential for increasing potato production as a food product per unit area, and excellent and good culinary qualities, an evaluation of potato varieties of different maturity groups was carried out. The dependence of these indicators on the maturity group and genotype was established. The classification of potato varieties according to culinary and consumer type, oriented toward specific consumer requirements, provides opportunities to enhance the competitiveness of newly zoned potato varieties in the modern food market. The research was conducted under the conditions of the North-Eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine (Sumy region) during 2021-2023 with the cultivation of potato varieties belonging to different maturity groups. According to culinary and consumer classification, most of the studied varieties were assigned to types A, B, and C. In terms of productivity, mid-season varieties predominated (Sifra-20.2 thousand kcal/ha and Jelly-19.1 thousand kcal/ha), demonstrating the highest energy yield. The Sifra variety exhibited the maximum caloric content (58.3 kcal/100 g). To obtain maximum profit per unit area (based on energy indicators), it is advisable to select the Sifra variety. For the early production market, the most suitable varieties are Colomba and Anushka, despite their lower caloric content. Bernina represents a stable "mid-range" variety with high consumer characteristics, making it attractive for retail markets.
Fascioliasis is a zoonotic disease that affects millions of people in the Middle East. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the antiparasitic impact of Moringa oleifera and Curcuma longa on Fasciola hepatica-infected rats. Rats were divided into four groups: Uninfected negative control; infected untreated positive control; infected and treated with C. longa extract; infected and treated with M. oleifera seed extract. The liver enzymatic activity, egg count, and histopathological impact in infected and uninfected groups were determined, and the therapeutic efficacy was assessed. The study outcomes showed that the treated groups had fewer histopathological markers of Fasciola infection than the untreated group. Furthermore, the treated groups had much-reduced amounts of Fasciola egg in feces, and liver enzymes were retrained near the normal range. This effect was more pronounced in the M. oleifera extract group compared to the C. longa extract group. M. oleifera extracts have demonstrated promising efficacy in the treatment of fascioliasis in animal models.
Abiotic stresses such as drought and salinity remain among the formidable challenges to global crop productivity, threatening food security under a changing climate. This study investigated the biocharweathering and biochar role in mitigating abiotic stresses in tomato. Scanning electron microscopy and elemental analysis of biochar after six months of soil incorporation revealed changes in its structure and composition. Pot experiment showed that 5% (v/v) biochar application mitigated biomass loss, limiting biomass reduction to 35% under drought (compared to 50% reduction in the no biochar control). Under salinity stress, plants grown with 5% biochar amendments showed 13% more biomass as compared to no biochar control. Moderate biochar application (5%) consistently outperformed to higher rate (10%) in promoting growth and stress tolerance.
Background: Moringa oleifera demonstrates substantial potential as a valuable ingredient in the food industry due to its nutrient-dense composition, including high protein levels, vitamins, and minerals. This study analyzed Moringa Freeze Dried Extract Powder (MFDP) fortified yogurt for its composition, benefits, quality, and sensory characteristics. Notably, incorporating MFDP into yogurt offers a promising functional food approach to support glycemic control and overall metabolic health. Materials and Methods: The MFDP was incorporated into yogurt in four different concentration 0.5% (T-1), 1% (T-2), 1.5% (T-3), and 2% (T-4) and observed for its quality and functional properties over a 15-day storage period at 4 +/- 1 degrees C. The study assessed nutritional, physicochemical properties, antioxidant potential, alpha amylase inhibition activity, and microstructural characteristics of yogurt. Additionally, the study assessed the viability of yogurt starter culture Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus across all treatment groups to determine the impact of MFDP on microbial growth survival. Results and Discussion: Results demonstrated that MFDP yogurt maintained the stability of bioactive compounds, with notable levels of vitamin C (8.54-8.60 mg/g), total phenols (18.13-28.13 mg GAE/g), and total flavonoids (17.52-28.52 mg RE/100 g). The MFDP fortified yogurt showed significantly (p<0.05) decreased pH (4.26-4.17) and moisture (82.16-77.3%), while increasing acidity (1.08-1.13 %) and decreasing syneresis (1.45-1.30 ml) in fortified samples. Moreover, MFDP improved the color scores of the yogurt sample, i.e., a* (-7.99 to-12.48), b* (9.4-11.20), and L (85.19-80.69). The anti-diabetic, anti-oxidative potential was evidenced by increased alpha-amylase activity (44.80-83.35%). Sensory evaluation indicated enhanced aroma and smoother texture in yogurt with 1.5% (T-3) MFDP concentration. Importantly it also contributed additional essential minerals-such as calcium, iron and potassium, not inherently abundant in conventional yogurt, and their concentrations remained significant after fortification. Furthermore, starter culture (Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus), viability remained stable across treatments, with no adverse effect on fermentation. Microstructural analysis revealed slightly larger particles and smaller pores in fortified yogurt compared to the control. This study underscores Moringa's promise as a functional ingredient in yogurt, with potential health benefits, particularly for diabetes management and overall well-being. Conclusion: MFDP-fortified yogurt, particularly at 1.5% concentration, enhances nutritional value, antioxidant activity, and sensory quality while maintaining microbial stability, making it a promising functional food for supporting metabolic health and glycemic control.
Aim: To improve systems for protecting sunflower hybrids from harmful organisms under irrigated conditions. Methods: A set of general scientific methods and approaches of empirical and theoretical knowledge was applied: Abstract-logical, statistical, modeling, generalization; two-factor field experiment. Results: The effectiveness of plant protection against harmful organisms when using biological and chemical preparations with drip surface irrigation in the Steppe of Ukraine was established. The use of integrated protection contributes to the formation of the highest yield of sunflower hybrid seeds under irrigation conditions in the Southern Steppe of Ukraine. The use of a biological preparation with insecticidal and fungicidal protective action with a growth-stimulating effect provided an increase in seed yield by 0.72-0.86 t/ha. Conclusion: Chemical protection against pests and diseases provided an increase in seed yield of sunflower hybrids by 0.93-1.06 t/ha. The mid-season sunlower hybrid Husliar achieved the highest seed yield (3.91 t/ha) with integrated protection.
Background and objectives: We conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the comparative efficacy of hypertonic saline (HS) versus mannitol in the management of elevated Intracranial Pressure (ICP) among patients with Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). Materials and methods: Asystematic literature search up to February 2025 identified 18 studies including 1,828 patients with TBI. The analysis compared the effects of HS and mannitol on elevated ICP control. Odds Ratios (ORs) and Mean Differences (MDs) with 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) were calculated using dichotomous or continuous approaches, applying either fixed-or random-effects models. Results: Compared with mannitol, HS was associated with a significantly lower treatment failure rate (OR 0.38; 95% CI 0.15-0.98; p=0.04), higher cerebral perfusion pressure at 30-60 minutes post-infusion (MD 5.25; 95% CI3.59-6.91; p<0.001), and lower ICP at 30-60 minutes (MD-1.12; 95% CI-2.11 to-0.12; p=0.03). However, HS did not significantly affect mortality, functional outcomes, cerebral perfusion pressure at 90-120 minutes, ICP at 90-120 minutes, or the daily duration of elevated ICP. Conclusion: In patients with TBI, HS was superior to mannitol in reducing treatment failure, improving cerebral perfusion pressure, and lowering ICP within 30-60 minutes of administration. However, no significant differences were observed in mortality, long-term functional outcomes, or ICP control beyond 90 minutes. These findings suggest HS may offer short-term hemodynamic advantages over mannitol, but larger, high-quality trials are required to confirm its long-term clinical benefit.
Modern sugar beet cultivation requires technologies that ensure stable yields while reducing energy consumption and maintaining soil fertility. In the western forest-steppe of Ukraine, where periods of excessive moisture alternate with summer droughts, adapting primary tillage systems to climate variability is a critical challenge. The strip-tillage (strip-till) system represents one of the most promising practices of conservation agriculture, combining the efficiency of conventional tillage with environmental sustainability. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the strip-till technology on the yield, quality, and economic efficiency of sugar beet cultivation under the agro-climatic conditions of the western forest-steppe of Ukraine. In the comparative field experiment, two tillage systems were evaluated: Conventional non-inversion combined tillage (Horsch Tiger AS) and strip-tillage (strip-till). Indicators of yield, root quality, energy efficiency, and economic performance were assessed. Statistical analysis was performed using Analysis Of Variance (ANOVA) methods. Actual root yield under the strip-till system reached 96.03 t ha-1, which was 11.6 % higher than under conventional non-inversion tillage (84.39 t ha-1). The strip-till technology resulted in an 11.6 % increase in root yield, a 6.6% increase in total biomass, and an 8.0% rise in technological sugar yield compared with the conventional system. Additionally, juice purity increased by 0.09%, confirming an improvement in processing quality. The use of the strip-till system under the conditions of the western forest-steppe of Ukraine proved to be an effective tool for enhancing productivity, energy efficiency, and ecological stability in sugar beet production, meeting the principles of modern conservation agriculture.
Commercial plant essential oils have been widely studied for antioxidant activities as substitutes for artificial preservatives in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. The antioxidant properties of the commercial essential oils sourced in Saudi Arabia (specifically Cinnamon (Cin) (Cinnamomum verum), Fennel (Fen) (Foeniculum vulgare L.), Thymus (Thy) (Thymus camphoratus), and Pomegranate (Pom) (Punica granatum)) were examined in the present study. These oils were extracted in vitro utilizing ethanol, hexane, and water in spectrophotometrically analysed methods to evaluate TLAC and TWAC. Out of all solvents, ethanol-extracted Cinnamon oil has the highest antioxidant activity while the Thy, Fen, and Pom oils have lower levels across all solvents. These findings reinforce the ability to determine the effective doses of natural preservatives and functional ingredients that exhibit high antioxidant activity and demonstrate that efficacy is a function of the compound concentration and specificity to each oil. The findings underscore the significance for future research to clarify the role of essential oils beyond their food components in various health-related applications due to their antioxidant activity.
Remote sensing and machine learning tandem is a powerful tool for crop monitoring and yield prediction. Current study is devoted to the evaluation of the relationship between five remote sensing indicators, affecting crop yields, such as NDVI, NDMI, VHI, LST and PET, as well as establishing the connectivity of these indices with the yields of twelve major crops cultivated in Ukraine during the period 2015-2023. Yielding data were retrieved form official statistical bodies of Ukraine. Remote sensing data were calculated and generalized through the Google earth engine platform through the requests to the API in JavaScript. Correlation and regression analysis were performed using common methodologies, as well as more robust machine learning techniques like random forest and gradient boosting regression were also applied for yield prediction. It was determined that the strongest correlation (0.93-0.96) is between such indices as NDVI and VHI, LST and PET, VHI and PET. As for crop models, for most crops Random Forest algorithms provided the best overall quality of fitting and prediction accuracy, followed by Gradient Boosting Regression. However, in case of crops with smaller datasets, such as spring wheat, rapeseed and peas, linear regression provided better accuracy than more robust machine learning methods. The study emphasizes the importance of using the tandem of machine learning and remote sensing in modern agriculture to improve crop monitoring and yield prediction, contributing to sustainable agricultural practices and food security.
Current climate change, primarily driven by global warming, is significantly altering the suitability of agricultural lands for crop production. Given these dramatic climatic shifts in meteorological events and the advances in remote sensing and data science, providing an unbiased and scientifically sound agroecological zoning of Ukraine is a critical task for agricultural science. As a major food producer for Europe, developing an optimal agrarian policy in Ukraine is essential. This study used remote sensing vegetation indices, including NDVI, NDMI, and NRI, as primary features for clustering, as these indicators reflect vegetation vigor, water stress levels, and nitrogen availability. Index values were derived from the Ukrainian Crop Production Map web application for the period of 2005-2023. We implemented the K-means clustering algorithm to group agricultural lands into distinct zones. To ensure the study was unbiased, the optimal number of clusters (K) was determined using the Elbow method, and the quality of the clustering was confirmed with a silhouette score. As a result, four distinct agroecological zones were identified and mapped. The most prospective zone for crop production, given current climate conditions and soil nitrogen reserves, was established to be the western part of Ukraine. The southern region of Ukraine was identified as the riskiest for agriculture due to its drought-prone character. Meanwhile, the central and eastern parts of the country occupy an intermediate position, representing a balanced transitional zone.
Sustainability-driven marketing has become increasingly central to global agro-food trade, where environmental credentials serve as critical signals of quality and responsibility. While eco-labelling, sustainable packaging, and carbon-neutral certifications have been widely studied in Western and Asian contexts, limited evidence exists for how these strategies influence export competitiveness in Middle Eastern economies. This study addresses this gap by examining the role of green marketing practices in enhancing the competitiveness of Saudi agro-food exports, situated within the broader policy framework of Saudi Vision 2030. A mixed-method design was employed. Primary data were collected through a structured survey of 120 Saudi agro-food exporters, supplemented by expert evaluations for Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM). Statistical analyses, including correlation, regression, and ANOVA, were conducted to test the hypothesized relationships, while Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and TOPSIS methods were applied to rank the relative importance of strategies. The results revealed that eco-labelling, sustainable packaging, and carbon-neutral certifications each contributed significantly to export competitiveness, with eco-labelling exerting the strongest effect. ANOVA confirmed differences across product categories, with date exporters deriving the greatest benefit from environmental branding. The MCDM analysis consistently ranked eco-labelling as the top priority strategy, followed by carbon-neutral certification and sustainable packaging. The findings reinforce theoretical perspectives from the Resource-Based View (RBV), Stakeholder and Institutional Theories, and the Triple Bottom Line (TBL). They suggest that environmental branding functions not merely as symbolic compliance but as a tangible driver of competitiveness in international trade. The study highlights managerial priorities and policy interventions needed to align Saudi agro-food exports with global sustainability expectations.
The Gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a vital part of the health component of digestion because it is required to aid in the absorption of nutrients, immune homeostasis and general homeostasis. FGIDs include Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), Functional Dyspepsia (FD) and Functional Constipation (FC) that may be associated with such symptoms as abdominal pain, bloating, early satiety and change of bowel habits. Such types of states harm the quality of life and cause the enormous economic expenses in terms of the healthcare consumption and wasted productivity. Most conventional drugs including antispasmodicts in the case of IBS, prokinetics in the case of FD and osmotic laxatives in the case of FC are of marginal benefit because of the pathogenesis of gut dysmotility multi-factorial, the visceral hypersensitivity and the microbiota imbalance and psychosocial factors. The Ayurveda, Traditional Chinese Medicine and Middle Eastern herbal interventions would also be consulted and relied on as other treatment procedures. Evidence of peppermint oil as an antispasmodic agent in IBS, gastric accommodation stimulation by Rikkunshito in FD and regular bowel movements stimulation by psyllium husk in FC. It possesses not very high adverse event with a relative risk of improvement of symptoms between 1.5 and 3.8. The light in the mechanism is the anti-inflammatory action of the curcumin and serotonin aspect in the Chinese prescriptions, Tongxie Yaofang. In general, the customized, evidence-based use of herbs in the form of the standardized extracts to streamline the efficacy and safety as effective additional interventions in the management of FGID is supported.
The current study examines the extraction of the essential oil from Portulacaria afra, with a particular focus on its use as a coating material to enhance the postharvest attributes and shelf life of citrus (citrus reticulata). Essential Oils (EOs) were obtained through the microwave assisted distillation process and analyzed by means of Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), which demonstrated a wide variety of bioactive compounds. Notably, twenty-nine compounds were successfully identified in the extracted essential oil. The main constituents were palmitic acid (36.95%), linoleic acid (8.83%), and 5-methyl-2-furancarboxaldehyde (8.82%). Antibacterial assays demonstrated significant inhibitory effects of P. afra oil against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, supporting its potential application as natural antimicrobial agent. Subsequently, the essential oils were formulated into coatings and applied to citrus fruits. The coated fruits were assessed for a comprehensive array of postharvest quality parameters, including visual appearance, color, aroma, gloss, taste, firmness, weight loss, titratable acidity, pH, ascorbic acid content, total soluble solids, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Peroxidase (POD), and Catalase (CAT). The findings demonstrated that all the essential oil coatings were very effective in delaying senescence, maintenance of organoleptic properties, and microbial spoilage relative to the untreated controls. P. afra coating showed better behavior in most parameters, especially in terms of maintaining firmness, lessening weight loss, increasing vitamin C retention and controlling oxidative stress by increasing POD and CAT activity.
The adoption of herbal medicine into the mainstream pharmacy practice is an increasing need, considering the fact that the use of natural products by patients has escalated alongside the use of conventional drugs. Pharmacists are crucial to the safe use of the products, evidence-based counseling, and quality control of herbal products. Nonetheless, a lack of knowledge, differences in the product quality, and inconsistencies in the regulations provide challenges to this integration. This paper discusses the knowledge, perceptions, and practices of the pharmacists in relation to herbal medicine and analyzes some of the current strategies of quality control. It is a synthesis of the evidence of surveys, systematic reviews, and laboratory studies done. Findings indicate that pharmacists are not very confident in herbal counseling, not well trained, and more often than not patients fail to inform pharmacists on their use of herbs. The quality assessment research indicates that herbal products sold in the market include adulteration, contamination, and low consistency in their potency. At the end of the paper, it is suggested to implement larger pharmacy curricula on natural products, the implementation of sophisticated methods of quality control, and the political regulations requiring standardized testing.
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a staple crop vital to food security worldwide, particularly in South Asia. Enhancing its yield potential and disease resistance through genomic tools is a pressing necessity for sustainable agriculture. This study aimed to identify genome-wide Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with key agronomic traits in Pakistani rice germplasm using Genotyping-By-Sequencing (GBS) and Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS). Fourteen diverse rice varieties were genotyped using ApeKI-based GBS, generating high-quality sequencing data. Following quality filtering and alignment to the MSU v6.0 Nipponbare reference genome, a total of 208 highly significant SNPs (-log(10)P >= 4) were identified. GWAS was conducted using a mixed linear model incorporating population structure and kinship, while STRUCTURE analysis was employed to assess subpopulation stratification. Significant associations were identified for fifteen agronomic and yield-related traits, including days to flowering, plant height, grain weight, and disease resistance. Key pleiotropic loci such as OsGRb06041, OsGRg05186, and OsGRb22352 were linked with multiple traits. Population structure analysis revealed two main genetic clusters (K=2), reflecting the divergence between traditional basmati types and improved cultivars. This study delivers a robust genomic resource for Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS) and future functional studies in rice. It highlights specific genomic regions with potential utility in breeding programs aimed at enhancing productivity, resilience, and quality traits in Pakistani rice germplasm.
The research is devoted to studying the influence of traditional mineral fertilizers and biofertilizers on the indicators of preservation, growth, individual productivity and yield of apple fruits in an intensive semi-dwarf apple orchard of Vinnytsia National Agrarian University during 2022-2024. One of the important factors in the formation and preservation of apple fruit yield is the total number of fruits set on one tree and the intensity of their fall. We found the largest number of apple fruits set on one tree when fertilized with Bionorma nitrogen-330 pieces. This was 23.9% more than in the control variant without fertilizer, where 251 fruits were set. The greatest fruit shedding in June was detected in the control variant without fertilizer application-22.6% of the total number of laid fruits. The least fruit fell on the variants with the application of biofertilizer Bionorm nitrogen-12.6% and mineral phosphorus P-60-12.9% of the total number of laid fruits. Among the variants with fertilizer application, the greatest number of fruit fell in June, where Bionorm phosphorus fertilizer was applied-17.5%. The indicators of individual fruit productivity are their number on the tree and the average weight of one fruit. The largest number of fruits on one tree was established on the variant of applying the biofertilizer Bionorma nitrogen-283 fruits, which was 95 apple fruits more than on the control variant, where there were 188 fruits. Also, many apple fruits were found on the variant of applying the complex mineral fertilizer N60P60K60-267 pieces.
Gynoecium of Sansevieria grandicuspis and vertical zonality of the ovary, gynoecium structural zonality after W. Leinfellner and septal nectary zonality were studied. There are a high parenchymatous ovary base with septal nectaries, ovary locules-the biggest part of the ovary with three locule cavities and the cavity of septal nectary, ovary roof-the part over the locules. There are three style channels and the end of septal nectaries. There is a long septal nectary that can be prolongated in both of them and opens with the secretory nectary splits. The gynoecium of this species has a short synascidiate zone, fertile hemisynascidiate zone and asymplicate zone that embraces the ovary roof, common style and stigma. Since there is a debate about the belonging of the Sansevieria genus to the Dracaena genus according to molecular data, it is interesting to study the morphological and anatomical features of these genera for further comparison of the flower structure, namely the structure of the ovary and septal nectary structure and the confirmation or disconfirmation of the molecular data by anatomical and micro morphological data.
