Diabetes (DM) is a significant public health issue associated with the increased risk of male infertility. Brown seaweeds are excellent sources of bioactive compounds with multiple biological activities. This study investigates the protective mechanisms of brown alga Cystoseira myrica against the testicular lesion of diabetic animals. DM was induced in male rats using a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ). Animals were fed a diet supplemented with 2
In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), earthworm (Dilong) has been used for over two millennia in clinical practice. However, most existing studies focus on individual bioactive components or specific diseases, and the broader landscape of global research on their pharmacological effects has remained largely unexplored. This study conducted a bibliometric analysis of the pharmacological and therapeutic effects of earthworms (Dilong), aiming to identify current research hotspots, emerging trends, and collaborative networks (authors, institutions, countries) in this field. Data were retrieved from the Web of Science (WoS) Core Collection and analyzed using Bibliometrix and CiteSpace. A total of 313 publications were identified for the period 1989–2024. The results showed a steady increase in the number of publications on the pharmacological and therapeutic effects of earthworms. More than 60
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as a global threat to global public health, requiring innovative strategies to address antibiotic-resistant bacterial pathogens. The synergy between plant extracts, essential oils, phytocompounds, and antibiotics promises to be a viable solution to this grave issue. In addition to the synergistic effects of plant extracts, essential oils, and phytocompounds, the current review described the main groups of phytochemicals that function as anti-bacterial agents. The mechanical and toxicological issues are also highlighted in the current review. The most popular techniques examined in this review are checkerboard and time-kill tests. The synergistic actions of plant extracts, phytocompounds, and essential oils effectively reduced the drug’s minimal inhibitory concentration against both standard and clinical bacterial isolates. Each of the three complementary strategies-plant extracts, phytocompounds, and essential oils-was equally significant.
The MGC803 cell line is a human gastric cancer model frequently used in cancer research. In this context, a combined in silico approach including 3D-QSAR modeling, ADMET analysis, network pharmacology, docking, molecular dynamics and ligand transport evaluations, was applied to design new antiproliferative molecules. A robust 3D-QSAR model with high predictive capacity (R² and Q²) was developed and used to design new compounds (PR1–PR4). After an ADMET screening, the putative biological targets of the non-toxic compounds were predicted using PharmMapper. A network pharmacology analysis identified several hub genes, of which HSP90AA1 had the highest degree value. Given its central role in stabilizing multiple oncogenic proteins involved in gastric cancer progression, as well as its suitability for structure-based studies, HSP90AA1 was selected for molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. In addition, molecular docking was performed on HSP90AA1 protein (1YET) in complex with the designed molecules (PR1-PR4), and their predicted binding behaviors were compared to both the most active molecule (M34) and the reference drug, geldanamycin. These results demonstrate a high predicted binding affinity and remarkable interaction profiles within the active site of the HSP90AA1. To further evaluate the dynamic stability of these complexes, we performed molecular dynamics simulations over a 100 ns period, thus confirming stable attachment modes and durable contact networks. The MM-PBSA approach demonstrated favorable binding free energies between the chosen PR4 ligand and the 1YET protein (-26.47 ± 2.89 kcal/mol). Finally, the ligand transport study showed that the PR4 ligand easily crosses tunnels 1 and 2 with optimal theoretical transport dynamics compared to the reference drug, geldanamycin (GA). This comprehensive computational method underlines the diverse potential of the examined molecules, identifying the most promising candidates for subsequent experimental validation against gastric cancer.
Targeted nanocarriers are increasingly proposed to overcome therapeutic resistance and peritoneal recurrence in gastric cancer (GC), yet clinical translation remains limited and, in our reading, systematically over-promised. This review addresses three conflated questions: whether HER2, CLDN18.2, and EGFR function not only as disease targets but as reliable nanocarrier gateways; which delivery barriers are realistically engineerable rather than merely describable; and why preclinical efficacy has rarely advanced to clinical benefit despite a decade of activity. A structured narrative search of PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar identified English-language literature (January 2014–April 2026) on GC nanocarriers, platforms, molecular targeting, trial registries (ClinicalTrials.gov) and translational nanomedicine. From 1,247 records, 186 GC-relevant studies were retained and classified across evidentiary tiers, and re-read for what they omitted—untargeted controls, quantitative biodistribution, orthotopic or peritoneal-metastasis modelling, and molecular-subtype stratification. HER2-directed nanocarriers are constrained by intratumoral heterogeneity and dynamic target loss, with most positive data from uniformly HER2-high cell lines. CLDN18.2 offers stronger specificity but faces assay-dependent prevalence, tight-junction sequestration limiting ligand access, and accelerating antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) competition. EGFR remains exploratory, as antibody failure (EXPAND, REAL3) is unreconciled with nanocarrier reuse and normal-tissue expression imposes a toxicity ceiling. Across platforms, nanoformulation reproducibly improves tolerability but rarely enhances intratumoral delivery, often reflecting solubilizer removal rather than a true “nano-effect”. Progress is further limited by overreliance on subcutaneous xenografts and near-absent integration of subtype, route, and manufacturability. GC nanomedicine should shift from platform enthusiasm to disease-specific translational discipline. Intraperitoneal nanocarriers for peritoneal metastasis carry the highest near-term potential, whereas heterogeneity-ignoring HER2 and ADC-ignoring CLDN18.2 monotherapy programmes, and the emphasis on multi-stimuli-responsive and exosome-based delivery, risk being overstated. Future studies require route-specific design, subtype-guided selection, targeted-versus-untargeted controls, quantitative biodistribution, orthotopic/peritoneal validation, and an agreed minimum translational dataset.
The rapid emergence of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDR-TB) has significantly reduced the effectiveness of conventional therapeutic regimens necessitating the discovery of novel drug targets and inhibitors. Recent bioinformatics-driven approaches for identifying putative inhibitors targeting essential mycobacterial proteins are comprehensively reviewed. Unlike previous reviews that tend to focus either on drug resistance mechanisms or drug discovery using computational approaches separately, this review integrates both aspects by linking genetic mutations associated with drug resistance and advanced computational approaches for anti-TB drug discovery. Integrative computational strategies including subtractive genomics, molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations and machine learning-based prioritisation are emphasised. These approaches enable the identification of pathogen specific targets with minimal homology with the host proteins. This review further highlights the importance of natural products, peptides and drug repurposing strategies in targeting MDR-TB. Computational pipelines have shown the potential to greatly speed up early-stage drug discovery while lowering related costs and time, despite the challenges. The benefits of combining multi-omics data with artificial intelligence to create strain-specific treatment approaches are further demonstrated by case-based insights. Furthermore, this review highlights the current challenges in translating computational predictions into experimental and clinical validation while providing future directions including AI/ML based drug discovery, network pharmacology, host-directed therapies, and personalized medicine. Overall, this review underscores the critical role of bioinformatics in addressing the global burden of MDR-TB and highlights its transformative role in guiding next-generation anti-TB drug development. Not applicable.
Red clover (Trifolium pratense) and its isoflavones (formononetin, biochanin A) have been investigated for their potential effects on glucose metabolism and related metabolic outcomes. A comprehensive systematic search was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines by searching PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, and Google scholar for studies evaluating the effects of red clover extracts or isolated isoflavones on glycemic outcomes. Human, animal, and in vitro studies were included. Sixteen studies (18 datasets) met eligibility criteria, including 3 human studies, 11 animal studies, and 4 in-vitro studies. The in vitro studies consistently demonstrated favorable effects of red clover on glucose metabolism, including enhanced β-cell viability, reduced apoptosis, increased insulin secretion, and activation of metabolic pathways such as PPAR-α. Animal studies generally reported improvements in glycemic control and insulin sensitivity, including reductions in fasting glucose and HbA1c and modulation of metabolic regulators such as SIRT1. In contrast, evidence from human trials was limited and inconsistent. Only one randomized controlled trial reported a significant improvement in fasting insulin, whereas no consistent effects were observed for fasting glucose or HbA1c across studies. Interpretation of the clinical evidence is limited by the small number of trials, small sample sizes, and heterogeneity in study populations, interventions, and outcome measures. Preclinical findings suggest that red clover may exert glucose-lowering and insulin-sensitizing effects; however, these findings have not been consistently confirmed in human studies. High-quality, adequately powered randomized controlled trials using standardized red clover preparations are required to establish its efficacy and safety in metabolic disease management.
Abstract Background Fruits such as mango ( Mangifera indica ), apple ( Malus × domestica ), tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum ), and strawberry ( Fragaria × ananassa ), are consumed worldwide and fall under a highly economical category of crops. In contrast, the postharvest management against fungal infections particularly remains a challenge for maintaining the quality standards of these fruits. For decades, farmers have been dependent upon synthetic fungicides, thus having a serious impact on human health as well as the overall ecosystem. In order to avoid such situations, diverse research laboratories around the world have discovered safe alternatives to these chemical fungicides. Main body The current review aims to summarize as well as analyze the substitute postharvest treatments, including plant extracts, edible films/coatings, green metallic nanoparticles, and plant-based essential oils for controlling fungal infections. The review also highlights the challenges related to each methodology. Conclusion Natural fungicides effectively kill or inhibit postharvest fungi in addition to maintaining the overall fruit quality that is of utmost importance for retailers, farmers, and ultimate consumers.
This study aimed to perform an integrative review of ethnobotanical uses, biological activities, and phytochemical profiles of Syagrus species found in northeastern Brazil, and to assess their geographic distribution. The review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, SciELO, and ScienceDirect, and selected studies published between 2011 and September 2025. The search strategy included scientific names of 25 species and hybrids. Peer-reviewed articles were included when Syagrus appeared in the title, abstract, or keywords, while duplicates and unrelated studies were excluded. Ethnobotanical reports, phytochemical data, and biological activities were analyzed systematically. Geographic distribution records from GBIF were processed in QGIS 3.22.1 to generate updated maps and identify new potential occurrence points. A total of 1,068 publications were identified, and after removing duplicates and applying eligibility criteria, 55 articles were included. Less than 15
Among the native flora of the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve in Romania, there are two beautiful aquatic flowering plants, the Yellow Flag Iris (Iris pseudacorus) and the White Waterlily (Nymphaea alba), which are part of the Iris and Nymphaea species, respectively. These two species, known mainly as ornamental plants, also have numerous bioactive properties, their extracts being recorded since the medieval era for the prevention and treatment of various diseases. This systematic review presents an update of the specialized literature on Iris spp. and Nymphaea spp. aiming to illustrate the chemical composition of the plant and a synthetic presentation of the most common biological applications of the extracts of these plants, but also regarding their traditional uses. Therefore, continued knowledge in this field is useful because there are few studies that reveal the toxicity of these plants at low doses. The reviewed studies indicate that Iris and Nymphaea from the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve contain a variety of bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, flavonoids and terpenoids that have supported many of their applications in traditional medicine, such as strong antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antitumor, antibacterial, antihepatotoxic, and antiviral activities.
Acinetobacter baumannii [A. baumannii] is recognized as a critical pathogen in the global dissemination of antibiotic resistance and is associated with severe infections affecting various anatomical sites, often leading to significant morbidity and mortality. Prompt and accurate identification of A. baumannii is essential for the effective management of healthcare-associated infections, particularly in hospital settings. However, the prolonged turnaround time of conventional microbiological diagnostic techniques poses a major barrier to timely therapeutic intervention. As a result, there is increasing emphasis on the development of point-of-care [POC] diagnostic platforms that enable rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of A. baumannii. This review examines biosensing technologies suitable for field deployment, focusing on systems designed for the detection of antibiotic-resistant A. baumannii, both at the genomic and cellular levels. The first section discusses isothermal nucleic acid amplification methods targeting resistance-associated genes in A. baumannii, along with the corresponding signal readout and analysis strategies. This is followed by an overview of recent advancements in electrochemical biosensors, including their design principles and diagnostic applications for A. baumannii. The final section highlights nanoparticle-based detection methodologies, emphasizing their potential to enhance diagnostic performance through improved sensitivity, specificity, and assay speed.
Tobacco smoking remains a major global health burden. Although electronic cigarettes (EC) are considered less harmful than conventional cigarette, their effects on oral health are not fully defined. Cannabis use is increasing worldwide, yet its impact on oral tissues is poorly understood. This investigation evaluated the effects of EC aerosol, conventional cigarettes smoke and cannabis smoke on cellular viability, mitochondrial integrity and gene expression in osteogenically induced gingival fibroblast/gingival mesenchymal stem cells (GF/GMSCs). Isolation and characterization of human GF/GMSCs (n = 32) were performed, followed by osteogenic induction using (BMP-2) and aerosol/smoke application. Osteogenically induced GF/GMSCs were assessed via MTT-assay, mitochondrial depolarization assessed using JC-1 dye, ATM, p21, Oct4 and Nanog gene expression, and osteogenic differentiation. Viability (OD450nm) was significantly reduced in the cannabis/BMP- (mean ± SD: 1.02 ± 0.24) and cigarettes/BMP-(1.05 ± 0.39;p < 0.05), with no reduction in viability in the EC/BMP-(1.78 ± 0.47) and BMP-group (1.74 ± 0.59;p > 0.05). Upregulated expression of ATM, Oct4, and Nanog (gene copies/GAPDH) was significant with cannabis/BMP-(2.23 ± 0.34, 1.73 ± 0.53 and 2.04 ± 0.33 respectively), cigarettes/BMP-(2.58 ± 0.69, 1.91 ± 1.03 and 2.26 ± 0.6; p < 0.05 respectively), with no significant upregulation in EC/BMP-(0.72 ± 0.37; 0.91 ± 0.56; 1.11 ± 0.49) compared to BMP-group (0.51 ± 0.17, 0.64 ± 0.2, and 1.01 ± 0.58; p > 0.05 respectively). p21 expression was significantly downregulated in EC/BMP-(1.97 ± 0.52), cannabis/BMP-(1.26 ± 0.29) and cigarettes/BMP-(1.38 ± 0.74) compared to BMP-group (4.24 ± 0.69; p < 0.05). Osteogenic differentiation was impeded with reduced Alizarin-red straining and significant downregulation of osteopontin expression in EC/BMP-(2.12 ± 0.47), cannabis/BMP-(1.48 ± 0.99), and cigarettes/BMP- -(1.36 ± 0.38) compared to BMP-group (3.95 ± 0.88;p˂0.05). Cannabis smoke and cigarette smoke negatively influence the viability, gene expression, and cause DNA damage in osteogenically induced GF/GMSCs, with a lesser effect of EC-aerosol on these findings. Still, all tested exposures negatively affected the differentiation of osteogenically induced GF/GMSCs.
Abstract Control of fruit flies remains a major challenge in chili cultivation, as infestations can significantly reduce crop yield and quality. Conventional pest control methods are often ineffective, energy-dependent, or environmentally unsustainable. This study developed a solar-powered fruit fly trap that integrates bioengineering principles with renewable energy technology to provide a sustainable pest management solution. The trap was designed using Autodesk Inventor to produce detailed 2D and 3D models and fabricated from hollow iron through cutting, welding, and assembly processes. The electrical system consists of solar panels, a solar charge controller, a step-down converter, and a high-voltage module that powers the trapping mechanism. Bioengineering principles were incorporated by integrating a methyl eugenol attractant with a high-voltage electrocuting system, enabling selective attraction and effective capture of fruit flies while utilizing renewable solar energy as the primary power source. Preliminary field testing demonstrated that the prototype operated reliably under agricultural conditions and successfully captured fruit flies, indicating its technical feasibility as an environmentally friendly and energy-efficient pest management system for chili cultivation.
The immunosuppressive effects of glucocorticoids on T-cells are caused by the down-regulation of Annexin-A1, a protein essential for T-cell activation and adaptive immunity. Therefore, it is interesting to explore the impact of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) fruits and/or Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) probiotics on Annexin-A1 expression in rabbit spleen. White New Zealand male rabbits were divided into five groups: control, Dexamethasone (DXM), Dexamethasone plus Date palm (DXM + Date), Dexamethasone plus Saccharomyces cerevisiae (DXM + S. cerevisiae), and Dexamethasone plus Date palm plus Saccharomyces cerevisiae (DXM + Date + S. cerevisiae) treated groups. Dexamethasone caused oxidative stress and immunological suppression, as evidenced by significant increases in catalase and Malondialdehyde (MDA), as well as a notable depletion of reduced Glutathione (GSH) in splenic tissues. The study reported a significant decrease in Annexin-A1 expression, as well as decreases in Interferon gamma (IF-γ), Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), and Interleukin 6 (IL-6) expressions in splenic tissue. However, serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) levels are non-significantly decreased. Conversely, co-treatments of DXM-treated rabbits with date palm and/or S. cerevisiae restored nearly all biochemical changes to normal. Date palm, alone or in combination with S. cerevisiae, can increase splenic Annexin-A1 expression. Furthermore, the data revealed that date palm may have a more immune-stimulant impact than S. cerevisiae in rabbits, as well as a synergistic effect of both. These treatments present a novel way to increase Annexin-A1 signaling as a potential technique for managing immunological deficits.
Microbial endophytes have emerged as a potential source of bioactive secondary metabolites and provide an excellent resource to overcome the challenges resulting from over-consumption of medicinal plants. Ammi visnaga is an Egyptian medicinal plant widely recognized for its medicinal value. The roots of A. visnaga are considered as waste products; the aim of this study is to explore the fungal endophytes associated with A.visnaga roots. Fungal isolate was identified using PCR; large-scale fermentation was performed on solid rice media followed by extraction with Ethyl acetate. The fungal extract was subjected to chromatographic purification utilizing VLC and HPLC. Isolated compounds were identified using HRESIMS and NMR techniques. UPLC-ESI-Q-Tof was utilized to perform the chemical profiling of the fungal extract. Disc diffusion and MIC experiments were performed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity. In silico assessment was performed using AutoDock Vina against ten bacterial proteins incorporated in DNA replication, antibiotic resistance, and virulence. Biovia Discovery Studio was utilized to assess the pharmacokinetic properties of the compounds applying ADMET protocol. Four compounds were isolated and identified from Alternaria destruens NGB-AvF1 including one previously undescribed perylene quinone epoxide (1) and three known polyketides (2–3,4). Metabolic profiling of the extract using UPLC-Q-Tof in the negative mode resulted in the tentative identification of 18 secondary metabolites belonging to different chemical classes with high percentages of polyketides, perylene quinones and isocoumarins. Antimicrobial evaluation revealed strong and selective antimicrobial activities for compounds 2 and 3 against Staphylococcus aureus, with inhibition zones of 28 mm and 30 mm, respectively. In silico assessment revealed favourable binding affinities for 2 and 3 with several key enzymes. Compound 2 exhibited the strongest binding with DNA ligase, β-lactamase, and Clumping factor A, while compound 3 showed high affinity for ClfA, DNA ligase and β-lactamase. Both compounds also interacted moderately with Sortase A, PBP2a, and BlaR1. These results suggest that compounds 2 and 3 possess multitarget antibacterial activity. A. destruens extract revealed wide chemical diversity and displayed a potent antimicrobial activity; in silico studies revealed the potential bacterial targets for the antimicrobial compounds. Compounds 2–3 displayed selective and potent antibacterial activity reinforcing their candidacy as lead compounds for further drug development.
Research indicates that doxycycline hurts broiler chickens, whereas Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast (SCY) protects against various types of toxicity. This research aimed to assess the potential of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in enhancing broiler resilience against the negative impacts of doxycycline. The experiment started with sixty broiler chicks on their eighth day of life. Separated into four equal groups: one for the control group, one for the Doxycycline treatment (Doxy), one for the Doxycycline plus Saccharomyces cerevisiae treatment (Doxy + SCY), and one for the Saccharomyces cerevisiae treatment. Each bird specimen had its liver, spleen, thymus, thigh, and breast muscles removed, as well as blood samples; The ultimate weights of the liver, spleen, thymus, and body; measurements of malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO); and the expression levels of the genes for interleukin-6 (IL6), catalase, superoxide dismutase (SD), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), and interferon-gamma (IFN γ). Total staphylococcus, fungal, colony, and total psychotropic counts were noted. The doxycycline-treated group’s mean body weight and the weight of the immunological organs (liver, spleen, and bursa) both significantly dropped (P ˂ 0.001) as compared to the control group. Compared to the Doxy and control groups, the mean end body and immune organ weights of the Doxy + SCY and SCY treated groups were significantly greater (P ˂ 0.001). The Control, SCY, and Doxy + SCY groups had substantially higher mean serum nitric oxide levels than Doxy (P ˂ 0.001). Additionally, the mean levels of TNFα and IL6 were much lower, as were the mean levels of SOD, Catalase, and IFN γ gene expression alterations. Additionally, compared to the Doxy-treated group, the SCY-treated group showed a substantial improvement in the total colony count, total psychotropic count, total fungal count, and total staph count of the thigh and breast muscles. In addition to reducing the hazards associated with overdosing and doxycycline abuse, SCY helps broilers gain weight and strengthen their immune systems, which eventually leads to fewer losses and better end product quality and quantity.
Eimeria infection causes substantial economic losses in poultry production. The frequent use of anticoccidial drugs has led to the development of resistant Eimeria species, necessitating the development of alternative treatments. Due to their antimicrobial properties, stability, and biocompatibility, copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) have gained considerable attention, especially those synthesized using plant extracts. This study aimed to assess the anticoccidial efficacy of methanolic leaf extracts from Artemisia judaica and Ziziphus spina-christi loaded onto CuO-NPs against Eimeria tenella in broiler chickens. Broilers were experimentally infected with E. tenella sporulated oocysts (25 × 10³) and treated with AJLE (AJLE), ZSCLE, their CuO-NP conjugates, or diclazuril as a positive control. Oocyst counts, lesion scores, biochemical indices, oxidative stress markers, and immune response were evaluated. Histopathological examination and transmission electron microscopy of cecal tissues were performed. The results demonstrated the efficacy of AJLE-CuO-NPs and ZSCLE-CuO-NPs against E. tenella, as evidenced by reduced oocyst counts to 32 × 10³ oocysts/g in the AJLE-CuO-NPs-treated group compared with 28 × 10³ oocysts/g in the diclazuril-treated group and 600 × 10³ oocysts/g in the infected untreated group. Lesion scores were minimal in diclazuril-, AJLE-CuO-NPs-, and ZSCLE-CuO-NPs-treated groups. AJLE-CuO-NPs and ZSCLE-CuO-NPs treatment improved blood glucose levels, recording 241 ± 1.53 mg/dL and 255.67 ± 0.88 mg/dL, respectively, and restored cholesterol levels to 174.33 ± 2.33 mg/dL and 158.67 ± 4.7 mg/dL, respectively. AJLE-CuO-NPs and ZSCLE-CuO-NPs treatment decreased oxidative stress; malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were 23.19 ± 0.74 µmol/L and 24.82 ± 0.49 µmol/L, respectively. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was 1.34 ± 0.03 mmol/L and 1.21 ± 0.05 mmol/L for AJLE-CuO-NPs and ZSCLE-CuO-NPs, respectively. AJLE-CuO-NPs and ZSCLE-CuO-NPs treatment enhanced immune responses. The relative gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α, and IFN-γ in the AJLE-CuO-NPs-treated group was 3.38 ± 0.14, 2.24 ± 0.12, and 4.03 ± 0.19, respectively, while in the ZSCLE-CuO-NPs-treated group was 4.88 ± 0.18, 3.02 ± 0.14, and 6.50 ± 0.29, respectively, normalized to the GAPDH housekeeping gene. Notably, AJLE-CuO-NPs exhibited superior performance compared to ZSCLE-CuO-NPs. AJLE-CuO-NPs and ZSCLE-CuO-NPs exhibited efficacy comparable to, though not superior to, diclazuril, suggesting potential as complementary or alternative anticoccidials for coccidiosis control in poultry.
Postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO) is a systemic skeletal disorder caused primarily by estrogen deficiency, leading to impaired bone remodeling, progressive loss of trabecular bone, disruption of bone microarchitecture, increased bone marrow adiposity, and a substantially elevated risk of fragility fractures. As population aging accelerates worldwide, optimizing therapeutic strategies that effectively improve bone strength while ensuring long-term safety and cost-effectiveness has become an important clinical priority. This review summarizes recent advances in combination and sequential therapies for PMO, with a particular focus on their mechanisms of action, clinical efficacy, safety profiles, and practical applications. Current treatment strategies aim to restore the balance between bone formation and bone resorption through the complementary use of anabolic and antiresorptive agents. Emerging evidence indicates that combination therapies, such as receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand inhibitors with platelet-derived growth factor-BB activators, and sequential regimens, including teriparatide followed by denosumab, can improve bone mineral density, reduce fracture risk, and modulate the osteogenic–adipogenic differentiation balance of mesenchymal stem cells. This review also compares the clinical outcomes, economic considerations, and safety concerns associated with different therapeutic approaches, including medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw and vascular calcification. In addition, the potential roles of genomics, bone metabolism biomarkers, and artificial intelligence in supporting personalized treatment strategies are discussed. Overall, combination and sequential therapies represent promising approaches for improving the management of PMO by maximizing therapeutic efficacy while minimizing adverse effects. Continued clinical research and the integration of precision medicine are expected to further refine individualized treatment strategies and improve long-term patient outcomes.
A high-fat diet (HFD) can influence the morphology structure, and function of the brain, resulting in cognitive decline and neural tissue damage. The dried mature seeds of Raphanus sativus L. (Semen Raphani), have been proven to improve metabolic disorders and have neuroprotective benefits The model of metabolic cognitive impairment was established in rats. Subsequently, interventions were conducted using different doses of Semen Raphani. The results showed that Semen Raphani could significantly reduce the weight gain of rats (p < 0.05) and reverse the learning and memory abilities of rats (p < 0.05). Semen Raphani (RS) exert a beneficial effect on HFD-mediated metabolic damage to the brain. Oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and mitochondrial function represent potential mechanisms through which Semen Raphani ameliorates high-fat diet-induced cognitive impairment. Not applicable.
Cancer remains a leading cause of global mortality, and conventional therapies are often limited by toxicity and poor selectivity. Green nanotechnology provides an eco-friendly approach to developing biocompatible and efficient anticancer agents. In this study, we developed silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) encapsulated in gelatin-alginate (Gel-Alg) hygrogel using Calendula officinalis (CO) flower extract (Gel-Alg-Ag-CO) to evaluate their therapeutic potential. The hydrogel formulation was synthesized using AgNPs derived from the aqueous extract of CO as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The nanocomposite was characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Phytochemical and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses were performed to identify bioactive compounds. Biocompatibility was assessed in vivo using zebrafish embryos. Anticancer activity was evaluated in HepG2 liver cancer cells through morphological assessment and MTT assay. The Gel-Alg-Ag-CO nanohydrogel displayed an average hydrodynamic size of 97.68 nm, a negative zeta potential (-31.03 mV), and a crystalline face-centered cubic structure. FTIR confirmed the involvement of functional groups in the stabilization process. Phytochemical and GC-MS analyses revealed the presence of flavonoids, terpenoids, glycosides, and fumaric acid derivatives, with fumaric acid, 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluoropentyl tridecyl ester, as the major compound (25.79
