It is skeptical to plan and design chicken improvement strategy without considering chicken egg quality traits and farmers’ perception on exotic and indigenous chickens. In the present study, management system, egg quality traits and farmers’ perception on exotic and indigenous chickens were evaluated in selected districts of Buno Bedele zone, south west Ethiopia. A total of 180 randomly selected chicken owners were included in the study from nine purposively selected Peasant Associations (PAs) from the districts. And a total of 180 fresh eggs were purchased from sampled farmers on contractual bases for analyzing egg quality. SPSS software version 20 and SAS 1999 were used to analysis all the collected data. As the result of this study indicated farmers in the study areas were reared chicken with low management aspects. Based on the result, majority (73.9%) of the respondents favored to buy eggs of local chickens as they were considered to be tasty and the yellow colored yolk was commonly favored. The large egg size, brown-shelled eggs and yellow colour were the preferred egg quality traits by 48.3%, 52.8% and 81.7% of respondents, respectively. The mean external egg quality such as egg weight (g), egg length (mm), egg width (mm), shell thickness (mm) and shape index (%) of the local and exotic chicken were found to be 45.20±5.53 and 57.80±7.22, 49.6±3.8 and 54.8±1.7, 29.3±4.1and 41.0±1.5, 0.32±0.03 and 0.19±0.06 and 69.8 and 74.75, respectively. The other most important internal egg quality of (local and exotic) chickens considered in this study were yolk height (mm), albumen height (mm), albumen weight (g), Haugh unit (%) and yolk color; which were found to be (11.06 and 17.84), (2.87 and 6.92), (22.60 and 34.54), (52.5 and 71.25) and (10.33and 9.85), respectively. The eggs collected from the local chicken were found to have optimum shell thickness (0.32±0.03mm) and Haugh unit (52.5%). This might be attributed due to the high xanthophyll, which is responsible for deep yellow color of eggs; phosphorous and calcium contents of scavenging feed resources available in the study areas. In conclusion, egg quality of exotic chickens in the study areas performed impartially well, but it needs further comparative study.
Ewes/does individual performance is a prime factor that influence the overall meat productivity and profitability in goat and sheep production. The number of kids/lambs born per ewe/doe per year, effectively weaned and marketed at a desirable weight are absolutely essential components for the viability of any commercial goat and sheep enterprise. Hence one principal source of substantial meat production inefficiency in commercial goat and sheep production is poor maternal effects which compromise high kid/lamb growth, where a larger proportion of kid/lamb crop fails to attain desirable marketable weight resulting in immense economic losses. There is apparent evidence accrued through extensive studies in goats and sheep which point to the fact that heredity of the dam and other dam related non-genetic factors such as parity order, dam nutrition, age and weight of dam at kidding/lambing and the dam’s body condition score influence kid/lamb pre-weaning growth trait and the actual weight at weaning. In this respect, birth weight, pre and post weaning weight gain of kids/lambs may vary with dams’ genotype, parity, dams’ nutrition, litter size as a dams’ trait, dam weight/age and parity order. The resultant effect of genotype of dam on kid/lamb growth can be direct or indirect, firstly there is a direct contribution of half of the dams’ genes to the progeny for potential growth of kids/lambs, and secondly the indirect effect comes from dam possessing genes for milk production enough to adequately nurse their kids/lambs hence promoting desirable growth. It is important to note that dam milking capacity is dependent on breed, in addition to being influenced by other environmental factors such as dam nutrition and parity order. Kid/lamb born to high milk producing dams are highly likely to outclass their counterparts in post weaning growth weight gain, as well as the actual weaning weight. Low birth weight kid/lamb are associated with poor nutrition of dams during pregnancy and its effects could be seriously felt in multiple birth which result in compromised post weaning growth. Genetics is a primary source of variation for prolificacy in goats and sheep hence litter size can be designated as a maternal trait. The higher the size of birth the lower the weaning weight because of nursing competition due to multiple birth in large litter size. Mature dams give birth to heavier kids and provide enough milk to nursed kids/lambs promoting faster growth rates subsequently enhancing survivability of kids/lambs. There is potentiality of manipulation of husbandry practices focusing on ensuring that all born kids/lambs are as close as possible to the acceptable birth weight average for that specific breed of choice which can sustain desirable weaning and post weaning growth. It should be noted that due to multifaceted nature of the dam determinants of growth traits it is reasonable to assume that appreciation of specific cause and occurrence of kids’/lamb growth could be advantageous to minimize retarded growth rates. A total control of kid/lamb growth is probably unachievable as a result partly targeting the control of both environmental and dam-related factors is critical. High kid/lamb growth rates necessitate for good management practices and improved dam nutrition to support nursing of multiple birth, in addition to the exploitation of crossbred’s heterosis to promote growth in kids/lambs. The present review gives an insight on the influence of dam related factors on pre and post-weaning growth, as well as actual weaning weight in goat and sheep production.
Slaughtering kids/lambs at specified age and weight of specialized goat and sheep meat breeds might promote high muscle deposition and a desirable carcass fat cover, culminating into meat with a more adequate nutritional profile and health properties for human consumption. In this case, animal factors such as sex, age and weight at slaughter play a central role as the primary explanatory variables on meat yield and quality of carcass parameters in goat and sheep production. The discussion on determinants of carcass and meat quality properties is complex given that the diversity of goat and sheep meat breeds, both early and late maturing is considerable, over and above exploited as is the practice in non-identical production systems. Of interest goats and sheep in most cases are accordingly slaughtered at different weights and age, and on the other hand, specific markets have preferred sex of animal for slaughter. However, taking cognisance of the above, carcass and meat parameters are influenced by various non-genetic effects, hence the knowledge on these factors and their interactions becomes of paramount importance in order to produce desirable meat quality for specified markets and consumers’ preference. A linear relationship between carcass yield with age at slaughter has been reported in goats and sheep, there is a tendency of carcass weight increasing as the age of the animal increases. Sex dependency on carcass and meat parameters has been inconsistent in goats and sheep, however, most studies show that sex greatly influence carcass and meat quality properties. Compromised dressing percentage in goats and sheep due to higher slaughter weight, could be explained by the lightest animals lacking perfectly developed digestive tracts. Against this background, age at slaughter explicitly influences meat quality, particularly with regards to tenderness of meat derived from young animals. The differential carcass status in young and mature animals is due to increased fat deposition in older animals than in younger ones, while fat tissue increases with increased slaughter weights. Complexity of determination of desirable carcass and meat parameters is ascribable to interaction of many variables, hence it is imperative to appreciate the role of each component by appropriately factoring their influence in any slaughter decision, where animals could be slaughtered at given age and weight to meet specified objectives of a particular market requirements. Producers operating in different production systems might not duplicate factors such as age, weight and sex of slaughter because they utilise different genotypes, and the prescribed nutritional regime in non-identical production systems will weigh heavily on the outcome of carcass and meat parameters. The interaction of all these factors (genotype and non-genetic factors) at different levels as influenced by the market expectations will decide the economics of goat and sheep meat production. This present review will give an insight on some non-genetic effects that influence carcass and meat quality properties namely sex, age and weight at slaughter.
Soil fertility management is continuously modified and adapted as conditions change in time and integrated plant nutrient management is a holistic approach to optimizing plant nutrient supply for the objective of adequately nourish the crop as efficiently as possible, while minimizing potentially adverse impacts to the environment Existence of life depends on continuous cycling of nutrients from the nutrient pool (in the abiotic component of environment) to the living beings and then back to the nutrient pool. These complex series of invisible, delicately balanced, and interrelated biochemical reactions fuel life on earth. Nutrients cycles have been substantially altered by human activities mainly agriculture with large positive and negative consequences for a range of ecosystem services and for human well-being and The presence of animals into the agricultural production system can modify the rates and flows of nutrient dynamics between the compartments of the system and Integrated crop-livestock systems can positively change the biophysical and socio-economic dynamics of farming systems, reestablishing sustainable rural development and promoting higher overall farm profitability. Soil nutrient balances reflect the net change in soil fertility and indicate trends in time, but do not necessarily determine the current state of soil fertility yet; soil nutrient balances can differ considerably between different crops, farming systems and agro-ecological zones.
A paper that has hypothetically illustrated the need for the digital libraries in modern learning environments primarily because of their reach effectiveness in the dwindling physical space available. In essence, the utilization of digital libraries in Saudi Arabia has opened more room for research thus ensuring that students are properly informed while compiling academic content. Focused were on the positive impacts as well as the negative to illustrate the needs to further improve the said digital space. To date the Saudi Digital Library fondly called to locals as SDL has revolutionized researching inside the kingdom making it at par with other first world countries in spite of late coming.
Protection types of equipment are the mainstay of a power system. Recently, gas insulated metal-enclosed switch-gear (GIS) has developed the most important part of a power system protection. High-pressure gas insulated metal-enclosed switchgear may suffer overheating and can cause fatal accidents. The miniaturization and high performance of electrical equipment highlight the importance of thermal analysis. In this paper, the model simplification method of gas insulated metal-enclosed switchgear is studied and the complex structure of GIS is simplified according to the heat source of GIS. The heat source of GIS includes Joule heat of conductor and contact resistance heating. Furthermore, this paper considers the cooling effect of natural convection SF6. By employing the method of AC electromagnetic analysis and fluid-solid coupling analysis, harmonics under the effect of eddy current losses and the contact resistance method for the convection heat dissipation ( for shell and air) have been selected. Finally, obtain the temperature distribution of gas insulated metal-enclosed switchgear. The simulation results are verified by temperature rise test. Thermal simulation analysis of gas insulated metal-enclosed switchgear is carried out, which can provide a theoretical and experimental reference for further research and design of improved protected products.
Generally, it has been pronounced that the demand for animal products worldwide will drastically increase due to population boom in turn putting pressure on animal production systems. In view of meeting animal protein demand, suggestions have been put forward to the effect that mini-livestock production, which include rabbits should be part of the mainstream animal production strategies. However, it has been noted that commercial rabbit production has been adversely affected by the high cost of feeding and use of traditional feed stuff (grain and soya bean) that have direct competition with humans for food. There has been an unbearable continued increase in the cost of traditional feed resources (soya been, maize, millet, groundnut, fish meal etc.) in the past decade, which in turn has led to exorbitant rabbit feed prices and consequently expensive rabbit meat and their products. This on the backdrop that feeding is a very critical aspect of rabbit production enterprise that influence overall performance (growth, mortality, reproduction, carcass and meat quality) in rabbits. In this aspect, it has been recommended to explore non-classical (alternative or non-traditional or non-conventional) feed resources to depart from exorbitant cost of feeding and the cost related influence of feed resources due to direct competition between rabbits and humans for food, while maintaining improved rabbit productivity. A series of studies have been carried out targeted on some local non-classical feed resources on account of their nutritional values, as energy and protein sources in rabbits’ diets. The inferiority and unbalance nutritive quality of some of the non-classical feed resources is a major challenge which restrict their successful use in rabbit production. Initial assessment of some non-classical feed resources has reported low nutritive value that distinctly depress voluntary feed intake and nutrient digestibility which in turn adversely affect weight gain in rabbits. However, some non-classical feed resources tested have shown marked potential as energy and protein substitute sources in rabbits’ diets to enhance production. This point to the fact that successful use of non-classical feed resources can mitigate the current high cost and shortage of traditional feedstuffs, and also lessen the potential high competition between rabbits and humans on food. The purpose of this review is to discuss the use of non-classical feed resources and their influence on some performance indicators.
Efficiency of rabbit meat production has been optimized using 2 or 3 way crossbreeding schemes based on specialized paternal and maternal breeds and/or lines in order to enhance desired growth, reproduction, carcass and meat quality properties. Crossbreeding schemes allow good attributes of the paternal line genotype to counterbalance the shortcomings of the maternal line genotype and good characteristics of the maternal line genotype to counterbalance the shortcomings of the paternal line genotype. Traditionally, some specific breeds/lines have been observed to deliver their best as sire breeds through passing on outstanding genes on growth rate in the progeny, while other breeds/lines are impressive when used as dam-breeds/lines based on their superiority in reproductive traits, of litter size at birth or at weaning. This emanate from the fact that regardless of how much intense selection has been applied to different meat rabbit breeds/lines neither one has been excellent in catering for all preferred attributes of growth, reproductive, carcass traits and meat quality properties to satisfy various markets and consumer demands. The use of genetically selected paternal and maternal lines has improved productivity in terminal crossbreeding schemes. In this regard, the raw material that offers the opportunity for efficient meat production through crossbreeding is the genetic diversity of rabbit breeds. From biological point of view, genetic diversity is the basis for utilization of breeds combination that perform at levels consistent with the targeted market requirement. However, it has been noted that comparison of different crossbreds’ studies have been problematic, due to the fact that performance results are taken from rabbits slaughtered at the same age, but differing in their slaughter weight. This is on the backdrop that early and late maturing genotypes will differ in carcass composition and meat quality at the same slaughter weight due to differences in degree of maturity. The purpose of this review is to assess the effectiveness of crossbreeding on growth traits, reproduction, carcass and meat characteristics in rabbits.
Alternative cheap sources of protein in poultry diets are desired hinged on feed safety, production cost and nutritional quality. The preceding review looks at how baobab seeds have featured as an alternative protein source in poultry diets. This is on the backdrop that the cost of compound feeds continue to be on the rise due to the high expense of conventional protein sources used in manufacturing animal feed. Soya bean has been the predominantly used and most expensive conventional protein source used in the manufacturing of compound feeds. It is suffice to suggest that there is an urgent need to accord adequate consideration to alternative cheap protein sources, and baobab seeds are one such alternatives. Previous studies have shown that baobab seeds have excellent nutritive value, despite containing inconsiderable levels of anti-nutritional factors. Baobab seeds contain some anti-nutritional factors, such as phytate (2%), oxalate (10%), tannins and saponins (3-7%) which reduces digestive efficiency and utilization of dietary nutrients in poultry. However, these anti-nutritional factor levels are generally assumed to be low enough not to cause any adverse effects in avian species. The seeds have a protein value that ranges from 20-36 % CP and an energy level of 4.19-16.75 kJ/kg, which is comparable to sunflower meal (24.4-36.7 CP and 19.1-20.2 kJ/kg) and soybean hulls (10.5-19.2 CP and 17.5-18.7 kJ/kg). It is apparent from previous studies that inclusion of baobab seeds at 5-10% level in poultry diets improves performance of broilers in terms of growth rate. Inclusion of the baobab seeds as partial replacers of soybean meal can be cost effective by inevitability reducing the escalating costs of poultry feed.
Using descriptive method of data gathering: qualitative analysis of data from secondary source, the study x-rays the performance of the parliament at the federal and state levels between 1999 and 2016 to see whether it has enhanced good governance in the country. The study implicates corruption as the major reason for the ineffectiveness of this arm of government. It is therefore imperative to alter the nation’s leadership recruitment process such that patriotically-minded and unblemished Nigerians will be attracted into politics and contest for parliamentary positions.
Nowadays, one of the major issues in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is data security. Often, data security issue is associated with data aggregation. Using this kind of network in sensitive areas, especially in military environments, without contemplating data security creates main problems. A great number of researches have been conducted in recent years. For example, issues such as coding and use of key and optimum routing based on data security have been taken into consideration. Each method makes use of different parameters that have created strengths and weaknesses. The present research is intended to consider the new ideas presented in this field. Then, to contribute to strengths and weaknesses existing in these methods, we present new ideas. The routine is to study new methods in a valid research. Issues such as data integration, individual or multiple data transfer, the impact of genetic algorithms on data security, encoding and cryptography, secure data aggregation based on fuzzy logic, etc have been discussed thoroughly.
In this paper, we are exploring that terrorism has influenced on the international business.We are showing that day by day business is become vulnerable due to terrorist activates to carry out this research we have used the Random sampling method for checking the reliability of the test we have used the Pearson s product moment.The results is showing that 73% balance of payment, 0.69 foreign exchange rate, 67.13% foreign investors, 84% financial market.We have formulated the four hypotheses which are proving that there is significant relationship between terrorism and international business.We have provided the some recommendations that there must be very public enlightenment and opportunity of jobs.There should be proper laws against the terrorism activities.
Exchange rate is act as the main role in the integral part of the economic development .India is also facing this issue like other Asian countries impact of increase exchange rate on the growth of the economy .It is source of the external funds and act as the channel between risk and investment. In this research, we have taken the data from 1998 to 2008 and applied the ADF test, normality test and Jarqu e-Bera statistics test for taking the proper results about the impact of exchange rate on the development of India. Normality test explains the nature of the data .our results are showing that increase exchange rate has negative impact on the stock exchange of India .our suggested that Government should focus about the exchange rate policy.
Process industries have always been exposed to fire, explosion and release of chemical materials. To identify and evaluate risk in process industries including oil and gas, there are various methods in which hazard and operability study (HAZOP) is one of the most common methods. To do this, at first all organizational duties and unit activities are identified. Then, the study technique of operation and risk is used as an effective and sys thematic method to identify risk and operating problems and the relevant effects. The identified activities in risk assessment are applied. The results of evaluation of identified risks showed that 6 cases had hazard higher than 15 and it is not acceptable. In terms of risk intensity, the highest frequency of unacceptable risks (4 cases) is observed in “reformer heating chamber”. The analysis of consequence of hazards showed that for 6 hazardous points, independent layers of protection can reduce risk as 100% to target factor (10 -5 ) and safety integrity level is fulfilled completely.
For the thirty-nine million people, who live in Sudan, environmental pollution is a major concern; therefore industry, communities, local authorities and central government, to deal with pollution issues, should adopt an integrated approach. Most polluters pay little or no attention to the control and proper management of polluting effluents. This may be due to a lack of enforceable legislation and/or the fear of spending money on the treatment of their effluent prior to discharge. Furthermore, the imposed fines are generally low and therefore do not deter potential offenders.
The main objective of this paper is to find out the impact of impact of foreign direct investment on the economic growth of Pakistan and Armenia. For this purpose, we have used the secondary data .our study is showing that the foreign direct investment level is increasing in some countries and decreasing in some countries due to terrorism. In 1992, the level of foreign direct investment in Pakistan were 258.44 US $ at the same time there were foreign direct investment were low in Armenia. In the year of 2007, the level of foreign direct investment were 4374 $US$ and at the same year the inflows of foreign direct investment in Armenia were 299US$. Our paper is trying to show that education, power sector and telecom are known as the most profitable sector .the basic aim of this paper is that to show that foreign direct investment has the crucial role for the development of welfare of society.
The imminent exhaustion of fossil energy resources and the increasing demand for energy were the motives for those reasonable in world to put into practice an energy policy based on rational use of energy; and on exploitation of new and renewable energy sources. After 1980, as the supply of conventional energy has not been able to follow the tremendous increase of the production demand in rural areas of the world, a renewed interest for the application of solar and wind energy has shown in many places. Therefore, the researchers and engineers began to pay more attention to wind and solar energy utilisation in rural areas. Because the wind energy resource in many rural areas is sufficient for attractive application of wind pumps, and as fuel is insufficient, the wind pumps will be spread on a rather large-scale in the near future. Wind is a form of renewable energy, which is always in a non-steady state due to the wide temporal and spatial variations of wind velocity. The need for the provision of new data stations in order to enable a complete and reliable assessment of the overall wind power potential of the country is to be identified and specific locations suggested. This article presents the background and ideas of the development of the concept as well as the main results and experience gained during ongoing projects up to now. In the world, various designs of wind machines for water pumping have been developed and some designs are presently manufactured commercially. Results suggest that wind power would be more profitably used for local and small-scale applications especially for remote rural areas. It is concluded that many parts of the world is enjoyed with abundant wind and solar energy resources.
Nigerians are increasingly losing hope and confidence in the nation’s police force because of the unethical conduct of some of its operatives. Some of the actions of the Nigerian Police Force have brought embarrassment to the nation. Cases of bribery or extortion and extra-judicial murder are on the increase. The paper looks at the poor outing of the police and how it impedes the rule of law. Through direct and indirect observations, it is established that the rule of law has been disastrously negated by the unprofessional attitude of the largely ineffectual police force. It is recommended that the minimum entry qualification into the Force should be HND.
Salmonellosis is a major public health problem in developing countries and is associated with high morbidities and mortalities. The study aimed at isolating, characterizing and determining the antibiotic susceptibility of Salmonella species from stool samples of patients attending three hospitals in Zaria. A total of 219 stool samples were collected from suspected enteric fever patients. The samples were cultured and isolates characterized and antibiotic susceptibility pattern determined. Out of the 219 samples, 14 yielded positive for Salmonella accounting for a prevalence of 6.4%. With respect to gender and age, male and patients belonging to age group 0-9 were found to have the highest Salmonella infection with 64.3% and 43% respectively. The antibiotic susceptibility testing showed good susceptibility of Salmonella isolates to cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin and chloramphenicol, however the isolates demonstrated poor susceptibility to tetracycline, amoxicillin and cotrimoxazole. In addition, 64.3% of the Salmonella isolates were multidrug resistant. Antibiotic susceptibility test should be conducted for Salmonella isolates periodically to monitor development of resistance.
The prime objectives of this study is to analysis the individual behavior in both bull and bear markets of paksitan. In this paper, we have examined the preferences, attitude towards risk and varying market condition. We have taken the data of 100 companies from various sectors. For this purpose the data of four years have been collected. Empirical evidences have shown that we have used the abnormal returns, volatility and systematic risk for the purpose of measure of risk. Due to various behavior biases, the overall individual behaviors are the different. This study is showing that bull and bear behaviors are associated with the Book to market valuation .we are also trying to show that overconfidence has impact on the investment decision. The objectives of this study are 1) to analyze the individuals behavior in the different market condition.2) In the Bull and Bear market individuals towards risk.3) impact of overconfidence on the different market situation. This study is the related to bull and bear market of Pakistan. It is limited till four years. In 2007 Karachi stock exchange was high growth it was reached till 14075.84 and with annual return of 33.54%. There have observed the significant effect of overconfidence on the risk attitudes. Our studies have taken the stock market of Karachi. Our study is showing very clearly that investor’s behaviors are different in both markets. In this study level of the ownership is taken dependent variable and independent are the no of outstanding shares, EPS, abnormal returns; we have measured the volatility through sigma.
