Application of 2- site model for generating synthetic stream flows is discussed. Historical simulations based on insufficient field data may often be not reliable due to small sample bias. In the case of public Private Participation (P-P-P) projects rigorous testing of reservoir yields is critically important. The 2-site model applied to a field situation wherein main river having 29-years of daily flow data is treated as key river and its main tributary having only 14 -years concurrent data is treated as follower. Leveraging the lag-zero cross correlation that must exist between two adjacent catchments falling under the same hydrometeorological conditions, record of follower river was extended through application of innovative 2-site model. Study basin lies in tropical wet-dry climate of peninsular India as such high skewness and serial lag properties characterise historical time series. These higher model moments have great economic significance in reservoir sizing for sustaining commercial yields and this calls for extreme care in modelling. In the model high sample skewness was treated by Wilson-Hilfertytransformation in the generating equations for generating longer synthetic time series of 100 items as may be necessary for reservoir simulation purposes. Preserving all historical statistics including higher order moments like skew coefficient in generated samples is of priority in commercial applications. Paper discusses novel evaluation technique devised for evaluating model generated samples
Ferroconcrete is a new generation type of concrete and it is an alternative material for a light weight structural elements.Ferroconcrete consists of cement, jelly chips, mesh and water.This work deals with an experimental study on behavior of ferroconcrete beams.Mix proportions 1:3 i.e. cement: jelly chips with water-cement ratio 0.45 were selected.The overall dimensions of beam are 150X150X2000mm and it is reinforced with compressive strength of about 16.32MPa was obtained at 28days for mix proportion of 1:3 and water-cement ratio of 0.45.Flexural and Impact strength test was conducted.The cracks are due to loading and failure cracks developed due to ultimate load.Flexure strength of produced specimens was 13.6N/mm² and it has good enough to take impact energy of 6415Joules.
The effects of hydrated lime on the linear shrinkage, free swell and soil suction of the six tropical clay soils were studied. Additional tests were conducted in the effects of lime on matric suction of swelling soils. It was found that all the tropical clay soils reacted with hydrated lime. The results showed that the addition of lime to tropical clay soils decreased their linear shrinkage and free swell and therefore decreases their shrink-swell potential. Matric suction of swelling clay soils decreased with the addition of lime and with the increase in lime content.
On the basis of testing the SiO2 fiber membrane material, the relationship between the moisture content of the SiO2 fiber membrane and the thermal conductivity is obtained. The results show that the thermal conductivity of SiO2 fiber membrane increases slowly with the increase of moisture content first and then increases rapidly, and then tends to be stable and slow. The thermal conductivity of SiO2 fiber membrane is minimum in the case of almost no water, When the moisture content of SiO2 fiber membrane is higher than 20%, the thermal conductivity increases rapidly with the increase of moisture content, the maximum thermal conductivity occurs when the moisture content of SiO2 fiber membrane is about 46.67%, the thermal conductivity of SiO2 fiber membrane tends to be stable between 46.67% and 100% of its moisture content.
We present in this paper, the wavelength effect on the space charge’s extension region width corresponding to the open circuit and short-circuit real operating points of when the silicon solar cell illuminated by a monochromatic light. In this study, we have taken into account the intrinsic recombination velocity (Sf0) at the junction and the back side surface recombination velocity (Sb). It is showed that these two velocities, Sf0 and Sb, depend on the wavelength absorption coefficient. The efficiency of the solar cell’s junction capacity with the wavelength is then studied by using the extension of space charge region width’s model.
Black Cotton Soil is very weak in nature and is not preferred as subgrade soil. It has to be stabilized to be used in the the pavement as subgrade material. Many stabilizers and techniques are available in the market as a solution to this problem. The present study, however, is aimed at using alternate and comparatively low cost technique to stabilize the Black Cotton Soil. The soil nailing concept used for reinforcing embankments and is considered and applied accordingly to the subgrade with certain changes in specification. This can enhance the strength of Black Cotton subgrade soil and minimize settlement. The conventional methods of ground improvement technique have proven costlier. In the present study an attempt is made to use the concept of ground improvement technique for stabilizing the black cotton soil Subgrade by driving nails. No fines concrete tapered nails in the form of concrete nails are driven into the subgrade soil at an inclination of 90°. These nails are preferred as they are corrosion resistant in comparison with reinforced steel. The diameter and height is varied to get concrete nails of three different dimensions. California Bearing ratio test value is analyzed. No fines concrete can be effectively used to improve the stability of the weak subgrade than the conventional concrete and is more economical. The method can be adopted effectively for village roads carrying low traffic
Epileptic seizures are manifestations of epilepsy.The detection of epileptic form discharges in the EEG is an important component in the diagnosis of epilepsy.Around 1% of the total population of the world is suffering from this problem.The present works aim at the classification of the EEG pattern we need to decompose it into different level.Decomposition is done using Daubechies wavelet order 8 (db8) transform which is very popular and efficient technique.Once the decomposition is done into different levels, we get subbands of signal and called as brain waves (delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma).Important features such as minimum, maximum, mean, standard deviation, median has been calculated.These features will be used for the classification.
This paper describes the use of the wireless sensor network for fire detection.There are many field areas such as industries, residential area, mines, forest etc. where fires take place.In such case if we early know the fire place then we can save the lives of workers or peoples in that area and also save the property.This paper gives survey of the use of WSN in such cases.WSN have the broad area of application, hence here I describe what WSN is and how it works.
With, more than 70% of the population living in rural parts of India, availability of health-care in these parts of the country is largely constrained by shortage of medical professionals, reluctance of doctors to work in rural areas, unavailability of basic medical facilities and functionaries etc. A Telemedicine system can help in bridging this gap by making use of furtherance in sensor technology, information technology and telecommunication technology to deliver the healthcare remotely. But the available have not found much acceptance in rural areas due to various reasons such as High cost barrier, Dependency on grid electricity, Maintenance challenge, unavailability of native language support etc. Objective of this paper is to design a telemedicine architecture that is suitable to be used in rural parts of the country.
In the seismically activated areas and in seismically activated conditions, the structure is liable to many forces driving the structure into motion. These forces are large in magnitude and may cause dreadful harm to the structure. Some structural mechanism which reduces the forces acting in such condition and improves the response of these structures by dissipating the forces are called as dampers. In this study effects of use of exponential damping mechanism coupled with structure is studied. Also the response of various finite element models have been shown. It was seen that the response improved by the use of exponential dampers.
A new design technique for designing multi-leaf springs is the subject of this research paper. Automobile industries always search for alternatives to reduce the mass of the vehicle, to increase its performance. A new approach is used for reducing the mass of a conventional multi-leaf spring, and also enhancing its fatigue life. The new spring made by using this approach is called ‘VKP spring’. Stress, strain, and total deformation are the designing constraints. 55Si2Mn90 steel and E-Glass/epoxy are used to compare the results of fatigue life of multi-leaf springs, at a range of loads. Modeling is done using FUSION 360 and ANSYS 15 is used to perform static structural analysis. ----------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------1.
Heat exchangers are widely used in the heat transfer applications where heat to be rejected or inserted by the system or in to the system.Since past few decades, researchers have found that the rate of heat transfer can be enhance during nano-fluids as they are having better thermophysical properties compared to conventional fluids.Using Two-Step Method, a nano-fluid has been prepared by adding CuO particles into distilled water.The arrangement has been done in such a way that the hot fluid (hot water and nano-fluid) flows through inner pipe and cold water is flowing through the outer pipe.It was detected that the convective heat transfer has improved when CuO-H 2 O nanofluid was used instead of water.
The most imminent technology that Telecom sector is striving to deploy is the next generation mobile phone system IMT 2020, which is currently being disseminated as “5G”. There have been significant development in the research on fifth generation networks. Apart from being an evolution to broadband services (like increase in throughput, latency reduction, ultra-reliability, more bandwidth availability to users, etc.), it acts as a proverbial gateway to a plethora of services like Narrowband IOT, Machine-to-machine communication, Vehicle to anything(V2X), etc. All the stakeholders such as regulatory bodies, standardization authorities, industrial fora , mobile operators and workers must work in unison to bring 5G to fruition. The recently launched 3GPP 38 series expounds the specifications of 5G RAN, here known as 5G NR. In this paper, we aggregate the 5G related information coming from various stakeholders in order to have a comprehensive overview of 5G and to provide a succinct survey of the envisioned 5G technologies as per the 3GPP specifications.
CoFe 2 O 4 was prepared by sol-gel combustion method. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) studies confirmed the spinel structure for CoFe 2 O 4 . UV-Vis absorbance spectrum and the following Kubelka-Munk plot show the band gap of CoFe 2 O 4 to be 2.73eV. FTIR studies shows the existence of Co-O and Fe-O stretching vibrations. Raman spectroscopy gives the information pertaining to tetrahedral and octahedral sites. The activity of the catalyst was explored for the degradation of methyl orange in presence of peroxymonosulphate (PMS) as an oxidant which is dipolar, possessing unsymmetrical structure and higher oxidation potential and shows better oxidising reactions due to charge transfer to solvent molecule (CTTS) and PMS forms a charge transfer complex with CoFe 2 O 4 . The active roles of the hydroxyl and sulphate free radicals are confirmed. CoFe 2 O 4 catalyst shows synergistic effect between photocatalysis and photo- Fenton process especially even at higher pH values and the catalyst is found to be stable and can be reused for three consecutive cycles.
Pune is a developing metropolitan city not only emerging as an international education hub but also as an IT and an ITES research and development centre, which attracts in migration of population in the city. The Population of Pune city is approximately 40 lacs and has registered 10, 70,000 vehicles. The survey which was conducted by PMC shows that volume to capacity ratio of the existing roads is more than 1.00 in peak hours. In this urbanized city, there is growing multi-modal commuting activity (public bus transport, two-wheelers, three wheelers, cars, and others). This activity is largely local, but rapid urbanization is increasing its traffic within the city. It is observed that, road public transport system in Pune city is not efficiently working as estimated because the existing roads do not have the capacity to carry vehicular load and high demand of traffic density. Hence, there is a need to study the traffic density to minimize the traffic congestion for efficient movement of traffic. With the available road width, as there are no chances of road widening possible, constructing a metro bridge at most congested routes is the only option to solve the traffic problems. In this project, the study is mainly focusing on analysis of advanced techniques for design of precast segmental box girder viaduct. The construction of metro rail bridge is one of the long term strategies for safe and efficient movement of commuter’s flow which provides fast, safe and non polluting way of transport system. The proposal of a precast segmental viaduct design is technically feasible as there is continuous traffic flow with limited availability of Right Of Way. An extensive study of all the parameters involved in the design of the bridge will be made. The project concisely summarizes the economical design of the bridge.
As we are aware that there is enormous increase in basic facilities and development of construction field in india and it is very important sector because it creates employment on large scale and play a pivotal role in economic growth. Due to economic growth , India is witnessing increase percentage of 9.5% as estimated to world standard of 5% in construction industry .Due to growth in Construction sector and urbanization of population in india , construction sector exerts a lot of environmental pressure and consumes natural resources such as soil, water, wood, stones, metals, glass etc during construction and consume energy. Due to this ,there is a rise in green growth in india because it focuses on energy conservation, energy efficiency, integration of renewables, lesser consumption of water and sustainable waste management. It also aims better indoor environment for the occupants and low emissions of CO2 by using recycled material. The green building concept has been gaining importance in India due lesser amount of energy consumption, lesser consumption of water and better solution for waste management .It is well known that Nothing can be achieved without energy and to reduce and utilize maximum level of energy ,there should be consideration of how to decrease energy consumption throughout the course of construction, renovation and opreration of building. Due to global warming and environmental issue such as rise in air ,water and land pollution we are at the stage where green concept building is to be adopted at war level in construction industry. As we are aware that Buildings is , enormous consumer of energy and responsible for emission of green house gases, the concept of green building is the need of the Hour. Here it’s a small concept presented in paper how building can meet environmental goals with minimum use of energy and the organization involve in the management and promotion of green building.
In the construction of any type of building it is necessary to use the connection between the elements, so that the structural engineers make several checks so that there is no collapse in this union. In this sense, this paper presents the experimental study of support capacity of beams supported by steel profiles of laminated section I of type W 250 x 22.3. The profile studied complies with ASTM A572 grade 50 laminated on parallel guides with two symmetry axes. Thus, seven prototypes with different screw points were developed along the metal profile. The seven beams were tested with a length of 3000 mm, with a reference beam. In the remaining six beams changes were made in different positions, varying the number of bolted connections. In addition, a numerical model was developed through the ABAQUS CAE commercial program using the arc length formulation implemented in the program named Riks, the results of the numerical model obtained results close to the experimental one with a 6% error. In which the beams used were the same as those foreseen in this work, but with ASTM A325 and the screw diameter of 19 mm. All models were subjected to simple tensile stress at rupture, where vertical displacements were measured relative to displacements and specific twist deformations of the steel. The bonding bundles withstood the simple bending tests, without the rupture of the high strength bolts. The main contribution of this work was to show that the beams with bolted connections with the specifications described in this work can be used as structural elements, as well as withstand the required design.
Abstract Tie rod is a mechanical linkage which connects the steering gear box to the steering knuckle joint. It is also one of the major weight contributing component in the steering system. To reduce the weight of the tie rods several attempts has been made by using composite materials like carbon fibre for designing and manufacturing of the tie rods. However Strength of composite material changes depending upon number of plies in particular direction. This paper aims to provide guideline for selection of plies for carben fibre composite and analyse the effects of ply orientation on strength of composite tie rod. Structural analysis of the tie rod is carried out by using ANSYS software and results are compared with maximum permissible value of stress and deformation to ensure that designed Designed composite tie rod is safe.
The utilization of concrete has been increasing day by day due to rapid industrialization, urbanization and infrastructural developments all over the world. A huge quantity of natural coarse aggregate, natural river sand and also cement is needed in order to fulfill the increasing demand. This is causing a rapid depletion of the natural resources, be it rocks for coarse aggregate or the natural river sand and need to be conserved urgently. It is also found that during the production of cement, an equal amount of carbon dioxide is also produced and to overcome the ill effects caused on the environment, attempts have been made to replace the natural resources by some other materials such as recycled aggregates and ROBO sand and cement by some other binding material like bentonite. This work reports the results of an experimental study on the mechanical properties of concrete produced with recycled coarse aggregate (100%), ROBO sand (100%) and partial replacement of cement with Bentonite (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% replacement). The compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength of this concrete was tested by casting cubes of size 150 X 150 mm, cylinders of diameter 150 mm and length 300 mm and beams of length 500 mm and cross sectional dimensions 100 X 100 mm size respectively and testing was done at 7 and 28 days. The fresh and harden concrete properties were analysed after 28 days of curing and found that at 20% replacement of OPC with bentonite along with super plasticizer was optimum and gave compressive strength of 44.0 N/mm2 which is an increase of about 17.5%.Similarly the split tensile strength is found to12% more than at 0% bentonite.. The workability was a problem initially but was able to achieve after addition of super plasticizer.
An air cooler is developed with clay material. The performance of cooler was evaluated in terms of temperature drop. The cooling capacity of cooler was higher during the day between the period of 9-10 hours. Reduce the daily maximum ambient temperature from 32 – 40C to 24–29C. Cooling of water in a small porous clay vessel was studied under controlled humidity conditions. The clay pipe in the water filled inside the tube and due to the property of porosity, the water comes outer surface of the tube and contact with the air passing over the tube and air get cooled.
