Cancer is one of the deadliest diseases nowadays, and tyrosine kinase receptors play crucial roles in cancer cell survival, differentiation, proliferation, and migration. This study designed and developed a new inhibitor from heterocyclic-based xanthone derivatives to target two tyrosine kinase receptors, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), through in silico screening. Eighteen heterocyclic-based xanthones were evaluated through molecular docking for both receptors. All heterocyclic-based xanthones gave the root mean square deviation (RMSD) value lower than 2.00 & Aring;. Xanthone with isobenzothiazole substituent (iBzThio) was found as the most potent inhibitor with binding energies of-10.60 and-12.90 kcal/mol against EGFR and PDGFR, respectively. Further investigation has been performed through molecular dynamics (MD) simulation for 100 ns. From the results of MD simulations, i.e., RMSD, root mean square fluctuation, radius of gyration, solvent accessible surface area, hydrogen bonds, and binding energy parameters, as well as secondary structure fraction, dictionary of protein secondary structure, and Ramachandran plot, iBzThio demonstrated good stability to interact with the active site of both receptors. The binding energies of IBzThio against EGFR and PDGFR receptors were-12.58 and-12.61 kcal/mol after the MD simulations, indicating its potential application as an effective tyrosine kinase inhibitor.
Sphagneticola trilobata (L.) Pruski is a medicinal plant widely used in traditional medicine for its anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, wound healing, and CNS depressant effects. Despite its broad pharmacological potential, clinical application is limited due to a lack of mechanistic understanding, standardization, and clinical validation. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the phytochemical composition, pharmacological activities, and therapeutic potential of S. trilobata, while highlighting research gaps and suggesting future directions for clinical translation. A systematic review of scientific literature, ethnobotanical sources, and pharmacological studies was conducted, focusing on phytochemical analysis, biological activity, toxicity, and potential applications in evidence-based medicine. Phytochemical studies reveal that S. trilobata contains flavonoids, terpenoids, sesquiterpene lactones, and phenolic compounds. Key constituents such as kaurenoic acid, grandiflorenic acid, and wedelolactone are associated with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, and anticancer properties. However, there are gaps in understanding its pharmacokinetics, mechanisms of action, and clinical relevance. Although S. trilobata shows strong pharmacological promise, further research is needed to clarify molecular mechanisms, enhance bioavailability, and conduct well-structured clinical trials. These efforts are essential to support its integration into evidence-based and modern medicinal systems.
Gravitational lensing is an integral part of Einstein general theory of relativity. The existence of singularity in standard black holes is a hurdle for understanding the properties of black holes. The introduction of nonlinear electrodynamics (NLED) offers an intriguing possibility of constructing non-singular black hole. Gravitational lensing by the photon sphere probes the physical properties of lens objects such as black holes. This work presents a strong deflection limit analysis in a general asymptotically flat, stationary, spherically symmetric spacetime. We extend the analysis of the light deflection around the photon sphere-complete capture, and set a strong field limit that is opposite to the usual weak field limit. The deflection angle always diverges logarithmically when the minimum impact parameter is reached. We apply this general formalism to a singular Reissner-Nordstr & ouml;m and a non-singular regular black hole. By comparing the coefficients characterizing these metric functions and observing the different collapsing objects, they are characterized by strong field limits. These coefficients are directly connected to the observables, such as the angular position and the magnification of the relativistic images. A supermassive black hole is modeled as a regular charged black hole at the galaxy's core.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a rapid, molecular biology technique widely used in disease diagnosis and genetic engineering. Conventional PCR products require agarose gel electrophoresis, which employs a DNA ladder as a size reference. Most commercial ladders are plasmid-based and reliable, but require additional culture time. We suggest a more efficient method for producing a DNA ladder using DNA derived from human blood. DNA was isolated using a commercial kit. Primer sets generating 100-1000 base pair (bp)-long fragments bearing target regions p12, p13, and p14 were designed using Primer-BLAST. DNA was amplified by routine PCR, visualized on a 1% (w/v) agarose gel, and pooled to form a 100-bp ladder. The lab-made ladder was compared with a commercial ladder. Extracted DNA showed a purity of 1.878. Bands of 100, 500, and 1000 bp were added in greater amounts to produce wider, more visible bands. The pooled fragments served as a functional 100-bp DNA ladder. A key limitation is the lack of sequencing, as genomic variations may affect flanking regions and potentially alter amplicon sizes. A 100-bp DNA ladder generated using DNA extracted from human blood had good quality, comparable to that of a commercial ladder.
Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) is the biological conversion of ammonium to nitrogen gas (N-2) using nitrite as an electron acceptor. This study evaluated the performance of a membrane bioreactor (MBR) in nitrogen removal at room temperature using Candidatus Brocadia fulgida, an anammox bacterium previously cultivated from Lake Koto Baru, Tanah Datar, Indonesia. The MBR was operated for 48 days with a hydraulic retention time of 24 h under a continuous supply of ammonium and nitrite, with both substrates provided at influent concentrations of 70, 150, and 250 mg-N/L. Samples were collected twice a week and analyzed via UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The stoichiometric ratios of triangle NO2--N/triangle NH4+-N and triangle NO3--N/triangle NH4+-N were 1.13 and 0.15, respectively, which were consistent with the anammox reaction. The maximum nitrogen removal performance, including nitrogen removal rate, ammonium conversion efficiency, and nitrogen removal efficiency (NRE), reached 0.515 kg-N/m(3)center dot d, 92.76%, and 91.27%, respectively, at a nitrogen loading rate of 0.566 kg-N/m3 center dot d. Anammox bacteria from Koto Baru Lake showed high NRE at room temperature using MBR.
Black garlic is produced through controlled fermentation under specific temperature and humidity conditions, during which the Maillard reaction enhances its sensory properties and bioactivity. The anti-hyperuricemic potential of single-clove black garlic (SBG) remains unexplored. This study combined Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry-based metabolomics and an in-silico approach to identify the potential xanthine oxidase inhibitors (XOI) in SBG. Methanolic extracts (10 ppm) exhibited xanthine oxidase inhibition ranging from 50.09% to 68.01%, which is comparable to allopurinol (78.74%) at the same concentration. Metabolomic profiling tentatively identified 45 compounds, and orthogonal partial least squares analysis revealed seven metabolites as strongly correlated with XOI activity, namely alpha-(1-deoxy-D-fructose-1-yl)-L-arginine, alliin, 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose, S-allyl-L-cysteine, quercetin, and m-coumaric acid. Molecular docking showed that these compounds exhibited binding energies comparable to allopurinol, thus indicating favorable interactions within the xanthine oxidase active site. Molecular dynamics simulations confirmed the stability of ligand-enzyme complexes, with consistent hydrogen bond interactions, which support their stable binding conformations. ADMET analysis revealed that most compounds demonstrated acceptable pharmacokinetic profiles, high intestinal absorption, low blood-brain barrier permeability, and non-hepatotoxic and non-mutagenic properties. The integration of metabolomics, molecular docking, molecular dynamics, and ADMET prediction supports the potential of SBG-derived compounds as safe and effective XOIs, thereby highlighting SBG as a promising functional food candidate for the management of hyperuricemia.
Diatoms are the most common and abundant microalgae group in seawater, with an estimated 200 genera and 200,000 species categorized into three distinct taxonomic classes: Mediophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, and Coscinodiscophyceae. This study describes the morphological characteristics of Lampriscus GM052022, a diatom belonging to the Mediophyceae family, which was collected from Gili Matra, Lombok, Indonesia. Analysis using light microscopy (LM) and electron microscopy (EM) showed that the morphological characteristics of the Lampriscus GM052022 specimen are similar to those of Lampriscus shadboltianus var. crenulatus due to the distinct crenulation lines on the frustule, which differentiate this variation from Lampriscus shadboltianus. However, the presence of distinct morphological features in this diatom specimen from Gili Meno suggests that it might not be L. shadboltianus var. crenulatus. The triangular spines (spinules) observed on the Lampriscus GM052022 valve surface have not been previously documented. However, whether the presence of spinules is a sign of different taxa or a result of polymorphism within the species or variation cannot be confirmed. Due to this characteristic, Lampriscus GM052022 is given the temporary name L. cf. shadboltianus var. crenulatus. The next step will be to conduct genetic analyses to confirm whether these morphological differences support the separation of this Gili Meno Lampriscus specimen into a new species (sp. nov.) or variation (var.).
A dummy-template molecularly imprinted polymer (DMIP) was synthesized via precipitation polymerization using an-throne as a template analog for the selective analysis of low-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), specifically fluorene and phenanthrene. Styrene, benzoyl peroxide, and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate were employed as the functional monomer, radical initiator, and crosslinking agent, respectively. The synthesized polymers were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and particle size analysis. The imprinting factors were 1.16 and 1.09 for fluorene and phenanthrene, respectively, indicating enhanced affinity of the imprinted sites. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis following DMIP-based solid-phase extraction yielded recoveries of 91.49% +/- 3.87% for fluorene and 97.25% +/- 2.85% for phenanthrene, demonstrating the DMIP's potential as an efficient sorbent for selective extraction and quantification of low-molecular-weight PAHs in simulated river water.
This study evaluated the antiscabies efficacy of 70% ethanol extracts from various parts of the mangrove Sonneratia alba (leaves, flowers, bark, and roots) as a potential alternative therapy. The primary objective was to compare the healing effects of the extracts at different concentrations on scabies lesions in mice (Mus musculus). Using a completely randomized design, 24 male Swiss Webster mice were assigned to four groups: a control (K0) group and three treatment groups to receive 10% (K1), 20% (K2), and 30% (K3) extract concentrations topically twice daily. The results demonstrated that the S. alba extracts had significant effects on lesion healing (p < 0.05). The leaf and root extracts exhibited optimal efficacy at a 10% concentration, whereas the bark and flower extracts were the most effective at 30% concentration. These findings suggest that S. alba extracts, particularly those from leaves and roots, hold significant promise as a novel plant-based treatment for scabies, warranting further research into their potential clinical applications.
The escalating global demand for high-quality animal-derived proteins has driven the search for sustainable alternatives. Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL; Hermetia illucens L.) oil presents a promising option, by addressing organic waste management while providing nutrient-rich feed. This study evaluated the effects of dietary supplementation with BSFL oil on growth performance, hematological characteristics, and blood lipid profiles in mice (Mus musculus). Male mice were randomly assigned to five groups (n = 5): positive control (fish oil, 5 mL/kg body weight [BW]), negative control (Aquadest, 5 mL/kg BW), and three treatment groups receiving BSFL oil at 2.5, 5, and 10 mL/kg BW, respectively. Interventions were administered orally for 28 days; assessments included BW, hematological parameters, and lipid profiles. The results indicated that 10 mL/kg BW BSFL oil significantly increased BW (34.40 +/- 0.74 g) compared to the fish oil group (31.6 +/- 0.67 g, p < 0.05). Hematological parameters and lipid profiles did not differ significantly across groups (p > 0.05). However, leukocyte profiles exhibited significant variations (p < 0.05), particularly at 10 mL/kg BW of BSFL oil, suggesting immunomodulation. This preliminary proof-of-concept study in mice provides the first head-to-head comparison of unrefined BSFL and commercial fish oil utility, offering mechanistic insights applicable to livestock nutrition.
Antibiotic resistance is a critical global challenge that requires the discovery of alternative therapeutic agents. Plants-derived compounds, such as those found in Ananas comosus (pineapple)peel, offer promising antibacterial potential. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of pineapple peel extract using both in vitro and in silico approaches. Ethanolic extracts of pineapple peel were fractionated using silica gel chromatography, and the resulting fractions were analyzed by GC-MS. Antibacterial activity was tested against Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens using the agar well diffusion method, and the inhibition zones were recorded. Molecular docking was performed to assess the interaction of identified compounds with the CoA-bound OdaA protein of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PDB ID:7BOR). Fractions 3 and 4 exhibited the strongest antibacterial activity, producing inhibition zones up to 23 mm against P. aeruginosa at 50 mg/ml. GC-MS identified several bioactive compounds, among which 4-Methoxyphenylglyoxal hydrate showed the highest docking affinity (-5.56 Kcal/mole) and formed two hydrogen bonds with the bacterial target protein. These findings demonstrate that pineapple peel, often considered agricultural waste, is a valuable source of bioactive antibacterial agents. The strong in vitro activity combined with promising in silico binding results highlights its potential in developing novel treatments, particularly against Gram-negative pathogens.
A ferrocene (Fc)-modified carbon electrode was prepared from coconut shell char (CSC), which was activated with NaOH to produce an activated coconut shell carbon (Ac-CSC). The carbon electrode was designed as a printed-carbon electrode consisting of working, counter and reference electrodes in a single piece, called a screen-printed carbon electrode, or SPCE. An Fc solution was applied to the working electrode part at 10%, 20% and 30% mass of the SPCE, producing an SPCE-Fc as an electrochemical sensor for Copper ions Cu(II) detection. The prepared activated carbon was analysed by XRD, FTIR, SEM/EDX, surface area analysis and impedance measurement to determine its diffraction pattern, available specific functional groups, morphology, elemental content, surface area and electrical conductivity. The results showed that CSC consists of 52.89% amorphous carbon, 19.65% nitrogen and 23.12% oxygen. FTIR analysis showed C=O, C=C, C-H, C-O, O-H, N-H and C-S vibrations. The Ac-CSC provided an electrical conductivity rate of 26.025 S/cm. Cyclic voltammetry analysis of the Cu(II) solution with SPCE-Fc10% provided the highest current density among the other Fc contents. Therefore, a further study used SPCE-Fc10% to determine the limit of detection (LoD), interference effects, pH and scan rate effects, the repeatability of the analysis and the reproducibility of SPCE-Fc10% for Cu(II) detection. The LoD was 0.055 mM. The electrode fabrication also showed good reproducibility, as evidenced by a repeatability coefficient (R) of 0.06. The interference test showed that the SPCE-Fc10% selectively detected Cu(II), even in the presence of 5% volume of Pb(II) and Co(II) in the Cu(II) solution.
Leachate contains a high organic content, which can cause environmental pollution. The organic content in leachate can be removed through bioremediation using microbial fuel cell (MFC) systems to remediate pollutants and generate bioelectricity. Organic matter is important to the MFC process as both a substrate and a nutrient source. This study investigated the effects of glucose and sodium phosphate buffer nourishment on BOD, COD, and TSS removal and bioelectricity generation. This study used leachate as a substrate and a graphite rod with a surface area of about 32.98 cm(2) as an electrode. The reactor uses plastic blocks with a 3L capacity. Bioremediation using MFC was conducted in batch experiments under aerobic conditions for 20 days at various glucose dosages. All monitoring processes were conducted in real time using the internet of things (IoT). The glucose variations used were 10% (b/v) and 20% (b/v) with the addition of a sodium phosphate buffer. The removal efficiencies of BOD, COD, and TSS with 10% glucose and sodium phosphate buffer addition were 86.05%, 81.84%, and 75.50%, respectively. The highest electrical voltage was observed upon the addition of 20% glucose and sodium phosphate buffer at about 900 mV.
Liparis condylobulbon Rchb.f. is an epiphytic orchid across South and Southeast Asia, which holds notable ethnomedicinal and pharmacological significance. This study aims to characterize Indonesian Liparis condylobulbon using integrated morphological, molecular (matK, rbcL, ITS2), and phytochemical (LC-MS, DPPH) analyses of specimens from Mount Gumitir, providing the first comprehensive taxonomic and pharmacological profile to support species authentication and future bioprospecting. The L. condylobulbon specimen displays diagnostic epiphytic morpho-logy, including fusiform pseudobulbs, two elongate leaves, and an erect inflorescence bearing similar to 123 flowers. Molecular barcoding using matK, rbcL, and ITS2 confirmed its identity, with phylogenetic analyses consistently clustering it with L. condylobulbon, supporting taxonomic placement despite minor ITS2-based variation. Metabolomic analysis revealed 58 distinct secondary metabolites, including 30 flavonoids, 22 terpenoids, and 6 phenolic compounds, with key bioactives such as diosmin, picrasinoside B, and 6-gingerol exhibiting known anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. Although the crude extract showed relatively low antioxidant capacity (IC50 = 650 mu g/mL), the chemical diversity and presence of pharmacologically active constituents underscore the species' potential for future phytotherapeutic applications.
This study examined the feasibility of extracting DNA from various personal items using the phenol-chloroform-isoamyl alcohol (PCIA) method. A towel, collared shirt, toothbrush, shower puff, comb, hair tie, and buccal swabs were analyzed. The quality of the DNA extraction, along with DNA concentration, purity, and suitability for multiplex PCR amplification, were evaluated. The shower puff exhibited the highest DNA concentration (68.35 ng/& micro;L), whereas the collared shirt yielded the lowest (26.43 ng/& micro;L). All samples exhibited good DNA purity (A260 nm/A280 nm ranging from 1.827 to 1.985), emphasizing the potential of this method for forensic analysis. Factors influencing DNA concentration included material composition, surface area, and exposure to bodily fluids. The results highlight the importance of understanding material-specific characteristics to optimize DNA extraction protocols. Buccal swabs served as reliable controls, suggesting their potential use in personal item DNA extraction studies. The successful extraction of DNA from personal items holds promise for enhancing the scope of DNA analysis in criminal investigations. The PCIA method is useful for DNA extraction from personal items and may serve as an alternative when standard methods cannot be used.
Organic waste comprises a considerable portion of global waste, requiring effective management. The ability of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens, BSF) to convert organic waste into biomass has been well reported. However, bioconversion can be hindered by fiber-rich substrates, a challenge that can be addressed through substrate pretreatment. This study examined the oviposition preferences and larval performance of BSFs in several fruit wastes fermented by effective microorganisms (EMs), which were compared to non-fermented substrates. The oviposition attractants utilized pineapple peel and overripe soursop, with larval performance evaluated among different treatments, i.e., non-fermented pineapple peel (NFP), fermented pineapple peel (FP), non-fermented pineapple peel plus coconut endosperm waste (NFPC), and fermented pineapple peel plus coconut endosperm waste (FPC). Measured parameters included larval biomass, substrate consumption, the waste reduction index (WRI), and adult emergence. The result indicated that fermented pineapple peel produced the highest number of eggs among the oviposition attractant treatments. Larval biomass was highest in FP, while substrate consumption, WRI, and adult emergence rates were comparable between FP and FPC. Overall, the fermented substrates outperformed the non-fermented substrates across all parameters. These findings confirmed that fermentation with EMs enhances the utilization of fruit waste as an oviposition attractant and improves the performance of BSF bioconversion.
Microplastics are a serious global problem that arises worldwide because of their widespread use. Exposure to microplastics can negatively affect human and environmental health. In this study, we used molecular docking methods with MOE software (version 2014.0901) to investigate the interaction between the laccase enzyme and several microplastic compounds as a preliminary study of microplastic degradation using enzymes. The Quantitative Structure Analysis Relationship (QSAR) analysis revealed that all microplastic ligands had higher Pa values than Pi, indicating that the laccase enzyme may be biologically active. The findings of the present study show that polyamide (PA) has the lowest binding energy among microplastics, implying that the enzyme can interact well with both active sites. In contrast, polypropylene exhibited the highest binding energy, indicating a lack of strong residue interactions between the ligand and the active sites. The Phe463 active site work well when dealing with nonpolar aromatic polymers, including polycarbonate, poly (methyl methacrylate), polystyrene, and polyurethane, allowing for significant it-it stacking interactions. The Ile455 active sites are more effective when dealing with polar aromatic polymers, such as PET and polyamide, due to their better hydrogen bonding or dipole interactions. This finding can be used as an initial basis for microplastic enzymatic degradation.
This study aimed to explore the potential of modern spectroscopy in the authentication of organic and non-organic chicken eggs using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) spectra. A total of 175 eggs were analyzed, which were grouped into seven categories based on the source of feed given: 100% organic, 100% non-organic, 75% organic, 75% non-organic, 50% organic, free-range chickens, and eggs obtained from the local traditional market. Each group consisted of 25 eggs. NIRS spectra were recorded in the wavelength range of 350-2500 nm, whereas LIBS spectra were recorded in the range of 200-900 nm. A total of 350 spectral data were normalized and processed using multiplicative scatter correction, Savitzky-Golay filter, and detrending before being analyzed with principal component analysis (PCA). Analysis based on the PCA score plot showed that NIRS successfully distinguished organic and non-organic eggs with a separation percentage of 100%, whereas LIBS achieved a separation percentage of 86%. These results indicate that NIRS has significant advantages over LIBS in the authentication of organic and non-organic eggs. In addition, eggs from the uncaged chicken category showed similar spectral patterns to eggs from chickens fed 100% organic feed. Eggs obtained from the local traditional market were evenly distributed in the organic and non-organic groups. This study provides an important contribution to the development of nondestructive methods for controlling the quality and authentication of eggs in the food industry.
Shigella flexneri can cause shigellosis, which results in high fever, vomiting, diarrhea, or death. This study developed a detection method based on real-time polymerase chain reaction that targets the sfmD gene of S. flexneri given that the virulence factor encoded by this gene is thought to facilitate adhesion to a host surface. The proposed method involves primer design, DNA isolation, the optimization of primer annealing temperature, and confirmation, specificity, and sensitivity tests. A sfmD primer with an amplicon length of 155 bp was annealed to the target DNA at an optimized temperature of 60 degrees C (range 54 degrees C-62 degrees C). This primer pair amplified the target sequences at a cycle threshold (Ct) of 15.11 +/- 0.38 and a melting temperature of 82.41 +/- 0.01 degrees C. The primer specificity test showed that the primer distinguished S. flexneri from nontarget bacteria. The findings also revealed that the primer detected S. flexneri down to a limit of 16 pg/mu L at a Ct of 26.68, equivalent to 2.79 & times;102 CFU. Overall, the sfmD primer can effectively amplify S. flexneri DNA. Future research can be directed toward the detection of S. flexneri in artificially contaminated food samples to validate the real-food applicability and strengthen its potential use in food safety monitoring and clinical diagnostics.
Drepanosticta berlandi is an endemic damselfly in the Lesser Sunda region of Indonesia, which was first recorded on Lombok Island in the 19th century. Albeit recognized for a century, information on its ecology is still lacking; hence, this study aims to reveal its distribution and habitat preferences. The research was conducted at the Tibu Ijo Waterfall tourist area in West Lombok Regency using line transects combined with field survey in the Kekait River and on footpaths on both sides of the river. Vegetation density, topography, and land survey temperature (LST) were measured at the sampling area using ArcGIS 10.4.1 software. Other environmental parameters (air temperature and humidity, CO2 levels, light intensity, height, canopy cover, water temperature, pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), and electrical conductivity (EC)) were measured in situ. The results show that D. berlandi has a clumping distribution pattern in the elevation range of 60 to 220 m, preferring medium vegetation density and cool air temperatures (22-26 degrees C). Disturbances from human activities and environmental changes pose a significant threat to the D. berlandi population. Therefore, this species represents a bioindicator of environmental intactness, especially on the island of Lombok.
