This article uses the examples of the Security Service of Ukraine (SSU) and the State Bureau of Investigations (SBI) to examine the role and significance of law enforcement agencies in the exercise of state financial control for ensuring the economic security of the state. This research employs an interdisciplinary methodology that integrates economic and legal analysis to ensure the reliability of its findings. The evolving role of law enforcement in maintaining national economic security through financial control was examined using the dialectical method. The systemic-structural method enabled the conceptualisation of state financial control as a vital component of the country’s economic architecture. A comparative analysis was conducted to evaluate the functional economic impact of the SSU and SBI within the oversight system. The dogmatic method was employed to evaluate the regulatory framework in terms of financial stability and fiscal discipline. Statistical analysis played a key role in quantifying the economic outcomes of financial crime investigations in 2025, with a particular focus on asset recovery and mitigating budgetary losses. Finally, the analytical method synthesised the findings into strategic recommendations for improving the economic efficiency of state control mechanisms. Results. Theoretical and legal approaches to defining financial control were summarised and a definition of state financial control was provided. The tasks and entities involved in the latter were also identified. The system of bodies exercising state financial control in Ukraine was visualised. The role of law enforcement agencies in its implementation was also established. Practical implications. The role of the Security Service of Ukraine as a key institution in ensuring state security, including economic security, was analysed. Although the State Bureau of Investigation does not directly belong to the system of state financial control bodies, it was demonstrated that it nevertheless acts as a key entity in jurisdictional activities in this sphere. Value / Originality. The results of this study deepen the understanding of the institutional role of law enforcement agencies in the State financial control system, which enhances Ukraine's economic efficiency. The study also paves the way for improvements to the regulatory framework in this area.
The subject of the present study is market predictability as an autonomous economic and legal category, and its functional relationship with the stability of economic turnover. Market predictability is defined as an aggregated characteristic of the institutional environment that reflects the extent to which market participants are able, in advance and with a reasonable degree of certainty, to relate their economic conduct to its probable legal and economic consequences. This enables them to form expectations that remain stable over time regarding the operation of rules, the enforceability of obligations, and the protection of rights. The relevance of the topic is heightened by contemporary armed conflicts, particularly the full-scale war against Ukraine. The consequences of this war are disrupting supply chains, contractual ties and investment horizons, thereby eroding predictability in both the global and national economies. The purpose of the article is threefold: to substantiate market predictability as a distinct phenomenon and functional result of stable economic turnover; to define its content, features and nature; and to develop a system of criteria for assessing market predictability that captures the influence of stable economic turnover on market participants' behaviour. Methodology. The study combines economic and legal approaches. General scientific methods of analysis and synthesis are employed to break down the category into its components and functions. The systemic-structural and functional methods form the basis of the two-channel model of influence, while the formal-legal and comparative-legal methods are used to organise legal instruments and align national approaches with the EU acquis. This argument is supported by recent European empirical research indexed in Scopus and Web of Science. Results. Firstly, market predictability is distinguished from neighbouring categories. Legal certainty is characterised by the clarity, coherence and consistency of norms and their application. Stability of economic turnover reflects the continuity, protection and recoverability of economic ties. Market predictability, on the other hand, is characterised by participants' ability to form well-founded expectations. Therefore, predictability is not identical to the stability of turnover, but is one of its functional results. Secondly, the formation of predictability through a two-channel mechanism is revealed: turnover stability shapes participants' expectations by reducing transaction costs at the stages of concluding, performing and enforcing contracts, and by strengthening institutional trust among counterparties, creditors and investors. Empirical studies confirm the link between judicial efficiency and the development of trade credit, the level of doubtful receivables and economic growth rates. This supports the idea that the consistency and effectiveness of legal regulation's application is more important than its formal immutability. Thirdly, a system of criteria for assessing market predictability has been developed. Each criterion is linked to an observable indicator and the corresponding channel through which turnover stability affects market conduct. This design ensures the system's empirical verifiability and distinguishes it from generalised assessments of institutional quality. This gives the approach a diagnostic character, making it possible to identify the sources of a predictability deficit and determine appropriate legal responses. Fourthly, the significance of predictable insolvency procedures in forming a system is substantiated. Uncertainty regarding the duration, cost and outcome of such proceedings complicates credit risk assessment and may increase financing costs, whereas timely and foreseeable restructuring and liquidation procedures boost the confidence of creditors and investors. Conclusions. The insolvency regime should not be regarded as a peripheral matter, but as a key element in ensuring the stability and predictability of economic turnover. The practical value of the results lies in the applicability of the proposed system of criteria for evaluating the impact of reforms to economic legislation, the judiciary, enforcement proceedings and insolvency procedures on the behavioural expectations of market participants. During wartime and the subsequent period of transformation, the criteria for the restoration of economic ties, the effectiveness of rights protection and the trust of creditors acquire particular importance. In this context, securing market predictability – notably by aligning national insolvency legislation with EU law – should be considered an independent area of economic and legal policy, and a precondition for sustainable recovery.
The buildings and construction sector is one of the largest contributors to global greenhouse gas emissions. It accounts for around 34% of global energy-related CO₂ emissions, which come from both the energy used to operate buildings and the emissions produced when construction materials such as cement, steel and concrete are made. Despite the increasing use of embodied-carbon assessment methodologies in the architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) sector, carbon accounting tools are still not integrated into the cost estimation and procurement processes that directly affect material selection and initial design choices. This study presents the novel, AI-driven 'EEBOQ' framework, which was developed in the context of the Latvian construction market while taking into account broader European and international carbon accounting practices. The proposed framework integrates a hybrid semantic processing pipeline that combines Large Language Models (LLMs), ontology-based classification mechanisms and vector-based similarity retrieval techniques in order to autonomously interpret heterogeneous, spreadsheet-based procurement documentation. The system aligns the free-text estimate positions with standardised embodied-carbon reference datasets, such as the ICE Database, Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs) and EN 15978-compliant life cycle assessment structures. To improve the reliability of practical CO₂ estimation, the framework introduces a Bayesian Feedback Correction Engine (BFCE). This is designed to reduce discrepancies iteratively between generalised look-up table emission factors and observed, project-specific embodied carbon data. The feedback mechanism continuously recalibrates environmental coefficients using primary data provided by suppliers, transport information related to logistics, records of material substitution, and validated environmental product declarations. Experimental validation on a corpus of real-world construction projects demonstrated that the semantic-matching module achieved top-1 matching accuracy of 89.3% and top-3 accuracy of 97.1%. Furthermore, the proposed Bayesian correction mechanism reduced the median absolute percentage error in embodied carbon estimation from 28.5% using a conventional static look-up table to 8.3% after three iterative feedback cycles. The results obtained indicate that the proposed architecture establishes a scalable, reproducible pathway towards real-time, evidence-based embodied carbon accounting that is directly integrated with operational construction cost management and procurement processes.
Tourism destinations are becoming more and more like interconnected hospitality ecosystems, where visitor experiences are created through the interaction of information services, infrastructure, hospitality services and leisure opportunities. Understanding how these components influence tourist satisfaction and intention to recommend a destination is important for enhancing its competitiveness. This study therefore aims to evaluate the influence of these components on tourist satisfaction and recommendation intentions in a regional tourism destination in western Lithuania. A quantitative research design was employed, involving a structured questionnaire survey. The final sample consisted of 455 visitors. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics, a reliability analysis, a Pearson correlation analysis, multiple linear regression and an ordinal logistic regression. The findings revealed generally positive evaluations of the dimensions of the hospitality ecosystem. Information quality received the highest evaluation (M = 3.79), while infrastructure quality received the lowest score (M = 2.88). Reliability analysis revealed excellent internal consistency, with Cronbach’s alpha coefficients ranging from 0.934 to 0.967. Regression analysis revealed that infrastructure quality (β = 0.235, p = 0.036) and leisure service quality (β = 0.164, p = 0.020) had a significant impact on tourist satisfaction. In contrast, information quality, food service quality and accommodation quality were not found to have a significant effect. The model explained 28.1% of the variance in tourist satisfaction. Satisfied tourists were significantly more likely to recommend the destination (β = 1.817, p < 0.001). These results emphasise the importance of infrastructure and leisure services in enhancing visitor experiences and boosting a destination's competitiveness.
The subject of the present study is the legal and institutional framework for responding to the economic dimension of domestic violence. The focus of the study is on the transition from criminalisation of the act to reparation for the victim in the context of the practice of the European Court of Human Rights. The paper focuses on the interaction between criminal liability, positive obligations of the state, economic autonomy of the victim, compensation mechanisms, social support, and human rights standards in ensuring effective protection against domestic violence. Methodology. This research draws on a combination of comparative legal, systemic, human rights-based, criminal law and institutional economic methods. The analysis integrates the European Convention on Human Rights, an examination of the European Court of Human Rights' (ECtHR) case law on domestic violence, an assessment of the economic consequences of abuse, and an evaluation of legal mechanisms for compensation, protection and restoration. This methodological approach has enabled the interdependency between criminalisation, institutional responsibility, economic deprivation, victim protection and the enforceability of human rights in cases of domestic violence to be identified. This work aims to define the legal and economic framework of the state's response to domestic violence, evaluate the limitations of criminalisation as a protective measure and develop a conceptual approach to reparation that encompasses compensation, restoration of autonomy, social support and the prevention of further violations. The article demonstrates that domestic violence is a human rights violation with direct material, social and institutional consequences. The results of the study demonstrate that domestic violence is a complex legal, social and economic phenomenon. The first necessary level of legal recognition is criminalisation, because it confirms the public nature of the violation and creates the basis for intervention, investigation, prosecution and protective measures. However, the practice of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) demonstrates that formal criminal provisions are insufficient where public authorities fail to assess risks, respond to complaints, protect victims, or address repeated patterns of abuse. Cases such as Opuz v. Turkey, Volodina v. Russia, Kurt v. Austria, Tunikova and Others v. Russia, Talpis v. Italy and Tkhelidze v. Georgia demonstrate that state responsibility can include effective prevention, protection and investigation measures, as well as just satisfaction and structural reforms. The study emphasises that the economic aspect of domestic violence is an integral part of the harm caused. Victims may be deprived of income, housing, employment opportunities, access to documents, family resources, childcare, mobility and the practical capacity to leave the abusive relationship. These losses are often hidden, cumulative and difficult to prove, yet they are crucial in determining whether the victim can establish an independent life. Therefore, the legal response should include compensation for material and non-material damage, as well as access to safe housing, legal aid, psychological and medical support, employment assistance, protection from financial abuse and stable public financing of infrastructure supporting victims. Conclusion. The legal regulation of domestic violence is the responsibility of the state in terms of criminal law, economics, and human rights. The shift from criminalisation to reparation reflects the need to change the state's response from punishing the perpetrator to restoring the victim’s autonomy and preventing repeated harm. In the context of the European Court of Human Rights' (ECtHR) practice, effective protection requires a model in which criminal liability, positive obligations, compensation, social support, institutional accountability, and financial responsibility operate within a single framework. The future development of this model hinges on national legal systems recognising the economic impact of domestic violence and redistributing the associated costs away from victims through compensation, public support and structural prevention measures.
This article presents a comprehensive, interdisciplinary study of the relationship between economic incentives and criminal liability as instruments for regulating market behaviour. The topic's relevance stems from the need to identify an optimal model of state intervention in economic relations, given the increasing prevalence of economic crime, the high latency of economic criminal offences and the limited effectiveness of traditional punitive mechanisms. The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of criminal punishment as a means of regulating the behaviour of economic agents, determine its regulatory capacity limits, and substantiate the optimal balance between punitive and incentive-based public policy instruments. The methodological framework combines economic analysis of law with systemic, comparative, formal, logical-analytical and statistical legal methods. The research is theoretically founded on Gary Becker's economic model of the rational offender, the ultima ratio doctrine, the principle of the economy of criminal law enforcement, and contemporary approaches within the field of law and economics. The findings demonstrate that compensatory increases in the severity of criminal sanctions do not ensure a proportional enhancement of the deterrent effect of economic criminal offences under conditions of a high level of latency, and may conflict with the principles of proportionality, justice, and economy of criminal law repression. Based on an analysis of deposit and lending activity dynamics in Ukraine, the study concludes that lawful financial behaviour is influenced to a much greater extent by economic and institutional incentives, particularly the deposit guarantee system, preferential lending programmes and predictable monetary policy, than by intensified criminal law enforcement. The study also argues that excessive or disproportionate reliance on criminal law mechanisms to regulate economic activity may increase legal uncertainty, raise businesses' transaction costs, and negatively impact investment activity. The research's scientific novelty lies in the development of the concept of complementary market behaviour regulation, whereby economic incentives and criminal liability perform mutually reinforcing functions. Economic instruments shape incentives for lawful behaviour ex ante, whereas criminal law serves a protective function ex post, responding to the most socially dangerous manifestations of opportunistic behaviour. The practical significance of the findings lies in their support for the transition to an integrated criminal policy model that prioritises the use of economic incentives alongside the proportional, predictable and ultima ratio-based application of criminal law mechanisms.
The economic resilience and global competitiveness of agri-food chains are critical components of national economic security, particularly in times of geopolitical instability. The full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine had a highly disruptive effect on the macroeconomy as a whole, including livestock agri-food chains driven by agricultural enterprises and households. This study evaluates how these chains can preserve their viability under extreme risk conditions through structural adaptations and market reorientations. The study hypothesis was that Ukrainian livestock agri-food chains had developed distinct institutional and structural patterns of economic resilience, enabling them to maintain international competitiveness despite wartime pressures. The purpose of the research was to evaluate the structural changes, market adaptability and trade competitiveness of Ukrainian animal husbandry between 2021 and 2024, as the sector establishes stronger links with the EU. The research methodology used available official statistics and encompassed quantitative econometric tests (Student's T-test), regional cluster optimisation modelling and trade balance analysis. The findings revealed a significant structural divergence. Agri-food chains anchored by agricultural enterprises demonstrated high economic stability in capital-intensive sectors such as egg production, pork production and poultry production. The agri-food chains led by smallholder households only retained dominant market shares in the highly fragmented milk and honey niches. Optimisation modelling identified three distinctive economic clusters in regional agribusiness, mirroring pre-war configurations but with an increased focus on exports. Despite massive asset destruction, the paper proves that strategic resource reallocation and a pivot to exporting to the EU market allowed Ukrainian agri-food chains to remain competitive in international trade. This lays the groundwork for their integration into the EU's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP).
This article presents a comprehensive interdisciplinary analysis of the legal and economic challenges associated with the use of artificial intelligence in journalism. It does this within the framework of developing a model of responsible media governance. The relevance of the study is driven by several factors. Firstly, there has been rapid diffusion of generative artificial intelligence technologies in editorial practice. Secondly, there has been transformation of media business models. Thirdly, there has been emergence of new challenges relating to copyright protection, professional journalistic ethics, and information security. Finally, there is a need to harmonise Ukrainian legislation with the European regulatory framework governing artificial intelligence. The study aims to examine the legal and economic implications of artificial intelligence in journalism, evaluate current approaches to its regulation and demonstrate that responsible media governance is a viable model for balancing technological innovation, economic efficiency and public interest protection. The findings demonstrate that, although artificial intelligence can substantially enhance the efficiency of editorial workflows by automating routine tasks, it can also generate new legal, economic and ethical challenges. These challenges are associated with using journalistic content to train generative AI models, allocating liability for AI-generated content, developing the market for licensing journalistic data, spreading disinformation and the growing use of digital avatars and synthetic media. The study concludes that the risk-based regulatory approach set out in the European Union's Artificial Intelligence Act (AI Act) offers a modern conceptual basis for managing the use of artificial intelligence in the media sector. However, effective implementation requires economic mechanisms to complement content licensing, transparent allocation of responsibilities among digital ecosystem participants, and further development of editorial self-regulation. The research's scientific novelty lies in substantiating the interdisciplinary concept of responsible media governance, integrating legal, economic and organisational self-regulatory mechanisms for the use of artificial intelligence in journalism. The practical significance of the findings is their potential to improve Ukrainian legislation on media and artificial intelligence, develop editorial AI governance policies, establish licensing mechanisms for journalistic content and align the national regulatory framework with European Union legislation.
This systematic literature review investigated the impact of a potential military conflict between the United States of America (USA), Israel and Iran on global trade flows and supply chain systems. The study adopted the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) approach, drawing on a large number of studies identified through a literature search of several popular academic databases, including Web of Science, Scopus, EBSCOhost, ScienceDirect and JSTOR. Consequently, a total of 52 articles that have undergone the peer-review process and were published between 2020 and 2026 were selected on the basis of their relevance. The present study has identified the following five major transmission channels of the effects of geopolitical conflict on international trade flows and supply chains: energy market disruptions; maritime transit vulnerabilities; trade fragmentation through economic sanctions; supply chain resilience and adaptive strategies; and macroeconomic and sectoral spillovers. Based on the reviewed literature, the following major implications of the current conflict on international trade flows can be identified: instability in energy markets and threats to strategic maritime routes, including the Strait of Hormuz, are likely to impose cost pressures on international trade flows and require the restructuring of global trade. The findings emphasise the importance of strategic diversification and the development of resilient supply chains, as well as prospective policy actions to address the potential for disruption. This study makes theoretical and policy contributions based on the latest scholarly discourse. It emphasises the need for adaptive, technology-facilitated and diversified approaches to ensure the smooth running of international trade in a tense geopolitical environment.
This study examines the theoretical, legal and practical aspects of international economic co-operation in the context of Ukraine's accession to the EU. This is important given Ukraine's status as a candidate for EU accession and the ongoing process of European integration, as well as the need for thorough reform of the national legal system in line with European standards. International economic co-operation is expanding beyond traditional trade and economic relations to increasingly encompass legal regulation. This is because successful economic integration hinges on proper legislative harmonisation and effective mechanisms for regulating social relations. International economic co-operation is an important means of aligning Ukrainian legislation with that of the European Union. The process of legal integration has been found to entail not only aligning national legislation with EU law, but also amending the lawmaking process and improving procedures for drafting and assessing the impact of regulations, as well as implementing advanced tools for monitoring legislation's effectiveness. The study concludes that the Association Agreement is a vital legal mechanism that paves the way for legislative harmonisation and establishes the regulatory preconditions for Ukraine's continued integration into the European legal framework. The study found that the Ukrainian lawmaking system is gradually aligning with European standards. This is evident through the introduction of new institutional instruments and the development of a regulatory framework. However, several issues were also identified, such as fragmented individual lawmaking procedures, ineffective impact assessment mechanisms, limited use of legal oversight tools and insufficient institutional capacity within government bodies. Particular attention was paid to the impact of martial law on lawmaking and the importance of adhering to relevant governance rules and making effective regulatory decisions. The subject of this study is international economic co-operation in lawmaking, as it relates to Ukraine’s integration into the European Union. Methodology. The formal-legal method was applied to analyse the provisions of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union, the Law of Ukraine “On Lawmaking Activity”, the Treaty on European Union and other legal acts governing the process of legislative harmonisation and legislative activity. The comparative legal method made it possible to identify similarities and differences between the Ukrainian and European approaches to lawmaking, regulatory policy, impact assessment, public consultation and legal monitoring. The systemic method was employed to analyse lawmaking activity within the context of a broader legal and institutional framework of European integration. Meanwhile, the functional method was employed to evaluate the practical effectiveness of legal mechanisms designed to implement European standards within the Ukrainian legal system. The aim of this article is to examine the role of international economic co-operation in the development of lawmaking activities in Ukraine in the context of European integration. Results. The research demonstrates that international economic co-operation has become one of the main factors influencing the transformation of Ukraine’s lawmaking system during its integration into the European Union. It has been established that bringing Ukrainian legislation into line with the European Union's acquis involves changes not only to the content of legal norms, but also to the way rules are made. The present study demonstrates that the adoption of the Law of Ukraine "On Lawmaking Activity" signifies a significant step towards the institutional modernisation of the national lawmaking framework and the implementation of European regulatory standards. Concurrently, the research identifies several challenges, including the need to strengthen the institutional capacity of public authorities responsible for European integration. Conclusion. International economic co-operation in the field of lawmaking constitutes an essential element of Ukraine's European integration process and serves as an important mechanism for the modernisation of the national legal system. The approximation of Ukrainian legislation to European Union law necessitates not only the harmonisation of legal norms but also the transformation of lawmaking procedures and institutional practices in accordance with European standards of good governance.
This article has been retracted. Please see the Baltija Publishing Policy on Article Withdrawal (http://baltijapublishing.lv/index.php/issue/policies_ethics). This article has been retracted at the request of third-party readers who identified significant errors, breaches of academic integrity, and compromised peer-review processes. In accordance with the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) guidelines and Baltija Publishing policies, the author was asked to provide clarification regarding the references used in the work but was unable to satisfactorily justify them. An investigation conducted by the journal’s editors identified references that were irrelevant to the article, as well as a significant lack of citations in large sections of the text. Additionally, there are concerns that the author appears to have used a generative AI source during the writing process without disclosure, which constitutes a breach of journal policy. Consequently, the editors no longer have confidence in the integrity or the findings of the article and have decided to retract it. The scientific community takes this matter very seriously, and apologies are offered to the readers of the journal and to those whose names were mentioned, as this issue was not detected during the submission process. The author agrees with the retraction and does not dispute the grounds for it. DOI of original article: https://doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2025-11-5-299-306
This study examines the influence of green branding and green brand image on consumer purchase intentions in Kosovo. As environmental awareness grows, local consumers are increasingly considering the ecological impact of their choices, prompting companies to integrate sustainable practices into their marketing strategies. This research aims to determine whether green branding and brand image significantly influence consumers' willingness to purchase eco-friendly products, and to identify any demographic differences in this behaviour. A quantitative approach was adopted. Data were collected via a structured questionnaire distributed to a diverse group of consumers across Kosovo. A total of 190 valid responses were analysed using descriptive statistics, as well as correlation and regression analyses. This methodology enabled a detailed examination of the relationships between green branding, brand image and purchase intentions, and the impact of factors such as gender and age on consumer behaviour. The findings reveal a strong positive correlation between green branding and consumer purchase intentions. This suggests that clearly communicating a brand’s environmental initiatives can encourage consumers to choose sustainable products. A green brand image also has a significant effect, with consumers perceiving environmentally responsible brands as more trustworthy and appealing. Many respondents expressed a willingness to pay a premium for green products, highlighting both ethical considerations and a growing consumer interest in sustainability. Notable gender differences emerged, with female consumers demonstrating greater sensitivity to green branding and a stronger inclination to purchase eco-friendly products than males. In conclusion, the study highlights the significance of green branding and brand image in influencing consumer behaviour in Kosovo. It provides companies with practical insights on how to enhance brand value while promoting sustainable consumption. By integrating environmental responsibility into their marketing strategies, businesses can foster consumer loyalty and gain a competitive advantage. The research contributes to academic knowledge by providing empirical evidence from a local context and emphasising the financial and marketing implications of green branding. Overall, the study highlights the importance of understanding green consumer behaviour in emerging markets, offering valuable insights for companies and policymakers seeking to promote environmentally responsible practices.
Relevance. Technological innovations that are driving the digitalisation of economic life are highlighting the need for a philosophical rethink of the nature of money, trust and value. The crypto sector is a particularly interesting area for the implementation of new forms of exchange that challenge traditional ideas about the monetary system. Problem statement. The emergence of cryptocurrencies as decentralised digital assets raises a number of fundamental economic questions concerning the autonomy of money issuance, the limits of state regulation, the nature of value, new forms of trust and economic freedom. It is becoming essential to critically rethink the technological and socio-historical aspects of the formation of a new ontology of value and exchange. The purpose of the study is to establish the conditions necessary for utilising the potential of the crypto sector to overcome the crisis of confidence and reduce transaction costs. Materials and methods. The study is based on an analysis of classical and modern economic theories of money and the concepts of decentralisation and monetary competitiveness. The study's methodology includes a systemic approach, structural and functional analysis methods, a comparative historical method and a dialectical method. Results. The present study analyses the evolution of the concept of 'private money' in the digital age, with a particular focus on the ontological, technological, and sociocultural dimensions of value and trust. To this end, cryptocurrencies and other crypto instruments are used as illustrative cases. The study demonstrates that cryptocurrencies can be understood as a partial realisation of the concept of 'private money' in a digital environment, where trust is based not on institutional guarantees but on algorithmic transparency and integrity. Ontological grounds for reconsidering value, economic freedom and relative autonomy in the digital economy have been identified. Several prerequisites for utilising the crypto-sector's potential to overcome the trust crisis and reduce transaction costs have been formulated. Conclusions. The crypto-sector is a space not only for the implementation of technological and financial innovations, but also a fundamental historical challenge to traditional views of the role of the state, centralised issuance, autonomy, self-regulation, trust, and value. Further study requires an interdisciplinary approach, in which the philosophy of economics plays a key role in conceptualising new forms of economic reality. This article provides an explanation of economic and philosophical ideas on the 'denationalisation of money', offering a structural analysis of contemporary practices that implement these ideas in blockchain, cryptocurrency and smart contract concepts.
This research focuses on the allocation of limited financial resources among competing investment projects using multicriteria methods, with a particular emphasis on funding procedures in which projects are evaluated according to economic, social, environmental and other policy-relevant criteria. In many practical contexts, funding agencies must decide which projects deserve support and how much of the requested budget to allocate to each one when the available budget is insufficient to finance all eligible proposals. The study aims to develop and demonstrate a transparent decision-support model that improves the flexibility and efficiency of financing investment projects by enabling funding decisions to be made on a partial rather than an all-or-nothing basis. The proposed methodology builds on an earlier multicriteria integer linear programming formulation by introducing continuous variables representing the proportion of funding granted to each project, as well as auxiliary binary variables indicating whether a project is approved. The logical relationship between approval and allocation is modelled using Big-M constraints, resulting in a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) formulation. This model simultaneously maximises the cumulative evaluation scores under each criterion and the number of supported projects while ensuring that the total budget constraint is satisfied. As these objectives may be in conflict with one another, the weighted-sum method is employed to generate Pareto-optimal funding plans. Two procedures for generating weights are considered: systematic iterative stepping over the unit simplex, and quasi-random Sobol-sequence-based generation. To inform the final decision, the global criterion method is used to select the Pareto solution that is closest to the utopian point. The model was implemented in MATLAB using the intlinprog solver and tested on an illustrative dataset comprising eleven investment projects evaluated under three criteria, subject to a fixed total budget. The results show that the partial-funding formulation increases the practical flexibility of the allocation process, offering more options than the original integer-only model. In the binary case, the selected solution may leave part of the budget unused because no additional project can be fully financed. However, the proposed MILP formulation allows the remaining budget to be allocated in fractions, ensuring full utilisation of the budget and enabling support for additional or higher-ranked projects. Computational experiments indicate that this added flexibility does not substantially increase solution time, and may even improve average runtime in the examined setting. The main conclusion is that partial funding provides a more realistic and efficient framework for selecting investment projects under multiple criteria. Nevertheless, the study also shows that unrestricted fractional allocations may result in funding shares that are too small to be meaningful in practice. Therefore, future refinements should include minimum funding thresholds and other policy constraints to ensure that mathematically efficient solutions can be implemented in real financing programmes.
This article examines international economic co-operation in higher education as a complex, multidimensional process integrating economic, institutional, academic, political, and security components. The research is based on a theoretical and methodological framework that draws on approaches to the internationalisation of higher education, concepts of the knowledge economy, theories of international economic co-operation and approaches to analysing transnational higher education and the global market for educational services. Particular attention is devoted to analysing the economic nature of international co-operation in higher education, including its main forms and strategies such as academic mobility, international educational programmes, grant financing, transnational education and the activities of international branch campuses. It is demonstrated that, in the current climate, higher education operates as a sector of international trade in services, with universities playing an active role in global economic interactions. In its applied dimension, the article outlines the main risks associated with international economic co-operation in higher education. These include financial dependence on external resources, institutional asymmetry, intensified competition between universities, the loss of intellectual capital and the instability of short-term economic models. It demonstrates that, in times of war, these risks become systemic and directly impact the functioning of Ukraine's higher education system. The study concludes that a balanced model of international economic co-operation is needed, combining integration into the global educational space with the preservation of institutional autonomy, the development of national scientific potential and the economic sustainability of higher education institutions. Research methods. The research is based on formal, legal, systemic, structural, functional and comparative methods, as well as an economic and analytical approach to assessing international co-operation in higher education. The study is based on an analysis of international scientific research, statistical data, legal and regulatory documents, and the operational practices of higher education institutions within the global educational landscape. Purpose of the article. The article aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of international economic co-operation in higher education. It seeks to determine the economic essence of this co-operation, its forms, and the strategies for its implementation. Additionally, it aims to identify the risks and limitations that affect the development of Ukraine's higher education system under conditions of globalisation and martial law. Conclusions. The study concludes that international economic co-operation in higher education is an integral part of the modern knowledge economy, as well as being an important means of integrating states into the global community. Higher education fulfils a social and an economic function, ensuring the formation of human capital, encouraging innovation and enabling participation in the international market for educational services. It has been determined that the primary forms of international co-operation possess significant economic potential; however, they simultaneously generate risks of financial dependence, institutional asymmetry, and loss of human capital. Under conditions of war, it has been shown that international co-operation has a dual nature: on the one hand, it is a critically important resource for support and development; on the other hand, it makes the higher education system more vulnerable to external factors. The argument is made that an effective model of international economic co-operation should be based on the principles of long-term strategy, diversification of funding sources, institutional resilience, and the combination of international integration with the development of national educational potential.
The purpose of the article is to identify key areas for integrating innovations into the strategic processes of ensuring the agricultural sector's sustainable development, with the aim of improving its efficiency, competitiveness and ability to adapt to economic, environmental and social challenges. Methodology. The study of priority areas for incorporating innovations into the strategic framework to ensure the sustainable development of the agricultural sector is based on the thorough application of theoretical, analytical and empirical methods. These methods enable an in-depth evaluation of the effectiveness of innovative solutions and their impact on the economic, environmental and social sustainability of the agricultural sector. The research methods include: theoretical analysis (to examine scholarly sources, as well as international and national experience in the implementation of innovations in agriculture, and to identify conceptual approaches to sustainable development and ESG-oriented financing); the systematic approach (with a view to conducting a comprehensive assessment of the agricultural sector as an integrated system encompassing production, financial, environmental and social components, taking into account global and local challenges; analytical methods - in particular SWOT analysis, PESTEL analysis and financial and economic assessments - to identify key issues and potential avenues for integrating innovation); empirical methods (for the collection and processing of statistical data, expert surveys of managers of agricultural enterprises and institutional representatives, and the evaluation of the effectiveness of existing innovative practices); forecasting and modelling methods (to develop scenarios for the implementation of innovative solutions and to assess the expected economic, environmental and social outcomes of their integration). The amalgamation of these methodologies guarantees a scientifically substantiated and praxis-oriented evaluation of pivotal avenues for innovation integration, thereby facilitating the formulation of recommendations for the development of sustainable development strategies for the agricultural sector and the provision of support for Ukraine's post-war economic recovery. The findings of the study suggest that integrating innovations into the strategy to ensure the sustainable development of Ukraine's agricultural sector has significant potential, particularly in wartime and during post-war recovery, but this potential is not being realised to its fullest extent. It has been established that the efficiency of agricultural production can be substantially increased through the implementation of technological, digital and environmentally oriented innovations; the development of co-operative and cluster-based forms of interaction; and the strengthening of integration between science, education and agribusiness. The key drivers of sustainable development are adaptation to climate change, the adoption of resource-efficient and low-carbon technologies, the development of organic production methods and the digitalisation of management processes. At the same time, a number of systemic constraints have been identified, including insufficient innovation financing, fragmented institutional support, low levels of innovation among agricultural enterprises and regional disparities in access to modern technologies. The prospects for enhancing the effectiveness of innovation integration are found to be associated with the development of public-private partnerships, improvements to financing mechanisms, modernisation of the material and technical base, development of innovation and digital infrastructure, and strengthening the competitiveness of agricultural products in domestic and international markets. Practical implications. The results obtained can be used to inform managerial decisions regarding the integration of innovations into sustainable development strategies for the agricultural sector at national, regional, and enterprise levels. Diagnosing the financial, institutional and technological determinants of innovative development enables priority areas for state support to be identified, financing mechanisms to be optimised, and private and international investment to be stimulated, particularly in the context of post-war recovery.The recommendationsfor implementing digital, resource-efficient and environmentally oriented innovations are of practical significance. These innovations contribute to increased productivity, financial resilience and the adaptability of agricultural enterprises to risks. Implementing the proposed approaches creates the conditions necessary to enhance the competitiveness of agricultural products, ensure adherence to ESG principles, improve resource management and establish an innovation-oriented model for the sustainable development of Ukraine's agricultural sector. Value/Originality. The study provides a systematic overview of the key areas for incorporating innovations into a strategy that ensures the sustainable development of the agricultural sector, taking into account global challenges and post-war recovery.This is of significant importance for developing effective national, regional and corporate agricultural policies. The research's scientific novelty lies in integrating the concepts of sustainable development, digital transformation, and ESG-oriented financing into a unified analytical model for the strategic development of the agricultural sector. The focus is on technological, digital and environmental innovations; the development of the institutional environment and human capital; and collaboration between science, education and business. These factors create the conditions necessary to enhance production efficiency, adaptability to risk, environmental security and the long-term competitiveness of Ukraine's agricultural sector.
The present article examines the criminalisation of economic offences as an instrument of state economic policy in the context of ensuring economic security. The relevance of the study is driven by the need to effectively combat economic crime in Ukraine under conditions of martial law, a high level of the shadow economy, and ongoing European integration transformations, as well as the necessity to prevent excessive criminal law intervention in entrepreneurial activity. The objective of the present study is threefold: firstly, to elucidate the conceptual foundations of the criminalisation of economic offences; secondly, to determine the limits of its effectiveness; and thirdly, to identify the risks associated with the excessive application of criminal law mechanisms in the sphere of economic relations. The findings demonstrate that the criminalisation of economic offences can only be effective if based on the principles of proportionality, subsidiarity, legal certainty and ultima ratio. Its effectiveness has been shown to depend directly on the institutional capacity of the state, the likelihood of enforcement, and the quality of law enforcement practice. Furthermore, the study shows that excessive criminalisation can lead to the devaluation of criminal law, increased pressure on businesses, heightened corruption risks, a deterioration in the investment climate and an expansion of the shadow economy. The study's scientific novelty lies in conceptualising criminalisation as an element of state economic policy from the perspectives of economic and legal analysis. It also involves determining the limits of its effectiveness, taking international experience into account. The practical significance of the results lies in their potential application to improve the regulation of economic relations under criminal law, particularly with regard to revising economic crime provisions, developing compliance-oriented mechanisms and aligning Ukrainian legislation with European Union standards.
The study aims to assess current trends and prospects for the legume market, analyse factors affecting supply and demand, and identify ways to boost the industry's economic efficiency in the face of modern economic challenges. The study is reinforced by the following applied tasks: 'Development of agrobiotechnological approaches to the production of crop products to restore the fertility of soils affected by hostilities'. The study focuses on the legume market as part of agricultural production and as an element of the state's food security system. The study focuses on the economic, agroclimatic and institutional factors influencing market performance, as well as the structure of demand and supply, and the level of yield and profitability of production. Data analysis revealed that Ukraine is a leading exporter of leguminous crops in Europe. Soybeans are cultivated on 168 thousand hectares, yielding 3.4 million tons; peas on 347 thousand hectares, yielding 610 thousand tons; chickpeas on 40 thousand hectares, yielding 50 thousand tons; and beans on 45 thousand hectares, yielding 50 thousand tons. The authors' own research into crop yields at Vinnytsia National Agrarian University under conditions of economic activity proved that the yields exceeded the average Ukrainian level for soybeans (2.67 t/ha), chickpeas (3.02 t/ha), peas (4.16 t/ha) and beans (3.63 t/ha). This indicates the potential for increasing productivity. Market analysis demonstrates its sensitivity to a range of external and internal factors, including world prices, weather conditions, military risks, logistical constraints, and investment activity. A SWOT analysis reveals strengths such as favourable soil and climatic conditions, agrobiological potential and export experience, as well as weaknesses such as lower average yields compared to leading countries, limited internal processing and uneven technical support. The following strategic directions for market development are proposed: increasing yield through the introduction of zonal cultivation technologies and modern varietal composition; developing an internal programme to deal with processing based on the high added value of products; diversifying export markets and logistics; and improving state support mechanisms. The expected effects of implementing the measures are an increase in average yields by 15-25%, an increase in profitability by 10-18%, an increase in gross receipts, and a strengthening of Ukraine's export potential. This will ensure long-term food security and competitive advantages in the international market.
The relevance of this study is determined by the increasing importance of enhancing the export capacity of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Ukraine in conditions of wartime economic disruption. The objective of the research is to assess whether the export potential of Ukrainian agri-SMEs can be enhanced through the introduction of credit and loan guarantee instruments, with a particular focus on their integration into value chain structures and access to international markets, including Canada. Methodology. This study takes a mixed-methods approach, combining statistical analysis and desk research with stakeholder consultations involving SMEs, financial institutions and sectoral organisations. The analytical framework incorporates value chain analysis, financial intermediation theory and a programme-oriented approach to economic development, paying particular attention to the role of SMEs in the social economy. Results. The findings demonstrate that Ukrainian agri-SMEs have significant but underutilised export potential. The main constraints are not related to market demand, but rather to limited access to tailored financial instruments, weak coordination within value chains and the high perceived risk of lending to SMEs. The study shows that, unless they are combined with guarantee mechanisms and institutional strengthening of financial intermediaries, credit instruments alone are insufficient to activate export growth. Practical implications. The results suggest that integrating credit and guarantee instruments into value chain development can improve access to finance for SMEs, support investment in production and certification, and facilitate entry into export markets. This approach is particularly relevant when designing programmes aimed at economic recovery and trade expansion. Value/Originality. This study makes a valuable contribution to the existing literature by proposing a conceptual model of export activation that links financial instruments with value chain coordination and institutional capacity. It sheds light on SME development in times of crisis and emphasises the importance of financial innovation in fostering local economic resilience.
The modern global economy is undergoing a fundamental transformation centred on the rapid growth of e-commerce. The digitalisation of trade creates new opportunities for businesses and consumers alike, while also generating new types of disputes that require effective resolution mechanisms. Traditional justice systems are not flexible or effective enough to respond to the challenges of the digital age, making the search for alternative approaches to resolving commercial disputes relevant. Against this backdrop, a detailed analysis of the legal and economic aspects of the development of mediation in e-commerce is required. The study aims to analyse the use of mediation as a tool for resolving e-commerce disputes in terms of economic advantages, and to determine the effectiveness of online mediation in cross-border commercial relations. The research methodology consists of the following methods: the dialectical method, the system analysis method, the formal legal method, the comparative legal method, and the synthesis method. The study found that, compared to traditional litigation, mediation in the field of e-commerce provides dispute resolution 50–55% faster, while preserving business relationships in 68% of cases. The economic analysis shows that transaction costs for dispute resolution can be reduced by up to 30% for small and medium-sized businesses. The study revealed a significant transformation in the electronic dispute resolution legal landscape in 2024–25: the termination of the European Online Dispute Resolution Platform, and the simultaneous development of national initiatives, particularly in Canada, Latvia and California. The impact of artificial intelligence on mediation was analysed. It was found that platforms designed to resolve disputes have the potential to automate processes while maintaining human control over decision-making. The potential use of blockchain technologies and smart contracts for automatically executing mediation agreements was also identified.
