This article examines the specifics of strategic planning in forestry in the Russian Federation at the regional level. The aim of the study is to analyze forest plans in the constituent entities of the Northwestern Federal District and identify differences in their structure, performance indicator system, and strategic priorities for forestry development. The methodological basis for the study is a comparative and content analysis of forestry plan texts from eleven constituent entities of the Northwestern Federal District. The study revealed that the connection between regional forestry plans and the federal forestry development strategy is, in many cases, primarily formal. Differences in regional strategic priorities, performance indicator system, and the role of forestry plans in forestry management are identified. A typology of regional forestry plans is provided based on their integration with federal forestry policy and forestry planning models. The results of the study demonstrate that, despite a formally uniform document structure, regional plans form a heterogeneous system of strategic forestry management. A conclusion was made on the need to improve methodological approaches to the development of forest plans for the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and to increase the degree of their consistency with federal strategic documents, which is an important condition for the formation of the National Forest Plan of the Russian Federation.
Increasing labour productivity in mechanised logging is constrained by environmental damage from heavy machinery: specific ground pressure reaches 0.08–0.12 MPa, rut depth – 20–30 cm, root system damage to remaining trees – up to 60–70%. Reducing the negative impact is possible by using general-purpose tractors with mounted attachments. Based on the analysis of existing devices (LTN 50 skidding winches, ZT 140 M grapple grabs, UTU 2 “PAUK M”, HRZ and Uniforest grapples), it was found that the most effective is a mounted skidding trolley with a grapple operating in semi-suspended mode. The authors propose two patented design variants [24]. Key parameters: load capacity up to 5 t (bunch volume up to 6 solid m³), trolley weight 380 kg, clamping force of jaws at least 35 kN, hydraulic system working pressure 16–20 MPa, grab/release cycle time 5–8 s. Attachment to a tractor (e.g., MTZ-320) is via a category 2 three-point hitch (GOST 3480–76). During the working stroke, the trolley rolls on 6.50–10 pneumatic tyres, relieving the tractor’s rear axle by 35–40%, reducing traction resistance by 25–30% and specific ground pressure to 0.02–0.03 MPa (3–4 times lower than with choker skidding), and rut depth to 5–8 cm. During idle travel, the trolley is raised to a clearance of at least 400 mm, increasing tractor manoeuvrability (turning radius reduced by 20–25%) and reducing chassis wear. Traction calculation for the MTZ-320 tractor (power 26.48 kW, η=0.85) showed a tangential traction force of 16.55 kN, permissible bunch weight of 30.8 kN, bunch volume of 2.8–3.9 m³ depending on log length (4.5 m). Shift productivity at a skidding distance of 100 m and a log volume of 0.38 m³ is 97.7–104.8 m³/shift depending on the speed mode (idle speed 1.81–2.49 m/s, loaded speed 1.02–1.36 m/s). The developed 3D models and kinematic schemes confirm the trolley’s adaptation to terrain irregularities (angular movements up to ±15°) and high maintainability in field conditions.
Abstract The article presents the results of a study aimed at substantiating the working height of a brush cutter rotor. To describe the branch response, a model based on the Euler–Bernoulli equations with the projection of the impulse force onto modal forms was used, which describes the energy distribution and maximum displacements depending on the impulse, impact duration, branch geometry, and the point of application x_0. Analytical expressions for natural frequencies and vibration modes, formulas for calculating the modal energy and the dependence of the oscillation energy and branch deviation on the impact impulse and the height of its application to the branch were obtained. These formulas make it possible to relate the rotor parameters - rotation frequency, mass, blade distance from the rotor axis - with the expected oscillations and branch fracture. For a branch 1.5 m long and 0.01 m in diameter, the obtained natural frequencies of the first five vibration modes were 2.91; 17.34; 48.25; 94.51 and 156.17 Hz. To verify the modal analysis, a frequency analysis was performed in CAD; the deviation of natural frequencies for the first five modes is less than 1%. A model of the rotor hydraulic drive was developed, taking into account its inertial parameters and pressure changes in the pressure hydraulic line. It was found that when cutting branches with a diameter of 10…30 mm, the energy from the flywheel inertia is primarily consumed, which is restored by the drive between blows. The obtained theoretical values during branch cutting are compared with the results of experimental studies on a prototype brushcutter rotor. It was found that the hydraulic drive model satisfactorily describes the pressure changes in the hydraulic system. The most rational cutting height is shown to be 0.2…0.4 m. The obtained results can be used in the design of brushcutters and the selection of the parameters of their working tools. Limitations of the model: linearization, the need for calibration of parameters for different wood species.
The object of the study is industrial forest plantations of pine aged 6-12 years, created on freshly cleared land in the berry pine forest type of the Middle Urals. The aim of the study is to assess the dynamics of changes in the structure and biometric indicators and parameters of tree crowns in industrial forest plantations of Scots pine. The research was conducted in 2018-2024 on a permanent test plot. During field studies, the number of surviving trees was determined: 66.5% of the total number of planted trees survived in 6-year-old crops, 60.0% in 9-year-old crops, and 55.4% in 12-year-old crops. For all surviving trees in the permanent trial plot, the diameter at mid-trunk height, trunk height, crown dimensions along and across the row were measured, and the length of all annual shoots was also measured. The data obtained during field studies, in laboratory conditions, were processed using mathematical statistics methods. A dynamic increase over time in the average taxation parameters of trees and their crowns, a certain decrease in the value of the variation coefficient and the amplitude of rank coefficients were established. Relative stabilization of the structure along the trunk thickness is observed only in 12-year-old pine crops. The structure of the trunk height significantly stabilizes by the age of 12 years of forest plantations, and the leaders and the most lagging trees in height are finally determined. The coefficient of determination between the height of trees and their trunk thickness significantly decreases from 0.653 to 0.428 with increasing age of pine forest plantations. The multiple correlation coefficient between tree height, tree trunk thickness and crown projection area steadily decreases from 0.897 to 0.522 with increasing age of pine forest plantations.
Due to the widespread dieback of spruce forests, reforestation following sanitary measures has become an urgent priority. When surveying large areas, remote sensing methods are more practical. Interannual linear trends of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and spectral brightness coefficients (SBC) in the red band were calculated for regenerating clear-cut areas of dried-up spruce forests affected by the bark beetle (Ips typographus L.) using Landsat satellite imagery for the period 2014-2025 within the coniferous-broadleaf forest zone of Perm Krai. The study included 26 logged areas where clear sanitary cuts were carried out in 2014. Three control sites, subjected to clear cutting of mature and overmature stands, were selected for comparison. Time-series analysis of NDVI using the Mann-Kendall non-parametric test revealed a predominance of statistically significant positive trends in the recovery of deciduous species, both on cleared dried-up spruce plots (77% of sites) and control sites (100% of sites). On half of the logged dried-up spruce areas, post-sanitary cutting regeneration involved a shift to less valuable deciduous species. Forest regeneration dominated by young spruce trees was observed in only 12% of the dried-up spruce clear-cuts, which is corroborated by statistically significant decreasing trends in SBC values in the red band. Analysis of red-band SBC values by forest type indicated more successful spruce regeneration in green-moss forests (mean SBC – 0.2741) and less successful regeneration in lime-dominated forests (mean SBC – 0.4388). Conversely, deciduous species regenerated more successfully in lime forests: the rate of increase in mean NDVI values reached 249.2% on experimental plots and 225.9% on control plots. In green-moss and oxalis forest types, logged dried-up spruce plots regenerated more actively than areas previously occupied by healthy stands: in green-moss forests, the NDVI increase was 200.6% on experimental plots versus 57.9% on controls; in oxalis forests, the increase was 194.8% versus 26.8%, respectively. According to the authors, this pattern can be explained by lower initial NDVI values in the time series for regenerating logged dried-up spruce forests, as well as by more favorable growing conditions associated with increased soil nutrient availability due to the decomposition of fallen spruce needles resulting from stand drying.
It is theoretically justified that the empirical formula, usually used to determine the coefficient that takes into account the hydrodynamic influence of the vessel's hull on the operating conditions of the propellers, as applied to the module under consideration, designed for towing timber transport units along medium and small rivers, can give significant errors. This is explained by the ratio of displacement to propeller diameter, which is atypical for conventional vessels, the presence of a compressed flow between the pontoons of the catamaran-type floating base, and the placement of the propellers outside the transverse dimensions of the pontoons, which weakens the influence of the following flow. As a result of a numerical experiment based on the finite element method using the SOLIDWORKS Flow Simulation program, the theoretical propositions were confirmed. When processing data on characteristic longitudinal sections, it was found that in the inter-pontoon space the flow velocity does not decrease, but increases, and only at some distance from the stern does it begin to decrease, remaining at a significant distance less than the relative velocity of the module. This is explained by the fact that in the inter-pontoon space and immediately behind it, the flow compression factor is more significant than the factor of the presence of a passing flow. Based on data from a number of cross sections, approximating dependencies were obtained for determining the velocities by coordinates in the section. Using these dependencies, a specially developed algorithm was used to calculate average speeds within circular contours for each cross-section, corresponding to the location of one propeller in the diametrical plane and two propellers symmetrical relative to it. The values of the required coefficient are established based on them. When placing propellers in the inter-pontoon space, it should be taken as - 0.08...- 0.09 when installing one propeller and - 0.09...- 0.11 when installing two. To determine this when installing propellers behind the stern of the module, approximating dependencies were obtained. The range of change of the coefficient behind the stern is from -0.08 to 0.06 when the distance from the midship changes from 3.25 to 4.90 m. Recommendations are given for determining the locations of installation of propellers, taking into account, along with the speed, other factors.
In many constituent entities of the Russian Federation, forest fund areas are located not only on flat terrain, but also on slopes of mountains, hills, and hilly ridge landforms. The operation of forest machines in such conditions is considerably more challenging than on flat terrain, and forests on slopes are particularly sensitive to the negative impact of machinery. As in flat forests, logging operations, silvicultural activities, and fire protection arrangements are necessary on slopes, which cannot be accomplished without the use of specialized forest machines. At present, wheeled forest machines based on tractor chassis predominate both in Russia and worldwide. Excessive impact of propellers on forest soils on slopes can lead not only to rut formation (as observed in flat forests), but also to slope collapse, creating an extremely hazardous situation for both personnel and equipment. The article theoretically substantiates the necessity of accounting for the soil reinforcement effect provided by tree roots when analyzing the interaction between a forest machine propeller and the movement surface on a slope. Based on experimental data, it has been established that the degree of saturation of the soil root layer with pine roots mu reaches 0.65% at an average trunk diameter of d = 0.3 m and a trail width of H = 4 m, while the increase in specific cohesion DeltaC reaches up to 70 kPa at mu = 1.0%. It is demonstrated that the presence of a root system (mu > 0.2%) transfers the edge part of the slope massif to a stable state (stability coefficient Ku > 1) and reduces the rut depth from 0.4 m to the standard value of 0.2 m. The rut depth is inversely proportional to the average diameter of trees near the trail: at d = 0.25 m or more, rut formation does not exceed permissible values. The performed research and assessments contribute to enhancing the reliability of predicting the operability of a skidding trail (technological corridor), as well as the reliability of predictive indicators for logging and reforestation operations in complex geotechnical conditions on slopes when using wheeled forest machines or skidding systems based on them.
In 2020–2024, route counts of owls were carried out in agricultural landscapes of Voronezh Oblast (19 routes of 10 km each, total 190 km). A total of 275 encounters of 7 species were recorded: long eared owl (Asio otus), short eared owl (Asio flammeus), tawny owl (Strix aluco), Ural owl (Strix uralensis), eagle owl (Bubo bubo), little owl (Athene noctua), and snowy owl (Nyctea scandiaca). The long eared owl was the absolute dominant (62.9% of encounters, density 9.1 individuals per 10 km). The χ² test confirmed non random biotope associations: long eared and short eared owls prefer shelterbelts and ravine forests, while the tawny owl prefers upland oak forests and floodplain forests. A scoring system for nesting suitability of forest micro fragments was developed (Iint = G+Z+K, max 9). Upland oak forests and floodplain forests showed the highest suitability (8 points), while pine forests and agricultural landscapes the lowest (5 points). New regional trends were recorded: southward range expansion of the Ural owl, registration of the barn owl (Tyto alba) after a 109 year break, and a critical decline of the little owl and scops owl. Population dynamics fluctuated synchronously across years with a peak in 2022. The results support the need to preserve shelterbelts, hollow trees, and large forest tracts as key owl habitats in agricultural landscapes.
The relevance of the study is determined by the need for a comprehensive assessment of the long-term impact of hydroforestry reclamation and silvicultural treatments on the productivity and wood quality of pine forests in the context of large-scale climatic changes. Aim of the Work. The aim of the work is to analyze the dynamics of forest inventory parameters, resin productivity, and macrostructure of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) wood at long-term monitoring sites in the Sokolsky Municipal District of the Vologda Region. Methods. The research was conducted on nine sample plots established in different site conditions: natural swamp forest stands (control), drainage (1970s), and drainage combined with silvicultural measures (intermediate thinning and selective logging; 1990s). Standard forest inventory methods, resin productivity assessment (according to OST 13-80-79), dendrochronological analysis, and calculation of basic wood density were applied. It was found that hydroforestry reclamation had a positive effect on timber stock (an increase of 30–35% compared to the waterlogged control). The implemented silvicultural treatments optimized the stand structure, increasing the proportion of trees in the higher Kraft classes. It was revealed that maximum resin productivity is characteristic of drained stands that underwent intermediate thinning (239 g), as well as natural lowland bogs. Furthermore, wide-crowned trees produced significantly more oleoresin during tapping compared to narrow-crowned trees. A relationship was found between turpentine yield and crown exposure, attributed to the orientation of drainage ditches. Dendrochronological analysis showed that drainage stimulates wood growth: tree-ring width increased by 9% due to the thickening of the latewood zone (by 27%) while earlywood decreased (by 15%). The wood density of pine in near-ditch areas of reclaimed forest strips increased by 5%, exceeding the regional average.
A mathematical model of rut formation during sequential interaction of forwarder wheel sets with solid obstacles (stumps, stones) on a skidding trail is presented, taking into account soil moisture. The model is based on the laws of energy conservation, contact mechanics, and the Mohr–Coulomb shear failure criterion of soil. It has been established that the dynamic pressure on the soil when a wheel hits an obstacle can be 2 or more times higher than the static pressure. Based on field surveys of a skidding trail in a cowberry pine forest, it was revealed that the depth of deformations after solid obstacles is greater towards the loaded travel direction of the forwarder, and the resulting “comb” type rut leads to increased fuel consumption, increased dynamic loads, and reduced operator comfort. It is shown that obstacle height and soil moisture are critical factors: at moisture content above the plasticity limit of loam (W > 28–30 %) and obstacle height h ≥ 0.3 m for a three-axle forwarder, the relative rut depth reaches λ = 1.3, which corresponds to the bottom contacting the ground surface and loss of trafficability. Technical measures to reduce rut depth are proposed and quantitatively substantiated: equipping wheel sets with flexible track belts (single-track wheels) and optimizing axle load. For a four-axle forwarder, the installation of single-track wheels allows skidding on wet soils with obstacles up to 0.4 m high without reducing load capacity. The developed approach makes it possible to predict rut depth for given geotechnical conditions and to reasonably apply measures to reduce dynamic loads while maintaining the rated productivity of the machines.
Methods of fluctuating asymmetry are quite often used to assess the developmental stability of tree stands under conditions of industrial pollution in urban areas. The aim of the study was to evaluate the developmental stability of balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera L.) stands using fluctuating asymmetry of leaves from unpruned, pruned trees and root suckers, which were weakened by leaf rust and brown leaf spot, in different districts of Bratsk, Irkutsk Oblast. The research employed the fluctuating asymmetry method according to V.M. Zakharov’s technique, as well as the method by E.V. Avdeeva. Bratsk is a complex urban agglomeration where residential areas are separated by tens of kilometres, which allows the assessment of the relationship between the degree of developmental stability of balsam poplar trees and pollution levels with a high degree of reliability. The study was conducted during 2023–2024 on different tree categories: unpruned and pruned trees, as well as root suckers, which poplar produces abundantly. It was found that infection of balsam poplar by leaf rust and brown leaf spot is the decisive factor affecting the developmental stability of the stands, whereas the effect of pruning and the pollution level of diseased stands did not, as usually observed, exert a significant influence on the fluctuating asymmetry indices. Moreover, in the first year of mass disease outbreak, leaf rust did not affect developmental stability, but in subsequent years after the epiphytotic, severe weakening of the trees occurred, manifested in early defoliation, which led to a critical state of developmental stability. In this case, the assessment of developmental stability appears to be of little effectiveness. The main factor affecting the developmental stability of urban balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera L.) stands infected by poplar leaf rust and brown leaf spot is the weakening of the trees’ vital status caused by pathogens, leading to a loss of ornamental value, premature defoliation, and loss of symmetry in leaf blades.
The work presents an analysis of the formation of wastewater quality from artificial green zones in urbanized territories. The mechanisms of migration of pollutants in these systems are considered. To assess the quality of wastewater, open information was used, taking into account the regional specifics of the functioning of these objects, and own experimental studies on a model system. An analysis of scientific and technical literature has shown that, with some universality of the model of composition of these objects, the specificity of the formation of filtration waters can differ significantly. The composition of water depends on climatic conditions and the target function, design features and the composition of the enclosing layers. However, in a certain climatic zone, using a single algorithm for laying layers, it is possible to achieve universality of the formation of wastewater for the organization of its reuse. It has been experimentally established that wastewater from a sports field is slightly polluted under steady-state filtration conditions (average statistical values of BOD₅ are 181±17.0 mg O₂/dm³, COD – 385±54.0 mg O₂/dm³), which meets the requirements of the contract for the discharge of this water into the city sewer. Direct water users of such systems require additional treatment. During the analytical review, a fundamental technological analogy was revealed between the structures of a sports field and the biologically active layer of a landfill, formed at the final stage of its biological reclamation. Thus, the model (soil layer – membrane – drainage) can be used as an object of study for developing a controlled mechanism for the formation of soil layers for more complex nature-like systems. The obtained data will make it possible to predict the characteristics of the main runoff during the design and operation of artificial green zones. The practical significance of the work lies in expanding the understanding of the implementation of nature-like design in urbanized territories and during the reclamation of forest areas after technogenic impacts of various nature.
This study assessed the rate and extent of biodegradation in soil of cellulose cells intended for industrial seedling cultivation, as an environmentally friendly alternative to plastic cassettes. The experiment utilized two types of cellulose fiber-based compositions embedded in three types of soil substrates (soil from a blueberry spruce forest, compost, and a peat-soil mixture). A gravimetric method was used to determine sample mass loss. The average decomposition rate of the materials was 87 % and 84 % for the two compositions, respectively. Based on the data obtained, the predicted time for complete decomposition is estimated at 57–59 days. The highest degradation rate was recorded in the peat-soil mixture. Statistical analysis confirmed a significant impact of the cellulose composition type on the rate of biodegradation. An experiment using earthworms of the genus Allolobophora as bioindicators revealed no visually observable negative impacts of decomposing materials on soil fauna. The results demonstrate the potential of using biodegradable cellulose cassettes for reforestation as a way to reduce the plastic load on ecosystems.
When harvesting coniferous seeds, it is necessary to separate them into empty and full-grained seeds. One of the methods for separating empty seeds from full-grained seeds is seed flotation. Seed flotation is used to sort seeds in liquid based on their density. The disadvantage of this method of determining the fullness of seeds is the duration of soaking. To neutralize the surface tension force during seed flotation, we proposed the use of a mixing device (Biosan OS-10 rotator) and the use of surfactants (diethyl ether). There is very little data available on seed flotation in general, and no data on the effect of diethyl ether on the flotation time in particular. The objects of the study were Scots pine, European spruce, and Siberian, Daurian, and European larch. The results of the study show that the use of various methods for reducing surface tension accelerates the flotation process. However, there is currently no universal "ideal" approach with an optimal solution and soaking time that is suitable for the effective flotation of seeds from all coniferous forest-forming species in Russia. Even the Siberian, European, and Daurian larch species, which belong to the same genus, behave differently when soaked in water. The flotation method should be specific to each individual species, both when using a rotator and when using surfactants. The study provides recommendations for conducting flotation for each species under investigation.
Multiple research studies have reported dark-needled forest ecosystems of the world suffer from a number of biotic and abiotic influences including outbreaks of xylophages, in particular of bark beetles. The combination of climate change and bark beetle infestations is playing a significant role in the widespread decline of dark coniferous forests, raising concerns about the future viability of this species in some regions of the world. This paper focuses on approaches to studying Siberian fir (Abies sibirica) stands invaded by Ussuri bark beetle (Polygraphus proximus Blandford). This study presents an approach to studying wood from invaded Siberian fir stands using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Our results indicate clear dynamics in the stability of Siberian fir wood components from stands disturbed by the Ussuri bark beetle. Hemicelluloses and amorphous cellulose were found to exhibit high rates of degradation in dead wood samples five years after their death, as indicated by decreased absorption band intensities at 1024 and 892 cm-1. The aromatic lignin skeleton (1504 cm-1) was stable in dead wood samples ten years after their death. However, continued oxidation and modification of lignin was detected over time, as evidenced by the band peak at 1655 cm-1. Consequently, the degradation of dead Siberian fir wood is cascade-like, with readily accessible carbohydrates first degraded, followed by crystalline cellulose, and then lignin modification and oxidation. Thus, the use of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy allows us to determine the age of tree death, diagnose the early stages of wood biodegradation, and predict the behavior of wood material during processing.
The article presents the results of comprehensive research evaluating the operational efficiency of harvesters. The analytical basis of the research is the author's proposed energy concept for the development and application of multi-operation timber-harvesting machine complexes. The initial data for the analysis comprise the results of experimental studies and mathematical modeling of harvester operation. The assessment of the adequacy and accuracy of the author's mathematical model used was performed using the Student's t-test at an innovation level of 0.05. The evaluation criterion is a developed integral indicator of specific productivity potential. The research was conducted for typical logging conditions in the Republic of Belarus and technological processes for timber harvesting using complexes of multi-operation forestry machines. Based on the research results, regularities of nonlinear changes in energy consumption, time, and dynamic loads in harvester structures were established. These changes occur under various modes of combining tree felling, moving, and delimbing operations with corresponding drive powers in stochastically distributed logging conditions. The results of assessing the speed of the drives of individual manipulator links and its impact on the efficiency of the harvester's technological process are presented. It is shown that the contribution of the operating speed of individual links significantly depends on the nature of the movements combined by the operator. It has been established that increasing the hydraulic fluid flow rate to the telescopic link cylinder above 117 L/min practically does not lead to an increase in the average speeds of the tree moving operation, but only increases dynamic loading and energy consumption for overcoming inertia forces. A technological process involving the sequential application of harvesters of different size-energy classes on the same cutting area is proposed. This process is 14.4–16.9% more efficient compared to the technology of using only a larger size-energy class harvester in conditions where cutting areas have significant stochastic variability in trunk volumes.
Limited-use landscaping facilities are part of the city's landscaping system, so they receive close attention. Green spaces on the territory of educational institutions, in addition to ecological, aesthetic, and recreational functions, perform an educational and recreational functions. Therefore, it is necessary that the dendrological composition be biologically diverse on the territory of one institution. In this regard, the purpose of the research was to determine the biodiversity of dendroflora on the territory of kindergartens in Arkhangelsk and its compliance with regulatory documents. The article presents the taxonomic composition and systematic analysis of the recorded woody and shrubby vegetation at the studied sites. It is established that the number of registered species is characterized by 22 taxa of trees and 28 of shrubs. The proportion of coniferous plants is only 1.1% of all recorded specimens. Thus, of the trees, the most Picea abies (L.) H. Karst. is found in only 50% of the studied objects, Pinus sylvestris L. – 39%, Larix sibirica Ledeb. – 28%, Pinus sibirica Rupr. – 17%, Thuja occidentalis L. – 11%, Pinus mugo Turra. – 1%. Of the coniferous shrubs, only the common juniper, which grows on the territory of one kindergarten, is taken into account. It is noted that the number of dendroflora representatives on the sites of 11% of the studied objects corresponds to the regulatory data to one degree or another. The number of trees per hectare meets the standards in 61% of children's gardens. To assess the similarity of the taxonomic compositions of the kindergartens studied, taxonomic similarity coefficients were used: the Jaccard coefficient, the Sorensen coefficient, and the Bray-Curtis coefficient. The most complete similarity of the biological systems of the studied objects can be traced in the matrix calculated using the Bray-Curtis coefficient. It was found that out of 153 pairs of biocenosis ratios, in 14 cases the similarity of species is more than 50%. The results obtained can be used in planning the landscaping system of facilities under construction, as well as in carrying out the reconstruction of existing educational institutions for the selection and adjustment of the range of floral composition in order to make the most complete use in the educational process.
The main way to minimize the damage caused to forest ecosystems by geological exploration and gold mining is forest reclamation. However, ineffective regulation of the reclamation process and lack of quality control led to environmental risks in areas of economic activity and nearby settlements, causing a significant gap between compliance with legislation and actual environmental results. The problem is particularly acute in the regions of Siberia and the Far East, which contain a significant share of Russia’s current and future gold mining potential. This paper analyzes the current practices of forest land reclamation in the Krasnoyarsk Krai. We found that the lack of expertise among members of the quality assessment committee, lack of necessary equipment, and conflicts of interest can pose significant obstacles to a fair assessment of the quality of reforestation projects. Based on these findings, we have developed proposals to improve the process of evaluating the quality of forest reclamation and subsequent monitoring of the environment in restored forest areas. These proposals aim to achieve a balance between the interests of business, government and the public by providing a more objective assessment of the outcomes of reclaiming forest lands.
The collection of woody plants of the Botanical Garden-Institute of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Q. robur was not represented. There have been no previous successful attempts to introduce this species in the Far East. Therefore, we have started a study on the possibility of introducing Q. robur in Primorsky Krai. Acorns for sowing were collected in the green areas of Yerevan, Armenia (Poplavok ark). The acorns were harvested 2 months after their mass fall on November 29, 2023. The sample size is more than 100 pieces. The oak species has been identified as Q. robur f. praecox. The sowing qualities of acorns have been studied. The mass of 1,000 acorns in our study was 8370 g. Their diameter ranged from 16 to 23 mm (on average 21 mm), height 39.4 (36-43) mm. The indicator germination of acorns was determined at different terms of storage from 60 to 90%. The germination of acorns after storage at low plus temperature increased (up to 90%), which indicates the high quality of acorns. The results of the study of the development of seedlings at the early stage of ontogenesis are presented. The root begins to grow immediately after planting, reaching 250 mm in length by 2 months (by the time of emergence of seedlings) with lateral roots 10-30 mm long each. 2.5 months after sowing, the epicotyle height average 60-70 mm. Transplanting seedlings delayed shoot growth and/or stimulated the formation of additional shoots, the second shoot formed in 30%, the third in 10% of acorns. The shoot height of one-year-old seedlings, when grown indoors, was 20.8 (11-35) cm, in those planted in open ground 15 (6-25) cm. Leaf fall in plants planted in the ground occurred in the last decade of October, with a steady decrease in the average daily air temperature to +12 °C. In indoor conditions, the leafless period lasted 20 days in January. The data were obtained over a period 1.5 years. Phenological observations were conducted from November 2023 to the present. A portion of the oak seedlings were planted in the open ground in the first year to determine the possibility of their overwintering in the region. The photographs presented in the article were taken by the authors.
