igeonpea (Cajanus cajan) Important pulse crops grown in India.Legume seeds have comparatively higher protein content than non-legume plant.The high protein content makes them desirable crops in agriculture.The seeds of legumes are second only to cereals as the most important source of food for humans and animals (National Academy of Sciences, 1979).All varieties of pulses are excellent source of easily digestible protein.But there are several factors which are
India is in second position in world ranking next to China and accounts for about 15 per cent of global vegetable production (Vanitha et al., 2013).Totally 162.89 million MT of vegetable cultivated is around 9.39 million hectares which is about 3 per cent areas in the country (Neeraj et al., 2017).It is estimated that between 30 and 35 per cent of India's total vegetable production is lost owing to poor postharvest practices (Singh et al., 2014).Only less than 2 per cent of total vegetables are processed when compared to 70 per cent in Brazil and 65 per cent in the USA.Approximately 1.5 lakh MT of vegetables is sold in the processed form (Dutta et al., 2015).India's vast geographical area coupled with varied suitable climate conditions facilitates to grow a variety of vegetables.More than 70 types of vegetables are grown in the country, like tomato, brinjal, chilly, cauliflower, cabbage, peas, potatoes, onions and few common cucurbits and leafy vegetables (Khadatkar et al., 2018).These generate high income and employment, particularly for small farmers.Among the vegetables tomatoes, onion,
igeonpea [Cajnus cajan (L.) Millisp] is an important pulse crop of this country.It belongs to the family Fabaceae (Papilionaceae) and probably orginiated in india.In India, total pulse area and production during 2017-18 has been >299 Lha and 252 Lt, respectively.Out of the total area >74 Lha is confined to Madhya Pradesh alone, earning a prime status in pulse HIND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE Collection of pigeonpea seeds of different varieties from places of different agro-climatic zones and detection of seed borne mycoflora associated with it, by dry seed inspection method
A field experiment was conducted both in black cotton and red chalka soils during Kharif 2008-09 and 2009-10 seasons in Adilabad district of Telangana at three different locations through farmers participatory mode to find out the response of BG-II cotton hybrids under two different spacings in rainfed conditions.These experiments were carried out by the district Agricultural Advisory and Transfer of Technology Center, Adilabad in collaboration with ATMA project functioning at Adilabad.Three cotton hybrids viz., Mallika BG-II, Rasi BG-II and Paras Brahma BG -II which are most popular among the farmers were sown under two different spacings in different soils.The data revealed that, hybrids did not differ significantly in plant height, number of sympodial branches/plant, number of bolls/plant, boll weight and kapas yield in both the years of testing and also in both the soils.But, spacings had significantly influenced number of bolls/plant, boll weight and kapas yield.However, interaction effect was significant only for plant height.Closer spacing of 60 x 60 cm in red chalka soils (2033 and 2253 kg ha -1 ) gave significantly higher kapas yield than wider spacing of 90 x 90 cm (1500 and 1863 kg ha -1 ) during both the years of investigation, respectively.Thus, it is concluded that Bt hybrids need to be planted with higher plant density to realize good yields.
With an objective to popularize of improved variety of groundnut demonstration were conducted during 2013-16 on an area of 22.0 hectare with active participants of 60 farmer's at different locations of Tawang district of Arunachal Pradesh, with improved variety of" VL Moonghphali-1" and integrated crop management ( Seed rate-70kg/ha.kernel seed treatment with thiram 75% WP@3g/kg seed).The result revealed that maximum mean yield 20q/h.With an increase 54% due to more number of pod/plant (20pods/plant)with average plant height 45 cm over local check (13q/h) in which only 12 pods/plant were observed.Improved variety of groundnut" VL Moongphali-1" recorded progressively increased yield during three years of study from 13.0 to 20.0 q/ha.The production gap can be bridged by use of improved variety and recommended package of practices (optimum seed rate, balanced nutrition and recommended plant protection measure).Improved technology gave higher net return of Rs. 82,000/-per hectare with benefit cost ratio of 2.3:1 as compared to local check ( Rs. 40,333/-per hectare and benefit cost ratio of 1.7:1).
Wheatgrass ( Triticum aestivum L.) refers to young grass of the common wheat plant. It is the nature’s finest medicine used for human consumption in the form of dried powder, pills or fresh juice. It is a powerful health food supplement packed with nutrients and enzymes. Being similar in structure to haemoglobin it provides numerous positive health effects to the human body. Wheatgrass is excellent source of phytonutrients and antioxidant which play a major role in cure and control of degenerative diseases. The chlorophyll present in the wheatgrass is a magic ingredient which holds the capacity to fight with various diseases and disorders with its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-carcinogenic, immune-modulatory, antibacterial and anti-aging properties.
A field experiment was conducted during the Kharif season of 2016 and 2017 at three village's viz., Sernup, Poito and Namtsering in Tawang district of Arunachal Pradesh to study the effect of organic manures on yield attributes and seed yield of soybean (Glycine max L.).The experiment, consisted of four treatment of organic manures viz., control, farmyard manure (F.Y.M) @ 6.0 t/ha, vermicompost @ 3.0 t/ha and F.Y.M @ 3.0t/h + vermicompost
Field investigations were conducted at the College of Agriculture, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, to evaluate twenty-two guar genotypes for seed quality traits and their industrial potential across Kharif, Rabi, and summer seasons. The study focused on the influence of seasonal environments on galactomannan content, seed protein, carbohydrate concentration, endosperm proportion, and viscosity — key traits determining guar’s value for food, feed, and industrial applications. Results revealed marked seasonal variation in quality attributes: summer sowing consistently yielded seeds with higher galactomannan content, greater viscosity, and improved endosperm proportion, accompanied by elevated N, P, and K accumulation in reproductive tissues. Kharif sowings recorded moderate values for quality traits despite luxuriant vegetative growth, while Rabi sowings resulted in significant reductions across all measured quality parameters. Genotypes RGM 115, RGM 114, RGC 1033, and RGC 1077 emerged as stable performers, maintaining high galactomannan and protein levels irrespective of season, thereby demonstrating potential for industrial guar gum production in semi-arid tropics.
The experiment was carried out to find out the effect of integrated nutrient management on dry matter production, nutrient uptake and yield of okra var. Arka Anamika during 2015 and 2016 at Multipurpose Farm, Diglipur, North Andaman. There were 14 treatment combinations replicated thrice in RBD. The results indicated that the application of 75 per cent recommended dose of NPK + FYM @ 2.5 t ha -1 + NC @ 0.5 t ha -1 + VC @ 1.25 t ha -1 recorded higher dry matter production of plant and pod which in turn resulted in higher total dry matter production (3054 and 2955 kg ha -1 ), which was at par with 50 per cent of recommended dose of NPK + VC @ 5.0 t ha -1 , 50 per cent of recommended dose of NPK + FYM @ 3.75 t ha -1 + VC @ 2.5 t ha -1 + NC @ 1.25 t ha -1 and 100 % recommended dose of NPK during both the years of study. Similarly, uptake of N, P and K was maximum with 75 per cent of recommended dose of NPK + FYM @ 2.5 t ha -1 + VC @ 1.25 t ha -1 + NC @ 0.5 t ha -1 ) recorded higher pod yield (12.57 and 11.00 t ha -1 ) and net return (Rs. 2,98,289 and Rs. 2,69,474), respectively. However, higher B:C was registered in T 6 (4.79 and 4.42) followed by T 2 . From the results of the experiments, it can be concluded that application of 75 per cent of recommended dose of NPK + FYM @ 2.5 t ha -1 + VC @ 1.25 t ha -1 +NC @ 0.5 t ha -1 is highly profitable and economically viable for the cultivation of okra in Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
A field experiment was conducted during Kharif 2015at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, to study the effect of planting methods (flat, ridge and bed) and five nitrogen levels (0, 90, 120, 150 and 180 kg N ha -1 ) on the quality of maize.Among different planting methods, bed planting produced significantly higher yield of Kharif maize as compared to flat sowing method.Maximum grain yield of 58.5 q ha -1 was recorded in bed planting methods which was statistically at par with ridge sowing method (57.3 q ha -1 ) but was significantly higher than that recorded under flat sowing (52.6 q ha -1 ).Similar trend was recorded in stover yield.Different planting methods did not significantly influence the protein content, total sugars, starch content, oil content, carotene, total carotenoids and total minerals in maize grains.Among nitrogen levels, 150 kg N ha -1 gave significantly higher grain yield over 120, 90 and control but at par with 180 kg N ha -1 .Similar trend was also observed in stover yield.However; application of 180 kg N ha -1 recorded significantly higher protein content and total minerals than all the nitrogen levels except 150 kg ha -1 .Application of 180 kg N ha -1 recorded low total sugars than other nitrogen level but it was at par with 150 kg N ha -1
A field experiment was carried out at Instructional farm of Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, West Bengal, India during 2016 and 2017 to find out energetics and economics of green gram as influenced by varying levels (9) of nitrogen fertilizer. Randomized Block Design was adopted with three replications. Results of the experiment showed that 25 kg nitrogen ha -1 in the form of urea, at constant level of phosphorus and potassium recorded highest growth attributes, which leads to more grain (914.54 and 926.83 kg ha -1 during 2016 and 2017, respectively) yield followed by 30 kg N ha -1 (T 7 ) and 35 kg N ha -1 (T 8 ). Treatment receiving no nitrogen recorded significantly lowest plant height, number of branches plant -1 and grain yield of green gram. For every kg increase of nitrogen beyond 25 kg there was a yield reduction to the extent of 8 to 16 kg ha -1 . Energy productivity (0.14 kg MJ -1 ) and efficiency (2.07 kg MJ -1 ) was also found to be highest under T 6 , whereas plot receiving no nitrogen recorded highest values of specific energy (12.23). Economic analysis also revealed that T 6 recorded highest B: C ratio (1.52 and 1.54) during both the year of investigation.
The present study was elucidated the effects of biofertilizers on plant growth and yield characters of Pisum sativum L. The research was conducted during Rabi 2016-2017 at the field experimentation centre of the Department of Agronomy, Bhagwant University Ajmer, during the year of 2016-2017. The data were recorded on 11 characters. Based on the mean performance the treatment-8 (100% RDF + Rhizobium 30g/kg) was found best treatment for plant growth and seed yield. This obtained high in plant height (cm), number of primary branches per plant, number of leaves per plant, days to 50 per cent flowering, number of pods per plant, days to maturity, pod length (cm), number of seed per pod, seed index, seed yield per plant, nodules per plant. Interaction effect of biofertilizers was significant for all characters. Thus, it indicates that the process of biofertilizers may be better option for seed growers to achieve seed yield and yield components in pea.
An experiment was conducted at Agricultural Research Station, Borwat Farm, Banswara during Kharif -2010 and 2011 to find out optimum pant geometry and fertility levels for Bt cotton hybrid under three plant geometries (90 x 90, 90 x 60 and 90 x 45 cm) and three fertility levels (i.e.75, 100 and 125 % RDF).Significantly higher seed cotton yield was recorded (2301 kg ha -1 ) under closer geometry of 90 x 45 cm (2301 kg ha -1 ) than wider plant geometry of 90 x 60 cm (1934 kg ha -1 ) and 90 x 90 cm (1759 kg ha -1 ), respectively.Though, yield attributing parameters such as bolls plant -1 and boll weight were statically improved in wider as compared to closer spacing but it could not compensate yield due to significantly higher plant population in the later case.Among fertility levels, similar seed cotton yield was recorded with the application of 100% RDF (2204 kg ha -1 ) and 125 % RDF (2295 kg ha -1 ) but both were significantly better than that of 75 % RDF (1865 kg ha -1 ) and plant geometry 90 x 45 cm seemed to be ideal for Bt cotton hybrid for realizing higher productivity under the specific agro climatic zone IV b of (Rajasthan).
An experiment was conducted to find out suitable intercrop with chickpea under rainfed condition for maximizing the productivity of intercropping system at Agricultural Research Station, Borwat Farm, Banswara during Rabi 2008-09 and 2009-10.Significantly higher chickpea equivalent yield (2523 kg ha -1 ), water use efficiency (420.42 kg ha/cm), net return (Rs.58698/-ha -1 ) and B:C (3.46) were recorded under chickpea + mustard (4:2) rows cropping system over sole chickpea, sole barley, sole durum wheat, sole mustard, chickpea + barley (3:1) rows, chickpea + barley (3:2) rows, chickpea + durum wheat (3:1) rows and chickpea + durum wheat (3:1) rows, respectively.However, it was found at par with chickpea + mustard (4:1) rows cropping system chickpea equivalent yield (2430 kg ha -1 ), water use efficiency (405.0 kg ha/cm), net return (Rs.55675/-ha -1 ) and B:C (3.23) in the pooled analysis.
The soil of the experimental site was sandy loam in texture, neutral in reaction, rich in organic carbon, low in available nitrogen and high in available phosphorus and potassium. The bulk density of the top 0-15 cm soil was 1.46mg/m 3 . The basic infiltration rate was 1.3cm/hour. Twelve treatments comprising of three cropping systems (timely planted menthol mint, wheat + menthol mint relay system and wheat–late transplanted mint sequential cropping) and four irrigation schedules (IW:CPE ratio 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2) were set in a Factorial Randomized Block Design with three replications. Different treatments failed to bring significant variations in number of tillers/m 2 at 65DAS. However, higher number of tillers/m 2 was scored by conventional wheat planting. The yield attributes of wheat (number of ears/m 2 , ear length, number of grains/ear, grain weight/ear and 1000 grain weight) expressed non-significant variations due to alteration in planting pattern. Timely planted sole mint exhibited the lowest mint oil equivalent yield, followed by the transplanted crop. The relayed crop yielded the maximum mint oil equivalent yield. Among different IW:CPE ratios, significant increase in mint oil equivalent yield was observed at higher moisture regimes. IW:CPE ratio 1.2 had the maximum and 0.6 the minimum mint oil equivalent yield. The interaction effect revealed that irrigation of relay cropped mint at IW:CPE ratio 1.2 produced the highest oil equivalent yield. The wheat + mint relay cropping system gave the maximum gross (Rs. 140079/ha) and net returns (Rs. 74509/ha) and B:C ratio (1.13). Timely sown sole mint fetched higher gross and net returns and B:C ratio than wheat–transplanted mint with non-significant differences. Irrigation at higher IW:CPE ratios resulted in significant increase in gross return for every successive irrigation levels. For net return and B:C ratio, IW:CPE ratio 1.2 proved to be the best although it was statistically at par with 1.0 IW:CPE ratio.
The available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were 203kg, 18kg and 283kg/ ha, respectively.There were ten treatments viz.,T 1 (Control), T 2 (100% PK), T 3 (100% NPK), T 4 (150% NPK), T 5 (100% NPK + S), T 6 (100% NPK + Zn @ 25kg ZnSO 4 /ha), T 7 (100% NPK + B @ 1kg B/ha), T 8 (100% NPK + FYM @ 2.5 t/ha), T 9 (100% NP) and T 10 (100% NK) with the RDF of 120:40:20kg N, P 2 O 5 and K 2 O/ha, respectively.Plant height did not differ significantly at all the stages of crop growth.Maximum plant height at all the stages of crop growth was recorded under the application of 100% NPK + FYM @ 2.5 t/ha (T 8 ) treatment.However, minimum plant height at all stages of crop growth was recorded under control (T 1 ) treatment.Dry matter accumulations per plant in relation to different fertility levels were found to be significant during all the stages of crop growth, except at harvest.Maximum dry matter accumulation occurs under 100% NPK + FYM @ 2.5t/ha (T 8 ) treatment followed by 100% NPK + S (T 5 ) and minimum dry matter accumulation occurs under control (Ti) treatment, respectively.Significantly higher number of secondary branches recorded under 100% NPK + FYM @ 2.5t/ha (T 8 ) treatment at all the stages of crop growth and minimum number of secondary branches recorded under control (Ti) treatment, respectively.Higher number of all the yield attributes was found fewer than 100% NPK + FYM @ 2.5t/ha (T 8 ) treatment and minimum number of all the yield attributes was found under control (T 1 ) treatment.Higher values of seed yield, stover yield, biological yield and harvest index was recorded under the application of 100% NPK + FYM @ 2.5 t/ha (T 8 ) treatment and minimum value was recorded under the application of control (T 1 ) treatment.The maximum nutrient uptake by the crop was recorded under the 100% NPK + FYM @ 2.5t/ha (T 8 ) treatment and lowest nutrient uptake by the crop was recorded under the control (Ti) treatment.Maximum oil content was found under 100% NPK + S @ 40kg/ha (T 5 ) treatment but maximum oil yield was recorded under 100% NPK + FYM @ 2.5t/ha (T 8 ) treatment.However, lowest oil content and oil yield was recorded under control (Ti) treatment.Maximum protein content was found under 100% NPK + FYM @ 2.5t/ha (T 8 ) and 150% NPK (T 4 ) treatment but maximum protein yield was found under 100% NPK + FYM @ 2.5t/ha (T 8 ).However, lowest protein content and protein yield was recorded under control (T 1 ) treatment.The maximum gross return and net return was obtained under 100% NPK +FYM @ 2.5t/ha (T 8 ) but maximum B : C ratio was found under 100% NPK + B @ 1kg B/ha (T 7 ) treatment and lowest grass return, net return and B: C ratio was obtained under control treatment (Ti).
The main objective was to findout the effect of trace elements on grain yield of pearl millet in the integration of FYM and recommended dose of fertilizers.The soil of experimental field was sandy loam, having pH 8.0, organic carbon 0.23%, total nitrogen 0.02%, available phosphorus 13.9 kg/ha and available potash 115 kg/ha, therefore, the fertility status was poor.The twelve treatment combinations i.e., FYM 0 t/ha, RDF + FYM 0 t/ha, RDF + FYM 0 t + ZnSO 4 20 kg/ha, RDF + FYM 0 t + FeSO 4 20 kg/ha, RDF + FYM 0 t + boron 10 kg/ha, RDF + FYM 0 t + gypsum 250 kg/ha, FYM 5 t/ha, RDF + FYM 5 t /ha, RDF + FYM 5 t + ZnSO 4 20 kg/ha, RDF + FYM 5 t + FeSO 4 20 kg/ha, RDF + FYM 5 t + boron 10 kg/ha and RDF + FYM 5 t +gypsum 250 kg/ha were tested.The pooled results of three years displayed that application of RDF + FYM 5 t + FeSO 4 20 kg/ha gave significantly higher grain yield of pearl millet (3111 kg/ha), closely followed by RDF + FYM 5 t + ZnSo 4 20 kg/ha (3000 kg/ha).The lowest grain yield of pearl millet recorded at FYM 0 t /ha (1331kg/ha).The growth and yield traits were concordant to the grain yield obtained from rainfed pearl millet.
A field experiment was conducted at Tansa Farm, ASPEE Agricultural Research and Development Foundation, Maharashtra during Rabi season of 2015-16 and 2016-17 to study the effects of different sowing time on different sweet corn varieties.The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with twelve treatment combinations having four sowing dates viz., 15 th December, 30 th December, 15 th January, 30 th January and three hybrid sweet corn varieties viz., Hibrix 39, Madhu 5 and Sugar 75.The seed was sown at 30cm x 15cm distance having net plot size 6.6 m x 4.5 m with three replications.Observations on plant height, cob length, cob weight, number of seeds/cob, test weight of 1000 grains and grain yield were recorded and data were statistically analysed using appropriate method.All quantity traits were promising when the sowing was carried out on 15 th December.Further delay of the sowing had negative effects on the performance of sweet corn varieties.Hybrid sweet corn var.Sugar 75 proved to be which recorded higher grain yield of 2616 kg ha -1 in pooled study when sowing was done on 15 th December, over remaining two varieties viz., Hibrix 39 and Madhu 5.
The study was conducted to know the effect of exogenous application of different plant growth regulators on grain and sex expression of bitter gourd.The treatments comprised of plant growth regulators viz., NAA @ 50 mg L -1 and 75 mg L -1 , ethereal @ 50 mg L -1 and 100 mg L -1 , spermine @ 5 mg L -1 and 10 mg L -1 , putrescine @ 20 mg L -1 and 40 mg L -1 and control (water spray) were applied at 2 and 4 leaf stage of bitter gourd crop.All the treatments significantly increased flowering and thereby yield over control.However, foliar spray of NAA 75 mg L -1 followed by spermine @ 10 mg L -1 were found most significant in influencing maximum vine length, number of branches per vine, number of days taken for first male and female flower, number of male flowers, number of female flowers with highest yield of 2.25 kg/vine.
The present study was aimed to evaluate the quality of groundnut seeds used for sowing by farmers of Gujarat.Hundred seed samples of farmers saved seeds of groundnut were collected from 15 farmers of Porbander, 21 farmers of Devbhoomi Dwarka, one farmer of Amreli and 63 farmers of Jamnagar districts of Gujarat.The study revealed that overall 80.00 per cent farmers' saved seed samples of groundnut was confirmed to the required seed standards for germination, moisture content, physical purity and seed health with respect to insect infestation; while, 83.00 per cent seed samples of groundnut had recorded equal or higher than 70 per cent field emergence.These suggested that the quality of groundnut seed used for sowing by farmers was satisfactory in Gujarat.Even though, seed quality was reflected in the yield performance of the crop.Hence, the farmers need to be more educated about the importance and advantages of using good quality seeds and be trained for maintaining the seed quality by adopting pre and post harvest measures so as to harvest good yields of the desired varieties.
