Magnetic minerals in the sediments from IODP Site U 1314 in the North Atlantic have been investigated by low‑temperature magnetometry in addition to high‑temperature magnetometry. Low‑ temperature magnetometry is free from thermochemical change of minerals by heating that often complicates the interpretation in high‑temperature magnetometry. In addition we can detect major magnetic minerals effectively using their phase transitions in low temperature. In the results of low‑ temperature magnetometry magnetite is considered as the dominant magnetic mineral of the sediments. The results also indicate that the magnetite suffers surface maghemization but that maghemization is not very severe because Verwey transition is observed at �110 K. In the thermomagnetic curves of sediments in vacuum the cooling curves were higher than the heating curves. The results are explained by magnetite formation from pyrite by heating.
Chemical and isotopic compositions of water were measured at 46 carbonate hot-springs in J apan, by applying the methods avoiding the post-sampling alternation. Measured stable isotopic values indicate that CO2 of an endogenic origin was dissolved in water of a meteoric origin, in many cases. The carbonate springs are generally in intermediate temperature for sustaining a high solubility of COz, and near-neutral pH as a result from the reactions between weak carbonate acid and rock-forming minerals. Although carbonate acid effectively dissolved carbonate minerals, this reaction is often unimportant among the water-rock reactions because the many water samples appear alkalinity-excess, relatively low Ca concenω tration, and high dissolved silica. However, a significant dissolution of 13C-enriched carhonate minerals was recognized in some samples showing a high carbon isotopic value and high equilibrate COz partial pressure. Dissolved oxygen content implies a contact with the atmosphere or mixing with oxidative underground water, both of which decrease the initial CO2 partial pressure and the concentration of dissolved chemical components.
In this paper, we attempt a comparative study of gender structures between Japan and Korea by analyzing the branching employment sequences among females. This sequence is based on personal job histories; however, events are composed of changing patterns of the status of elnployment, including turnover (changing company) as well as quitting from and re-entering the labor market. For data, we use the 2005 SSM (Social Stratification and Social Mobility) Survey in Japan and in Korea. Our basic frame of reference for comparison is the "M-shaped curve" with regard to female labor force participation, which is peculiarly salient in Japan and Korea among industrialized countries. Under this frame, by focusing on the average pattern of employment sequence, we examine the similarities and differences in the patterns between males and females, as well as between Japan and Korea. The comparison clarifies three branching patterns that are particular to Korean women. A noteworthy point is that these patterns, being different from those displayed by Japanese women, are commonly related to self-employment, thereby suggesting that a unique gender bias is prevalent in Korea. Thereafter, for the Korean married samples, we examine the effects of gender and social stratification in determining the experience of self-en1ploYlnent after marriage. Having a self-employed father has a positive effect and is stronger for males ; on the other hand, educational attainment indicates a positive effect even for females. The result indicates that, for Korean women, self-employment is a complex field where gender bias and stratification effects are overlapping. An additional analysis suggests that the experience as "partnership selfemployed" (not qeing a "family worker") could imply a career that is categorized as urban selfen1ployment for female college graduates.
The common attributes (as regards home town, school, work place, and so on), which we call ‘net-bases,’ connect the holders each other, often beyond time and physical space. When given two persons are connected through a common net-base, we see the tie as being embedded in a socio-centric network that is ideally defined by all of the attribute holders and their relations. We assume that the overall configuration of net-bases conditions the value accumulation process of social capital. In this conceptual framework, this paper develops a method of analyzing personal network data in order to examine the relationship between net-base configuration and social capital. Analogously as group affiliation of persons, we measure net-base affiliation of personal ties and specify matrices that represent two respects of the net-base configuration: multiplicity and linkage. We examine the relationship of these indices with social capital, and its difference between income strata.
