Non-Newtonian fluids, distinguished by their complex and nonlinear rheological behavior, constitute a critical class of engineering materials widely used across industries such as polymer processing, food manufacturing, drilling engineering, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, biotechnology, environmental systems, and advanced manufacturing. Unlike Newtonian fluids, whose viscosity remains constant, non-Newtonian fluids exhibit sheardependent viscosity, viscoelastic effects, memory behavior, thixotropy, and yield stress characteristics, making their analysis indispensable for designing efficient industrial systems. This introduction synthesizes the historical development, foundational rheological principles, experimental methods, computational tools, and industrial relevance of non-Newtonian fluid studies. It highlights key constitutive models, experimental challenges, microstructural factors, and flow instabilities that influence prediction accuracy in real-world applications. Additionally, the text examines emerging research trends such as data-driven rheology, machine learning-assisted modeling, bioprinting applications, sustainable bio-based polymers, and microfluidic systems. Taken together, the review underscores the interdisciplinary nature of non-Newtonian fluid research and emphasizes the need for continued innovation in modeling, high-fidelity simulations, and process optimization to support modern industrial demands. The introduction establishes a comprehensive foundation for understanding the behavior, characterization, and application of non-Newtonian fluids while identifying gaps and future research opportunities essential for advancing industrial fluid mechanics
Fatty acids are essential for the structure and function of biological systems, and they are the primary source of energy. Avocado oil has high levels of omega-6 and omega-9 fatty acids, as well as natural antioxidants, which help lower total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol while maintaining healthy high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels. Avocado's fatty acid profile varies depending on cultivar, plant portion, ripening stage, geographical location, and sampling procedures. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of cultivar and altitude on the fatty acid composition of avocado grown in Murang'a County, Kenya. Four different avocado cultivars were sampled from Murang'a County's three climate zones: Zone 1 (above 2,200m a.s.l.), Zone 2 (1,700m-2,100m a.s.l.), and Zone 3 (below 1,600m a.s.l). The oil was extracted from dry powdered pulp using Soxhlet extraction with petroleum ether 40-60. The fatty acid profile was evaluated using GC-MS. Oil output dropped as altitude decreased from Zone 1 to Zone 3. A total of 11 different fatty acids were identified, namely 9-hexadecenoic (palmitoleic), hexadecanoic (palmitic), 9- octadecenoic (oleic), stearic, 12-hydroxy oleic acid (ricinoleic), nonanedioic (azelaic), tridecanedioic (brassylic), eicosanoic (arachidic), undecylenic, heptadecanoic (margaric), and dodecanoic (lauric). All cultivars had four fatty acids: 9-octadecenoic, octadecanoic, 12-hydroxy oleic, and 9-hexadecenoic, with the most prevalent being 9-octadecenoic (oleic). Except for the Giant cultivar, the amount of oleic acid reduced as altitude fell. The fatty acid makeup was comparable to that of other avocados published before.
Treatment of infectious diseases has become more challenging and has had a major influence on treatment rates due to the advent of new transmissible diseases and the rise in resistance of pathogens to available antibiotics. The use of nanoparticles as an antibiotic replacement has also gained attention due to the multidrug resistance of antibiotics to bacterial infections. This study investigated the synthesis and characterization of iron doped copper oxide nanoparticles (Fe-CuO Nps). Different characterization techniques which include Xray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)/Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) and Transmission electron microscopy TEM methods of analysis were used to confirm the successful synthesis of the nanoparticles. Thereafter, plate agar diffusion assays were used to determine the antimicrobial efficacy of the synthesized nanoparticles against ten different organisms which include Klebsiella ornithinolytica, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter aerogenes, Aeromonas hydrophila, Acinetobacter baumannii, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecalis (bacteria), Candida albicans, Geotrichum candidum (fungi). The antioxidant efficiency of the synthesized Fe-CuO Nps was analyzed by the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging method. The obtained results from this investigation revealed that all the test organisms were susceptible to the synthesized nanoparticles. The zones of inhibition (ZOI) ranged between 22.00 and 32.00 mm which an indication that the synthesized nanoparticles exhibited excellent antimicrobial potency. Results obtained from this study revealed that the synthesized Fe-CuO Nps exhibited a strong antimicrobial and antioxidant property. Therefore, Fe-CuO nanoparticles have the potential for controlling microbial infections.
Parachor is a concept used in drug design to describe the physicochemical property of a compound, specifically its ability to balance between polar and non-polar interactions. It is a parameter that combines surface tension and molar volume to quantify how molecules interact with solvents, interfaces, and biological systems. Parachor is often applied to predict how molecules will behave in drug formulation. The paper deals with structure-activity relationships of phenols and its derivatives for the development of predictive models from several descriptors. To developing the models for Parachor of phenol derivatives we used descriptors like Mor04m, Mor23m, FDI, RDF045m, MATS5p, R3e, eHOMO, eLUMO and the best model proposed for Parachor of Phenol’s & its Derivatives
Background: Pharmaceutical firms are confronting issues with pharmaceutical quality control. The classic OFAT approach required testing final products. It is time-consuming and expensive. Instead, the new AQbD strategy seeks to instill quality in the product throughout the manufacturing process, reducing the likelihood of product failure. A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was devised to detect glucosamine sulphate impurities in bulk and solid dose formulations. There are many methods developed for the same but by using new DoE tools we can develop more robust method. Materials and Methods: The HPLC separation was achieved on Phenomenex 100-5 C-18 column (5 µm 100Å, 250 mm X 4.6 mm) using a mobile phase Acetonitrile: Potassium dihydrogen ortho phosphate buffer (80:20 v/v pH 3.0) at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min and UV detection at 210 nm. The method was validated for specificity, linearity, solution stability, accuracy, precision, limit of detection, and limit of quantitation. CPP were selected by risk assessment Programme. Results: The detector response for glucosamine sulphate was linear over the selected concentration range from 100 to 500 ug/ml with a correlation coefficient 0.9997. The accuracy was between 97.40 – 100.37%. The precision (R.S.D.) amongst five sample preparations was 0.029(intraday) & 0.879(interday). The limit of detection and the limit of quantitation are 3.307 and 10.023 ug/ml, respectively. Conclusion: Forced degradation study of glucosamine was carried out under acidic, alkaline, oxidative, thermal, and neural conditions. It was found that glucosamine was stable in all conditions except in oxidative degradation. The amount estimated in oxidative degradation by HPLC and HPTLC was found to be 95.28 and 95.33 respectively.
Due to their stability and reversible redox activity, PEDOT-based copolymers are extensively investigated for electrochromic applications. For that reason, different modifications have been tried on the structure of PEDOT polymer in order to control both electrochemical and optical characteristics. Copolymerization of EDOT with carbazole monomer is one of the used modifications to alter and improve electrochromic properties. Despite these modifications, the electrochemical stability of the PEDOT-based copolymers is still a debate. To this end, a star-like shape of poly (EDOT-co-OctaCBz-POSS) copolymer was electrochemically synthesized by incorporating a carbazole-substituted polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (OctaCBz-POSS) nanostructure unit into the 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) backbone. The electrochemical behavior of the copolymer was investigated through cyclic voltammetry (CV) and stability tests, while the spectroelectrochemical properties were characterized using UV spectroscopy, chronoabsorptometry, and CIE Lab colorimetry. The copolymer shows a band gap (~1.88 eV) and a reduced onset oxidation potential compared to PEDOT, suggesting that the electron-donating OctaCBz-POSS enhances charge injection. The electrochemical stability of the copolymer retains about 25% after 120 cycles, whereas PEDOT loses its electroactivity after 60 cycles. UV-Vis spectroscopy indicates a slight hypsochromic shift compared to PEDOT, and chronoabsorptometry demonstrates good coloration efficiency (~245 at 570 nm), and rapid switching (~1.0 s). Upon applying a potential, the copolymer exhibited a wide range of colors, from deep purple (L* ~22, a* ~21, b* ~41) at -1.0 V to blue-gray (L* ~59, a* ~-10, b* ~-19) at 1.5 V, depending on the applied voltage.
A novel pyrazole derivative, 3-(1,3-bis(4-bromophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2-(4-bromophenyl) acrylonitrile (BPPBPA), has been successfully synthesized and investigated as a highly selective and sensitive chemosensor for the detection of Cu (II) ions. Both absorption and emission spectroscopic studies clearly demonstrate the sensing capabilities of BPPBPA. Upon interaction with Cu (II) ions, the absorption spectrum exhibited a noticeable red-shift in wavelength accompanied by a decrease in intensity, indicating complex formation. Concurrently, the emission spectrum showed significant quenching, attributed to the coordination of Cu (II) ions with the pyrazole ring nitrogen atoms and the inherent paramagnetic nature of Cu (II). Further experimental evidence from Vibrating Sample Magnetometry (VSM) studies corroborated the paramagnetic characteristics of the BPPBPA-Cu (II) complex. The successful formation of the BPPBPA-Cu (II) complex was definitively confirmed through X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), ESR and VSM analysis. This work highlights BPPBPA as a promising candidate for the selective and sensitive optical detection of Cu (II) ions in various applications
This study successfully developed a logistic regression model (LRM), a machine learning algorithm to assess farmers’ perceptions of precision agriculture (PA) based on key factors such as gender, educational level, farming experience, household size, farm income, access to credit, farm size, and awareness of precision farming. Python programming language was the primary language, utilizing libraries such as numpy, scikit-learn, matplotlib, and seaborn for data processing, model building, and visualization. The dataset comprised 350 samples and was split into training (70%) and testing (30%) sets. The model achieved an accuracy of 81.9%, with a recall of 97.7%, F1 score of 0.899, and precision of 83.3%, demonstrating its effectiveness in identifying positive perceptions of PA. The confusion matrix showed a true positive rate of 84 and a false positive rate of 17, suggesting a need for model improvement in handling false positives. The ROC curve showed an AUC of 0.58 indicating that the model has no discriminatory ability. Overall, the findings suggest that the highlighted factors influence farmers’ perceptions of PA. Python proved highly efficient for implementing this machine learning-based study
The transition-metal- and halogen-free synthesis of N-aryl substituted 1H-indazole and derivatives was accomplished on the basis of the iodobenzene-catalyzed intramolecular C -H amination of hydrazones under mild conditions. Reactions of hydrazones derived from ketones and hydrazines with a catalytic amount of iodobenzene in the presence of Oxone as an oxidant in trifluoroacetic acid took place to afford 1H indazoles in moderate to good yields.
Organic pollutants represent one of the most persistent and complex threats to global ecosystems and public health. They originate from diverse sources, including industrial discharges, agricultural activities, pharmaceuticals, and domestic effluents, and are characterized by their persistence, toxicity, and tendency to bioaccumulate. Once released, these contaminants undergo environmental transformations such as photolysis, hydrolysis, redox reactions, sorption, and microbial degradation, which dictate their persistence, toxicity, and mobility. Detoxification and remediation strategies for organic pollutants span physical, chemical, biological, and integrated approaches. Conventional methods like adsorption, membrane filtration, and advanced oxidation processes have been widely employed but face limitations related to energy use, costs, and by-product toxicity. Biological methods, including bioremediation, phytoremediation, and mycoremediation, provide sustainable alternatives, though they are often constrained by environmental conditions and degradation rates. Emerging innovations—ranging from engineered microbes and nanotechnology-based treatments to nature-based solutions and circular economy frameworks—offer promising directions for sustainable remediation. However, significant challenges remain, including pollutant rebound, incomplete degradation, and secondary contamination. A comprehensive understanding of pollutant sources, transformations, and detoxification pathways is crucial to developing adaptive, site-specific, and eco-friendly strategies. This synthesis highlights the importance of integrating green chemistry, biotechnology, and ecological engineering in addressing the global challenge of organic pollutant management.
Coordination chemistry has emerged as a powerful tool in addressing global environmental challenges, particularly in pollution abatement. By exploiting the structural diversity, tunable properties, and high stability of coordination complexes and frameworks, researchers have developed innovative strategies for mitigating pollutants such as heavy metals, dyes, pesticides, and gaseous contaminants. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), coordination polymers, and supramolecular assemblies have been extensively investigated for their exceptional adsorption capacities, selective recognition, and catalytic degradation of toxic compounds (Sharma, 2021; Zhang et al., 2020). These materials also enable the detection of trace contaminants through luminescent and electrochemical sensing platforms (Li & Zhou, 2022). Case studies in heavy metal remediation demonstrate the efficiency of MOFs in sequestering arsenic, lead, and cadmium, while catalytic complexes of transition metals exhibit potential in degrading persistent organic pollutants (Gupta & Singh, 2021). Despite remarkable progress, challenges such as material stability, large-scale deployment, regeneration efficiency, and integration with industrial systems persist. This review provides a critical examination of the mechanisms, applications, and limitations of coordination chemistry in pollution control, highlighting its potential role in advancing sustainable environmental technologies.
Phenolic compounds in water are contaminants of concern even at low concentrations. They get incorporated in water from various sources such as industrial, mining and natural sources. Natural sources of phenolic compounds are plant saplings and aquatic plants such as green and red marine algae. This makes these compounds readily available from both natural and industrial sources to pollute the water. Phenolic compounds take long to diminish and are carcinogenic. Phenolic compounds in water affects its taste and oduor of the vital products. They equally affect the taste and odour of marine organisms in that water as well as the animals that consume it. To minimize the negative effects from these pollutants, their elimination is the only option. This paper gives an account on the preparation and modification of rice husks with triethylamine and how it is used on the elimination of phenolic compounds from water by adsorption. Modification was carried out by chlorinating and anchoring with an amino group on the rice husks to form a quaternary ammonium compound. The existence of the functional groups that performed as the binding sites was confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) analysis. The anchoring of the amino group was confirmed by the occurrence of a signal at 3424.67cm-1. The carbon skeleton of the modified product resembled that of cellulose by solid-state 13C NMR. Change ofresonance frequenciesin the modified material confirmed the chlorination and subsequent the anchoring of ethylene diamine within the cellulose structure. Scanning electron microscopy analysis displayed an increase in the porosity of the modified material as related to the parent material. The material was then applied for sorption experiments and it was confirmed that the optimum pH was of 5.5 for all the phenolic compounds under study. There was over 90% phenolic compounds uptake in the first 2 min of contact time. The adsorption followed the Langmuir monolayer adsorption model with correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9895 for Naphthol. The elimination of Naphthol with modified rice husks gave the best adsorption capacity of 0.6125 mg/g. Thus modified rice husks is an effective adsorbent material for eradication of phenolic substances originating from unsafe drinking water
Levels of Physicochemical and Heavy Metal properties of groundwater and soil samples in parts of Obio/Akpor LGA, Rivers State, were assessed in this study. Heavy Metals were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, The results for groundwater showed maximum mean levels of Lead (0.209±0.281 mg/L), Chromium (1.904±1.542 mg/L) and Nickel (0.185±0.119 mg/L).. Chromium and Lead levels were above standard limits (0.05 mg/L and 0.02 mg/L respectively) in most stations. Plot of the Piper diagram revealed that the groundwater had sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride and mixed water types across the sample stations, while the Durov diagram suggested that ion dissolution and mixing/uncommon dissolution processes governed the groundwater types. The study recommends that regular monitoring of activities around dump sites should be done routinely and strict environmental laws governing waste disposal be enacted and enforced
Benzimidazoles are a class of heterocyclic compounds in which a benzene ring is fused to the 4 and 5 positions of an imidazole ring. Benzimidazole refers to the parent compound, while benzimidazoles are a class of heterocyclic compounds having similar ring structures, but different substituents. Benzimidazole derivatives possess a wide range of bioactivities including antimicrobial, anthelmintic, antiviral, anticancer, and antihypertensive activities. Many compounds possessing a benzimidazole skeleton have been employed as drugs in the market. The application of benzimidazoles in other fields has also been documented. The synthesis of benzimidazole derivatives has attracted much attention from chemists and numerous articles on the synthesis of this class of heterocyclic compound have been reported over the years. Present abstract deals with synthesis of benzimidazole derivatives. All the compounds were characterized by UV, IR, 1H NMR, mass spectral data and CHN elemental analysis. The synthesized derivatives were screened for analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. All the compounds showed significant effect at 100 mg/kg p.o. and the experimental data are statistically significant at p < 0.01 level
Schiff base ligand N'1 ,N'4 -bis(2-hydroxybenzylidene)succinohydrazide (H4L) was synthesized via condensation of salicylaldehyde and succinohydrazide in ethanol. The complexes were obtained from 1:2:1 (H4L/LiOH/MCl2 .nH2O) molar ratio reactions, yielding compound formulated as [M2(H2L)2] .nH2O, where M=Mn(II, Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II). Elemental analysis, 1H and 13C NMR, FT-IR and UV-Visible spectroscopies were used for the characterization of the ligand. The complexes were structurally studied using FT-IR, UV-Visible spectroscopies, conductance, and magnetic susceptibility measurements. All complexes are non-electrolytes in DMF solutions. In each complex unit two ligand molecules acting in hexadentate fashion bridges two metal ions are present. Thus, each metal ion of the binuclear unit is coordinated to two azomethine nitrogen atoms, two phenolate oxygen atoms and two carbonyl oxygen atoms, resulting in a hexacoordinated metal ion. The environment around each metal ion is described as octahedral geometry owing to the results of the magnetic susceptibility measurement and the UV-visible spectra analyses.
Ni-doped Mn3O4 nanoparticles (NMO) with a morphology facilitating high surface area were synthesized by prudent hydrothermal synthesis, manifesting a supercapacitive tone with high specific capacitance and excelling cyclability. NMO nanoparticles were agglomerated from hydrated manganese chloride, hydrated nickel chloride, and sodium hydroxide precursors. The XRD results demonstrated predominant peaks oriented from (211), analogous to the I41/amd space group tetragonal structure. The Raman studies affirmed the bonding characteristics of vibration and bending modes of the Mn-O bond. The SEM inquiries proclaimed the morphology providing a large surface area. EDAX reports infer the elemental composition for phase purity confirmation of elements Mn, O, and Ni. Electrochemical accusation exhibited a pseudocapacitive character through cyclic voltammetry. The GCD deductions evince a specific capacitance of 565 F/g for Mn3O4 electrodes and 626 F/g for 0.6% NMO electrodes at a specific current of 0.5 A/g. These NMO electrodes achieved a cyclic capacitance rate of 82% after 3600 cycles.
Epilepsy refers to a group of persistent neurological illnesses characterized by seizures. It is a chronic brain disease that affects 50 million people in the world, being one of the most common neurological disorders. Developing countries account for over 90% of all epilepsy patients. Epileptic seizures are caused by aberrant, excessive, or hyper synchronized neuronal activity in the brain. The cause of most epileptic seizures is unknown. However, some people develop epilepsy as a result of a brain injury, stroke, brain tumor, or drug and alcohol abuse. Anti-seizure drugs remain the mainstay in the treatment of epilepsy and about 70% of epileptics become seizure-free when antiseizure medications are taken effectively. However, some of these medications have significant pharmacological interactions and undesirable side effects. Traditional utilization of plants extracts for treatment of epilepsy is widely practiced. Many plants extracts and herbal formulations have been studied to determine their efficacy in treatment of epilepsy. This paper presents a review on herbal extracts that have shown antiepileptic activity in animal models published in the last ten years (between 2014 and 2024). The study found that plant extracts from some 138 plant species belonging to 54 different plant families were evaluated for antiepileptic efficacy. The most studied plants belong to the Asteraceae family (19%) followed by Fabaceae (9%), Apiaceae (8%), Lamiaceae (8%), Apocynaceae (7%), Cucurbitaceae (3%), Euphorbiaceae (3%) and Rutaceae (3%). In most cases, the studies focused only on the crude extracts without any attempts to identify the antiepileptic compounds from the plants. The most commonly used model in the antiepileptic assays were found to be pentylenetetrazole and maximal electroshock models. The findings from this study confirm that plant extracts have significant efficacy that needs to be explored for antiepileptic formulation and drugs development. It is also necessary to perform bioassay guided phytochemical evaluation to isolate and characterize the antiepileptic principles.
