The present study was conducted to evaluate and compare serum biochemical constituents in normal cyclic and repeat breeder crossbred cows. A total of 18 animals were selected and categorized into two groups: group I (normal cyclic, n=9) and group II (repeat breeder, n=9). Blood samples were collected, and serum was analysed for total protein, glucose, cal cium, and phosphorus concentrations. The findings revealed that repeat breeder cows exhibited significantly lower levels of serum total protein, glucose, and phosphorus compared to normal cyclic cows. However, no significant difference in serum calcium levels was observed between the two groups. These results suggest that alterations in specific biochemical parameters may contribute to the repeat breeding condition and highlighted the importance of monitoring metabolic status in reproductive management of dairy cattle.
The present study was undertaken to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of intrauterine administration of proteo lytic enzymes with conventional antibiotic therapy and an untreated control, focusing on their effects on cervical mucus characteristics, evidence of PMN cell percentages, recovery and subsequent fertility in crossbred cows afflicted with subclinical endometritis. Group I received intrauterine proteolytic enzyme infusion containing trypsin, chymotrypsin, and papain; Group II received systemic antibiotic ceftiofur sodium intramuscularly for three days; and Group III served as the control group. 87.50% of animals in both Group I and II showed clear thin mucus while Group III animals showed no improvement. The mean spinnbarkeit values after treatment increased significantly in Group I and II. The mean pH values of cervical mucus in Group I and II was 7.12 ± 0.10, whereas Group III retained an alkaline pH (8.00 ± 0.10). The mean percentage of PMN cells recorded significant reductions Group I and II, while Group III remained unchanged after treatment. The first service conception rate among clinically recovered animals was 57.14% in Group I, 42.85% in Group II and 0% in Group III. Though conception rates were comparable between Group I and II, the enzyme group showed slightly higher fertility restoration. The results of the present study suggest that intrauterine administration of proteolytic enzymes improves cervical mucus quality, reduces uterine inflammation, and enhances fertility outcomes in cows with subclinical endometritis.
In the present study the phases of estrous cycle of the albino Wistar rats were characterized so as to carry out reproduc tive procedure like superovulation. The phases of estrous cycle of rats in the present study were characterized by two methods e.g. visual examination by recording morphological changes in vulva and vagina and vaginal cytology meth ods. The various morphological changes noticed in vulva and vagina during the proestrus phase were: initiation of the vaginal opening, moist and reddish pink vaginal tissues and appearance of longitudinal folds on the vulvar lip. During estrus phase vaginal opening was nearly similar to proestrus phase but the vaginal tissues appeared lighter pink and less moist. The longitudinal folds during estrus appeared more pronounced than proestrus. The swelling on the dorsal lip got reduced while vaginal tissues appeared pale and dry during metestrus. There was no vaginal opening noticed during diestrus while the vaginal tissues appeared moist. The cytological changes noticed were as follows: the predominance of small nucleated cells (80%) was noticed during the proestrus phase while the estrus phase was characterized by the predominance of anucleated cornified epithelial cells (80%). There were large number of PMN cells (65%) with few anucleated cornified cells (20%) during metetrus phase. The diestrus phase was characterized by predominance of Polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells (80%). Thus, phasing of estrous cycle of rat can be efficiently performed with visual examination supported by vaginal cytology for its confirmation.
A 2.5-year-old female Labrador was presented to the Veterinary Clinical Complex, with a history of a large (8 x 4 cm) tongue shaped mass protruding from the vulva for the past two weeks. Clinical evaluation revealed a prominent, red, pedunculated, semisoft mass emerging from the vulvar lips, which was non-painful on palpation. Based on clinical find ings and confirmed through histopathological examination, the condition was diagnosed as vaginal hyperplasia. The prolapsed tissue was surgically excised with successful outcome.
Ultrasonography has emerged as a transformative tool in buffalo reproduction, offering non-invasive, real-time insights into the anatomical and physiological aspects of the reproductive tract. In addition to its routine application for preg nancy diagnosis, ultrasonography is crucial for monitoring fetal development, diagnosing fetal anomalies, and identify ing conceptus loss. This helps in timely interventions by diagnosing non-pregnant animals or those having pregnancy issues, which can significantly improve reproductive outcomes. The ability of ultrasonography to enhance our under standing of follicular dynamics in buffaloes has significantly improved fertility management practices. By closely moni toring follicle development and ovulation timing, veterinary professionals can optimize breeding schedules and improve the success rates of artificial insemination. The combination of high-resolution B-mode imaging and Doppler modal ities aids in predicting fertility outcomes in various obstetrical conditions such as uterine torsion. Clinicians can make informed decisions regarding treatment options and prognosis by assessing blood flow to the reproductive organs and evaluating the uterine health. This review emphasises the routine application of ultrasonography for pregnancy diagnosis and the identification of reproductive disorders, while also exploring its advanced use in obstetrics, assisted reproductive technology, and male reproduction. As this technology continues to evolve, it promises to play an increasingly vital role in advancing buffalo reproduction.
Abnormal joint fixation, or fetal ankylosis, can make it difficult to deliver the calf normally and may require more com plex obstetrical operations, such as fetotomy or cesarean surgery. The current case report details the incidence of dystocia in a crossbred cow brought on by forelimb ankylosis and schistosomus reflexus that was effectively treated by performing fetotomy.
This study aimed to combine two or more techniques to achieve more precise and dependable results for estrous detection. For this, 54 healthy female dogs were evaluated for estrous detection through different diagnostic methods, including vaginal electrical resistance (VER), exfoliative vaginal cytology (EVC), vaginoscopy and serum progesterone profiling. Vaginal cytology during proestrus revealed a significant proportion of large intermediate cells (61.94±4.98%), followed by small intermediate cells (26.58±3.53%) and a low proportion of keratinized cells (6.38±4.82%). During estrus, kera tinized cells dominated (70.67±2.64%), alongside large intermediate cells (25.25±2.84%). VER values peaked during estrus (614.72±63.91Ω), while specific means recorded as 233.87±28.95 Ω in proestrus. Vaginoscopy revealed pink, con gested vaginal mucosa with vulvar edema during proestrus, transitioning to wrinkled, shrunken and pale mucosa with progressing crenulations during estrus, driven by hormonal changes. Serum progesterone levels increased steadily from 0.63 ± 0.15ng/mL in proestrus to 7.29±0.83 ng/mL during estrus. Hence, the combined application of these diagnostic methods provides a comprehensive framework for predicting the estrus stage and improving reproductive management in canines.
A three-year-old goat was presented with the history of swelling in the right-side ventral abdomen and foul-smelling serous discharge from the swollen area. On examination, swollen part had two fistulas. Through one fistula, mild fowl smelling discharge was observed and through another fistula, protrusion of gravid uterine horn was found. On vaginal examination cervix was found to be closed. Based on the clinical findings, the case was diagnosed as longstanding case of hysterocele complicated with evisceration of gravid uterus. On exploratory laparotomy, it was found that the abdominal muscles were not torn and the gravid uterus was eviscerated through the ruptured prepubic tendon. The hysterectomy was performed to save the life of the dam and the doe recovered uneventfully on proper postoperative care.
A full-term pregnant HF crossbred cow was presented with the history of enlarged abdomen with distended udder for the past five days. Based on the clinical, rectal and ultrasonographic examination, the case was diagnosed as Hydramnion complicated with pre-pubic tendon rupture. By inducing parturition, a dead male cyclops foetus was delivered per vagi num. Animal made an uneventful recovery following treatment.
The present communication describes the assisted per vaginal delivery of an aborted fetus in a newly purchased Barbari goat with an uncertain pregnancy status. The delivery was facilitated through manual cervical dilation, adequate lubri cation, and gentle traction. Gestational age was estimated based on crown–rump length (CRL) measurement. The dam recovered uneventfully following treatment.
This study aimed to find the awareness and adoption of scientific dairy management interventions among farmers in Pathankot (Punjab) and Kathua (Jammu & Kashmir. A multistage random sampling technique was employed to select 80 respondents (40 per district), covering five management domains: calf care, feeding, housing, reproduction and health care. Responses were recorded on a binary scale (Yes = 1, No = 0) and data were analysed using Student’s t-test, with p < 0.05 considered significant. The results revealed marked regional disparities. The overall mean adoption score was sig nificantly higher in Pathankot (0.67 ± 0.06a) compared to Kathua (0.56 ± 0.06b), indicating greater scientific orientation among Punjab farmers. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were found in key indicators such as feeding of concentrates and mineral mixtures (0.62 ± 0.07a vs 0.40 ± 0.07b), silage preparation (0.55 ± 0.07a vs 0.27 ± 0.07b), awareness of age at first insemination (0.95 ± 0.03a vs 0.77 ± 0.06b), AI preference (0.87 ± 0.05a vs 0.70 ± 0.07b), semen quality (0.77 ± 0.06a vs 0.62 ± 0.07b), and reproductive record keeping (0.47 ± 0.07a vs 0.25 ± 0.06b). Pathankot also showed higher adoption of prophylactic disease measures (0.32 ± 0.07a vs 0.15 ± 0.05b), reflecting its stronger veterinary network and exten sion exposure. The study underscores the need for targeted capacity-building, farmer-centric training and policy-driven infrastructure support in emerging dairy regions. Strengthening integrated dairy management will ensure sustainable productivity and equitable dairy development across northern India.
Dystocia is a relatively common condition in goats; however, cases resulting from fetal abnormalities are infrequently reported. The current report places a record on dystocia due to fetal hydrothorax and its successful management in a non-descript doe.
The study aimed to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of different freezing durations in combination with three semen diluents (Triladyl, Andromed, and Tris-citrate) on sperm plasma membrane integrity and fertility of post-thawed semen in Black Bengal goats. Data on frozen semen production and evaluation were collected over a period of six months. Post-thawed semen samples were obtained according to the specified freezing times and diluents, and sperm plasma membrane integrity was assessed using the Hypo-osmotic Swelling Test (HOST). In this study, 3 freezing times (F1 = Freezing time 15 minutes, F2 = Freezing time 20 minutes, and F3 = Freezing time 25 minutes) were used in an ice box filled with liquid nitrogen (LN) vapor. After freezing with 3 different freezing times and 3 diluters, F1 showed sperm motility ranged from 20.3±1.33% to 53.7±.88%. A significant effect (p<0.0001) on sperm motility was found among the F1 freezing time and diluter groups. F2 showed sperm motility ranged from 24.0±1.03% to 43.7±.88%, freezing time and diluter groups both had a statistically significant effect (p<0.0001) on sperm motility. F3 freezing rate showed motility ranged from 30.3±1.05% to 34.8±1.45%. The F3 freezing time and diluter groups also had a significant effect (p<0.05) on sperm motility. For sperm plasma membrane integrity, F1 showed the highest result for Triladyl diluter (67.8 ±.61%) and a level of significant effect (p<0.0001) was found among the freezing time and the diluter groups. F1 and Triladyl diluter group also showed higher coiling rates on the HOS test. A positive correlation was observed between sperm that had swelled under the HOS test and motility. Finally, a better conception rate was observed with the F1 and Triladyl diluter group. So the result of these studies revealed that cryopreservation of Black Bangal goat semen with freezing within 15 minutes (F1) and Triladyl diluter group offers better sperm plasma membrane integrity and post-thawed semen fertility
The testicular microenvironment influences semen production capacity and consequently the reproductive potential of the male. In the present study, Moringa oleifera (moringa) and boron were supplemented in Jersey bulls to assess total sperm output and quality. In a completely randomised design, 28 healthy Jersey bulls were selected and supplemented with moringa and boron (sodium borate) for sixty days. These animals were divided into four groups (n=7 each), group-1 (control), group-2 (70g moringa forage meal/day), group-3 (40ppm boron as sodium borate) and group-4 (40ppm boron plus 70g moringa forage meal/day). Before the start and at the end of the feeding experiment, semen samples were eval uated for sperm functional attributes and semen production capacity of the bulls. A significant (p
Pyometra, a serious and potentially fatal uterine infection in intact female dogs, is a common reproductive disorder characterized by the accumulation of purulent material within the uterus. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of canine from June to November 2024. A total of 1,857 canine cases were presented during the study period, of which 27 cases (1.45%) were diagnosed as pyometra based on clinical signs and ultrasonographic findings. Among 174 recorded gynaecological cases, pyometra accounted for 15.51 per cent cases. The disease was more prevalent in the month of July and August, with the highest incidence observed in Labrador Retrievers (37.03%) and nulliparous females (55.55%). Both open (77.77%) and closed (22.22%) cervix forms of pyometra were identified, with severity classified via ultraso nography. Monthly and breed-wise variation, along with parity status, revealed patterns that may assist in early diagnosis and targeted intervention. The findings highlight the importance of routine reproductive health monitoring in at-risk breeds and non-breeding females. Enhanced diagnostic facilities, including ultrasonography, were crucial for timely detection and management, thereby reducing associated morbidity and mortality.
The outcome of in vitro embryo production (IVEP) is dependent on the successful oocyte maturation. The composition of mat uration media plays an important role in higher proportion of oocyte reaching metaphase II stage. Fetal bovine serum (FBS) is a common supplement, though, its use is associated with inconsistency and ethical issues. Hence, this investigation compared two defined alternatives media (KnockOut Serum Replacement (KSR) and NuSera) to FBS for in vitro maturation (IVM) of Sahiwal cattle oocytes. Cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were collected via ovum pick-up and cultured in media containing 10% KSR, 10% NuSera, 5% FBS, or no supplement. The media supplemented with 10% NuSera revealed the 85.92% full cumulus cell expansion which was equivalent to the media supplemented with 5% FBS revealed 90.41% cumulus cell expansion. While, 10% KSR revealed only 21.74% full cumulus cell expansion. The findings of the present study indicates that 10% NuSera could be a viable synthetic substitute for FBS in the IVM of bovine oocytes.
A pluriparous cow was presented with a retained AI sheath with semen straw in the genital tract due to faulty insem ination. Clinical examination showed vulvar oedema, hyperaemic vaginal mucosa and a swollen cervix, while rectal palpation and ultrasonography confirmed the sheath in the recto-vaginal pouch. Under epidural anaesthesia, the rectal mucosa containing the sheath was exteriorized through the anus, and the sheath was removed via a small rectal incision. The animal recovered uneventfully.
The corpus luteum size, shape, and echotexture were assessed by transrectal ultrasonography on day seven after synchro nized estrus in twenty recipient cows. The compact corpus luteum was observed in 13 (65%) cows, while the vacuolated corpus luteum was observed in 7 (35%) cows. The pregnancy rate with compact and vacuolated corpus luteum was 7.69 and 57.14 %, respectively, and was found statistically significant at (p
The conventional superovulation protocols require multiple FSH injections at 12 hours intervals for 4 to 5 days due to short half-life of FSH which results in multiple visits and frequent handling of animals. Thus, the protocols involving multiple FSH dose regimen to induce superovulation adds stress to the animal, increases cost and risk to the handler particularly when the donor cows are not habitual to be handled and have tetchy nature. To overcome these limitations, the present study compared the efficacy of single dose FSH dissolved in aluminium hydroxide gel (Antrin R10 AL) with conventional FSH (Antrin R10) administered in multiple doses in inducing superovulatory response and embryo pro duction in Sahiwal cows. Pluriparous, non-pregnant Sahiwal cows weighing between 400-500 kg having BCS between ≥ 2.5 to 3.5 were administered with estradiol benzoate (@ 2 mg) and progesterone (@ 50 mg/animal) intramuscularly on random day of estrous cycle (Day 0) and CIDR an intravaginal progesterone device were placed on the same day. These cows were randomly allocated into two groups. The group 1 (Antrin R10 group, n=6) were administered with 30 A.U of pFSH divided into 8 equal doses (3.75 A.U. each), intramuscularly starting from day 4 at 12 hourly intervals for 4 days while group 2 (Antrin R10 AL, n=6) were administered 40 A.U subcutaneously once on day 4 of the protocol. The mean number of CL’s were 7.5 ± 2.25 and 7.2 ± 1.82 in group 1 and 2, respectively and did not differ significantly. However, the mean number of embryos recovered (5.8 ± 2.87 vs 1.8 ± 0.48) and the mean number of transferable embryos (4.0 ± 2.14 vs 0.7 ± 0.42, P = 0.158) were numerically higher in the group 1 than in group 2. It was concluded that the slow releasing FSH resulted in lower superovulatory response and embryo production than that of conventional FSH in Sahiwal cows.
The experiment was conducted to compare the effect of supplementation of fetal calf serum (FCS) versus polyvin ylpyrrolidine (PVP) on in vitro maturation (IVM) of the bovine oocytes collected by ovum pick-up (OPU) method. Cumulus oocyte complexes (COC’s) obtained by follicular aspiration having at least a complete layer of cumulus cells were randomly divided into two groups containing 10 replicates each of 10-12 oocytes. In vitro maturation of the COC’s supplementation of 5% FCS showed (Mean±Std. Error, %) higher full expansion of cumulus cells (9.20±0.64, 90.20) in comparison to 1% PVP (8.5±0.45, 81.73), though non-significant. On the other hand, COC’s showing intermedi ate expansion were significantly low (p<0.05) in maturation media (Mean±Std. Error, %) supplemented with 5% FCS (0.40±0.21, 3.9) in comparison to 1% PVP (1.30± 0.30, 12.50). Higher maturation rate in media supplemented with FCS might be due to growth factors, nutrients, hormones and antioxidants present in it. FCS contains number of growth fac tors that play an important role in regulation of oocyte maturation, particularly via cumulus cells. IVM media containing 5% FCS provides a favourable environment in comparison to 1% PVP for in vitro maturation of bovine oocytes obtained though ovum pick-up.
