Background: The objective was to measure the correlation between carotid intima medial thickness (CIMT) with duration of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and its correlation with biochemical markers and body mass index (BMI). Methods: The study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital in Kolkata. Total 100 patients were selected randomly who met the inclusion criteria. Among total patients, 20 cases were newly detected type 2 DM patients and 80 were cases of established diabetes, with different duration of DM. CIMT was measured by carotid artery ultrasonography using an echo tomography system having midfrequency of 7.5MhZ and detection limit of 0.1mm. Duration of diabetes was measured as present age minus age of detection of DM. BMI was measured by the guideline of WHO. The parameters were estimated such as microalbuminuria by radioimmunoassay, fasting blood sugar (FBS) level and HbA1C by HPLC method, uric acid by uricase method. Data was collected using a predetermined proforma and statistical analyses were done. Results: Duration of DM was positively correlated with CIMT and association was statistically significant (P<0.02). There was increase in CCA-IMT and ICA-IMT across increasing level of FBS and HbA1c (P<0.01). Microalbuminuria is considered a novel atherosclerotic risk factor, was found significantly associated with mean CIMT (P<0.001). CIMT was also significantly associated with HbA1C (P<0.001). The significantly (P<0.01) increased level of uric acid indicated higher carotid plaque. Conclusion: CIMT is an objective measure of subclinical atherosclerosis, which is a non- invasive, less expensive, duration and reproducible way of demonstrating subclinical atherosclerosis. Thus, it can serve as a window for atherosclerosis status in other major arteries like coronary artery and cerebral arteries. The CIMT is closely associated with several markers viz. uric acid, blood sugar, HbA1c, albumin and BMI during the progression of type 2 DM.
Background: The prevalence of paediatric skin diseases varies worldwide. Paediatric dermatoses require a separate view from adult dermatoses as there are important differences in clinical presentation, treatment and prognosis. Their characterisation is essential for the preparation of academic, research and health plans. Aim: The study was carried out to find the incidence of skin diseases in children under 15 years of age.Methods: All children below 15 years of age attending dermatology outpatient department for first time were evaluated for various skin dermatoses. Skin diseases were classified into groups like infections and infestations, eczematous, non-infective dermatoses and hypersensitivity reactions. Results: Male children predominated with male female ratio 1.3:1. Infections and infestations were the most common (41.8%) cause of skin dermatoses followed by dermatitis (20.7%), non-infective & autoimmune dermatoses (13.4%) and hypersensitivity reactions seen in 10.8% patients. Miliaria and other physical dermatoses contributed to about 6% of the total cases. Conclusion: Majority of paediatric dermatoses can be grouped into 8 categories. Significant proportion of dermatoses are infectious and eczematous types. Infections are more prevalent in low socio-economic strata and with proper education and creating awareness they can be minimised to a significant extent.
Background: Burns can be very destructive, and severely endanger the health and lives of humans. It maybe causes disability and even psychological trauma in individuals. Hence; the present study was undertaken for assessing burn cases visited in hospital for surgical treatment. Materials and methods: A total of 269 burn patients were enrolled in the present study. Complete demographic profile and clinical details of all the patients was obtained. All the patients were segregated into various socio-economic classes on the basis of Kuppuswamy's socioeconomic status scale. Swabs were taken from the burn areas and were inoculated into culture media for assessing the growing microorganisms. All the results were recorded in Microsoft excel sheet. Results: Mean hospital stay was found to be 39.6 days. Conservative treatment without surgical intervention was done in 187 patients while surgical treatment was done in 82 patients. Most common microorganism growing in the burn areas were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Methicillin-sensitive staphylococcus aureus, Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus sp. and Escherichia coli. Conclusion: Burn patients should be initially conservatively managed by adequate resuscitation, early wound debridement and closure.
Background: Up to 30% of women suffer from heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) at some point in their lives. Despite the high prevalence of HMB, many women lack a fundamental understanding of the disorder and often present to the emergency department seeking treatment rather than obtaining preventive care in outpatient health clinics. Hence; we planned the present study to assess behavior of women during abnormal menstrual bleeding. Methods: A total of 50 subjects with abnormal bleeding and 50 subjects with normal menstrual bleeding were included in the present study. A self-framed questionnaire was prepared and was given to all the subjects. Complete demographic data of all the patients was obtained. The questionnaire covered the topics for covering the behavioral aspect of women during abnormal menstrual bleeding and it effect. Results: ‘Significant results were obtained while comparing the behavior changes among the subjects of the normal bleeding group and of abnormal bleeding group. It was observed that abnormal bleeding had significant negative impact on the quality of life. It often resulted in significant limitation of work, avoidance of social activities, avoidance of travel and feeling of physical weakness. Conclusion: Abnormal bleeding pattern significantly affects the quality of life of women. Therefore, adequate awareness programs should be initiated by community health centers for increasing the awareness of general population about abnormal bleeding and its consequences.
Background: Diabetic patients have a bigger probability of getting dyslipidemia, high blood pressure, and fleshiness. This manner of dyslipidemia remains for the most part unknown or diagnosed late and beneath treated in high risk populations, like patient with type- two polygenic disorder. The aim of the study is to research the connection between body fluid lipid profile in type-2 diabetic patients. Methods: A cross sectional study done on one hundred patients with kind two polygenic disorders. The participants were already diagnosed as kind two diabetics and undergoing treatment. in line with NCEP-ATPIII guideline, hypercholesteremia is outlined as TC>5.2 mmol/l, high LDL- C once price >2.6 mmol/l, hypertriglyceridemia as TG >3.8 mmol/l and low HDL-C once price <1.0 mmol/l. Dyslipidemia was outlined by presence of 1 or quite one abnormal body fluidlipidconcentration.Diabetes disorderwasoutlinedas American diabetesAssociation (ADA) criteria. Results: ‘The mean age of the males (58.1±2.3) weren't statistically completely different (p=0.6402) from that of the females (57.1±1). The mean waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), Body adiposity Index (BAI) and Body Mass Index (BMI) of the feminine subjects were considerably high as compared with the male subjects (p=0.0008, 0.0002, 0.000 and 0.0002 respectively). Among the diabetic people, 59 (59%) people had just one abnormal lipid profile parameter, 34 (34.0%) had 2 abnormal lipid parameter and 27 (27%) people had quite two abnormal lipid profile parameters. Conclusion: We tend to terminate that early identification is accomplished through comparatively cheap blood testing and will be utilized for screening bad diabetic patients for timely intervention with lipid lowering medicine.
Background: The study aimed to assess the filter paper blood sampling technique for sero- monitoring against Hydro-pericardium syndrome (HPS). In view of the fact, dried blood samples don’t require immediate refrigeration, occupy little space and are easily transported.Methods: Whole blood paired with serum samples were collected from 100 broiler chickens on filter paper strips, dried for 2hrs at 37oC, stored in polythene bag and then eluated in normal saline at 4oC for overnight. Antigen of HPS was isolated, purified and confirmed by agar gel precipitation test (AGPT) with raised hyper-immune serum. Eluates of whole blood dried on filter paper with corresponding serum samples were tested for antibody activity by indirect heam-agglutination (IHA) test. Results: ‘The IHA titers of eluates were similar to titers obtained with serum diluted as 1:10. Normal saline and phosphate buffered saline did not influence the antibody stability, when used as eluating fluid. Whole blood dried on filter paper could be stored sealed in plastic bag at 4oC or ambient temperature for at least one week with no appreciable loss of antibody titers. A strong correlation (r = 0.900) exist between the titers obtained with two methods of blood sampling. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that recovery of antibodies from blood dried on filter paper after eluation produces results comparable to those obtained by recovering antibodies from serum. Based on above findings it is concluded that filter paper blood sampling could serve as a cost effective and convenient tool for HPS sero-monitoring.
Background: Metabolic syndrome is a combination of multiple risk factors that increases an individual chance of developing cardiovascular or type II diabetes mellitus and most of people with metabolic syndrome have Insulin resistance, which elevates the risk of developing Type II diabetes mellitus. While the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome and each of its components is complex and not well understood, central obesity and insulin resistance are acknowledged as important causative factors. Most scrutinized literature was collected from different sources including PubMed. This study was carried out at Govt. Chhattisgarh Institute of medical sciences Bilaspur. Aim: To compare the incidence of progression of metabolic syndrome into type II diabetes mellitus in patient who were put on one of the following treatments along with lifestyle modification :- Metformin, Chromium Piconilate ,Vitamin –D3 and Niacin (Vitamin. - B3).Methods: The objective of this study recruited 250 patient, aged between 35 to 60 years, who fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria of Metabolic syndrome as per study design. Results: 250 Participants was enrolled during 3 years of the study. 125 (50 %) male and 125 (50 %) Female were found metabolic syndrome. A total (8%) of patient were found incidence of progression of metabolic syndrome into Type II Diabetes Mellitus. In different group as Metformin group-(0%), Niacin group (6%), Vit-D3 group (0%), Chromium Piconilate group (16 %) and (18%) in the lifestyle modification group. Conclusions: Metformin and Vit- D3 can reverse the effects of metabolic syndrome due to its broad effects on many of the components of metabolic syndrome; thus preventing diabetes and heart disease.
Background: Maternal mortality is on decline throughout the world, and still India accounts for around 15% maternal mortality of the world. Most of these deaths are preventable and avoidable if high quality care is given to a women. In order to achieve this it is very essential to examine healthcare needs and identify the demand side barriers in access to healthcare services by the women of reproductive age group. The study was thus planned to assess the current level of utilization of maternal health care services and factors associated with it. Methods: This descriptive, community based, cross-sectional study was conducted in the field practice area of urban health training centre (UHTC) of Department of Community Medicine, J N Medical College, AMU, Aligarh. It was carried out on 211 recently delivered women and the data was analysed using SPSS20. Results: More than 27%women reported some kind of complication in their last pregnancy. The commonest complications were found to be Anemia and Pre-eclampsia/eclampsia. Significant number of women in our study recognised the need of utilizing MCH care only after experiencing complications. Conclusions: A large number of women suffer from complications during pregnancy and complications like anemia go unnoticed, which can have grave complications. Most of the women opt for health care only if they had suffered from any complication during the last pregnancy.
Background: Acne vulgaris is a common illness of adolescence. During adolescence, the importance of body image and the cosmetic problems that this illness may cause, it is important that the level of social anxiety should be studied in acne patients. Methods: 100 acne vulgaris cases were included in this study. This study conducted in the department of Psychiatry in Ananta Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre. The duration of study over a period of six month. Results: This study showed that amongst acne patients having social anxiety majority had acne lesions localized on face (36,7%), almost all had clinically very severe (100%) acne and none of them subjectively perceived their acne lesions as mild. Conclusions: This study concludes that, clinician's evaluation is objective and more precise and valuable, but the self-perception of a patient has a greater effect on his/her psychological condition.
Background: Non-Alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become a worldwide health concern with increase in the global incidence of obesity and it is now considered the hepatic component of the metabolic syndrome. Aims and Objective: The study’s aim was to compare the indices of the Liver Function tests in compensated chronic liver disease patients with and without NAFLD. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 consecutive patients with compensated chronic liver disease were recruited into the study. A structured questionnaire was administered to obtain relevant socio-demographic data. NAFLD was diagnosed based on clinical, biochemical, ultrasonographic and in a few histological features. The Adult Treatment Panel III criteria were used to identify patients with the metabolic syndrome. Results: In our study, 100 participants were recruited into study. 40 out of 60 patients (67%) showed grade-1 fatty liver findings and 20 out of 60 patients (33%) showed grade-2 fatty liver. Approximately 19% had fatty liver finding. The mean (SD) age of persons with NAFLD was 45.12 (±8.07) years compared to 47.49(±11.79) years for persons without NAFLD. The difference was not statistically significant (p=0.2). Body mass index (BMI), central obesity (waist circumference), fasting blood sugar, blood pressure, total cholesterol and triglycerides were significantly higher in the NAFLD group (p= <0.05) respectively. Conclusion: Indices of the deranged Liver functions were more prevalent in persons with NAFLD. It is recommended that patients with NAFLD be screened for metabolic syndrome and appropriate therapy instituted to decrease the risk of both hepatic and cardiovascular complications.
A rarely encountered benign entity, the omphalolith has been endowed several names like omphalo-keratolith, umbilical bolus and naval stone. We hereby discuss two cases of omphalolith who presented with secondary infection and infra-umbilical sepsis.
Background: This study aimed to assess the reasons for which patients seek rhinoplasty, viz aesthetic, functional and psychosocial reasons. The study included 20 patients with traumatic, infective and congenital nasal deformities and were taken up for open septorhinoplasty. Methods: This study was carried out in the Department of Surgery at Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi. The duration of study was from April 2017 to May 2018. It was a prospective study. All the patients who underwent open septorhinoplasty were assessed for outcome using Alsarraf questionnaire. Other patient data including demographic data, comorbid conditions etc were considered. Results: After completion of surgeries patients were subjected to the questions of the questionnaire and final results were noted. Results were also assessed on the basis of comparative photographs, both taken pre and post operatively. Conclusions: Based on the conducted studies and after analysis of available literature, it may be concluded that functional and aesthetic results after open septorhinoplasty have an influence on quality of life of the patients. This study includes all the three aspects ie, aesthetic, functional and psychosocial, for which most of the patients seek rhinoplasty and the results of our study is comparable to various other studies.
Introduction:- In the advancement of surgery, post-operative wound infection has been the greatest obstacle from down the centuries. For safe surgery, Lister introduced antiseptic methods. The initiation of antibiotics did raise the hope of a permanent solution to post-operative infection but later it has become the nightmare of the surgeon. Methodology:- Two groups were included in this study. Each group had 200 cases. This study conducted by department of Surgery in Ananta Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Rajsamand. The duration of the study over a period of one and half year. Result:- In our study, two groups were included, each group has 200 cases. In group A we had found 7% cases infected out of 200 cases, while in Group B had 34% infected cases out of total number of cases. Out of all cases we were found maximum infected cases from 41-50 ages in both groups. Conclusion:- This study conclude that, to prevent surgical-site infections, it is essential for the surgeons to take appropriate steps to avoid local microbial factors.
Background: Cholelithiasis is a global issue and it remains a common reason for surgical management, underwriting substantially to health the care costs. The aim of the present study was to determine subjects with gall stones coming to the department for ultrasound. Materials and methods: The present cross sectional observational study was conducted amongst subjects aged more than 15 years reporting to the hospital for abdominal ultrasound. Prevalence of the gallbladder outcomes was measured as percentages with 95% confidence intervals. All the data thus obtained was arranged in a tabulated form and analyzed using SPSS software. Results: There were a total of 2000 subjects in the study. The mean age of the subjects was 46.72+/-3.89 years. There were 91% (1820) with no abnormalities in gall bladder. Gallstones were seen amongst 5% (100) subjects. Conclusion: The prevalence of gall stones in the present study was 5%. There is a need to create substantial awareness amongst subjects regarding this disease as majority of this is asymptomatic.
INTRODUCTION:- the present study was planned and the aim of the present study was to compare the clinical, radiological and laboratory manifestations of PTB among geriatric patients. The biological changes associated with aging, associated malnutrition and acute or chronic diseases have been reported to disrupt protective barriers, contribute to the expected age-related diminution in cellular immune responses and impair microbial clearance mechanisms against Mycobacterium TB. METHODOLOGY:- This study analyzed the 100 elderly pulmonary tuberculosis cases. This study was conducted in the Department of TB & Respiratory Diseases, Shri Dev Suman Subharti Medical College, Dehradun. The duration of study was over a period of two year. RESULTS:- In the present study, 85% people had cough, 92% fever, 42%anorexia, 30% chest pain, 21% hemoptysis, 52% weakness. In the sputum microscopy, 23% negative, 11% scanty, 22% 1+, 25% 2+,19% 3+ we were found according to grading of RNTCP. CONCLUSION:- Elderly patients of PTB presented with recognized clinical and radiological features of disease, but a fair number had to be prescribed nonstandard regimens.
Background: In the diagnosis of various lesions, cytological analyses of effusions play an important role. It contributes in cancer research and staging of various tumors.1 Pleural, ascitic, pericardial and synovial are some of the most commonly analyzed fluids. In the analysis of effusions, the differentiation of transudates and exudates is the first step as it often provides an indication of the underlying pathophysiological process, the differential diagnosis and the need for further investigation. The major purpose of body fluid cytology is the detection of malignant cells. Methods: The present study was conducted in the dept. of Pathology, Krishna Mohan Medical College & Hospital, Mathura, U.P, India. 284 total numbers of cases were included in this study. The duration of study was over a period of one year. Results: In this study, 284 cases were included in this study. Among all 168 cases were male rest were female. In our study, most of the people were belongs to 41-50 (64%) age group followed by other age group. In this present study, 60.56% were collected pleural fluid followed by 38.73% Ascitic fluid & 0.70% pericardial fluid. Conclusions: This study suggested that, cytological study of body fluids is an inexpensive and simple procedure. It is also useful in finding the etiology and in understanding the course of disease.
Background: Aim and Objectives: To distinguish the efficacy of percutaneous catheter drainage (PCD) approaches in the management of hepatic abscess.Methods: In this study, 60 cases of liver abscess were taken with age group between 25-60 years. Study was done in surgery department of government hospital Sikar from October 2014 to September 2016. All cases were registered satisfied the inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria. Group A was given conservative treatment and Group B was given percutaneous catheter drainage. Results were analyzed statistically. Results: ‘it was revealed in this study that mostly males were there, 55 out of 60 cases. The most frequent complaint was abdominal pain and tenderness in right hypochondrium in 85% of the cases. The average hospital stay for patients in group B was 5 days as compared to 7 days in group A. Pain relieved in just 4 days in group B as compared to group A, it was 6 days. Conclusions: Percutaneous catheter drainage is a successful option of treatment in hepatic abscess as compared to conservative management.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the pattern of drug utilization with special focus on the use of antimicrobials. METHODS: Single day hospital-wide point prevalence survey was conducted to assess drug utilization pattern. Information regarding age, gender, occupation, income group, diagnosis, patient’s present/past medical history, treatment, any adverse drug reactions, and investigations were recorded in a proforma. Drug utilization pattern was evaluated using quality indicators of drug use recommended by WHO. RESULTS: A total of 77 patients were included, 62% male and 38% female. Maximum number of patients was admitted for infectious diseases (34%). Pantoprazole was most commonly prescribed drug & ceftriaxone was most commonly prescribed antibiotic. The average number of drugs prescribed per encounter was 4.87. Oral route was the most preferred route. Percentage of drugs prescribed by generic name was 42.44%. Percentage of drugs prescribed from essential medical list was 49.33%. Multivitamins & non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) were most commonly prescribed fixed dose combination in our study. CONCLUSION: Majority of drugs were prescribed by oral route. Essential medical list and updated guidelines were available in the hospital. Poly-pharmacy, over use of proton-pump inhibitors & multivitamins was areas of concern. Prolonged and irrational use of antibiotics for surgical prophylaxis was noted in surgical indoor patients. There was underutilization of microbiological facilities.
Background: The endogenous micro flora contains a variety of bacteria. These are aerobic, facultative and obligate anaerobic bacteria like many important pathogens such as Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus species and besides the normal lactobacilli. These organisms exist in a commensal, synergistic or antagonistic relationship. Methods: This study was conducted in Department of Gynecology in Adesh Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Bathinda, Punjab. Study Population: -50 post-partum cases were subjected in this study. Results: In this study 50 total numbers of cases were included, out of which 60% were belongs to 25-29 age group followed by 20-24 (32%), 30-34 (6%) & 35-40 (2%) age group. 16% infection occur in the post -partum study out of fifty cases caused by different types of organism. Conclusion: This study reveals that in post-partum period, addition of lactobacilli iatrogenically may prove to be useful in prevention of infection.
Background: Respiratory infections among critically ill Patient are associated with high morbidity and mortality. Mechanically ventilated patients are at a high risk of acquiring respiratory infections due to complex interplay between the endotracheal tube, host immunity and virulence of invading bacteria. Irrational use of antibiotics increases the emergence of drug – resistant bacteria. Objectives: The aim of study was to investigate the bacterial isolates in the endotracheal aspirates of mechanically ventilated patients in ICU and see the antimicrobial resistance pattern of bacterial isolates. Methods: Analysis of E.T aspirates of 459 patients over a period of 1 year (Aug 14 to Aug 15) was done. Aspirates were cultured on Blood and MacConkey agar isolation and identification was done using conventional techniques and biochemical reactions. Antibiotic sensitivity testing was done by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method as per CLSI guidelines. Results: Out of 459 Samples 365 was found to be positive. Acinetobacter sp (44.65%) was the most common isolate followed by Klebsiella sp (18.63%), Pseudomonas sp (11.23%), Candida (10.46%), Escherichia Coli (7.94%), COPS (3.28%), CONS (2.46%), Enterococci (0.82%), and Citrobacter (0.54%). The gram-negative bacilli were mostly sensitive to Tigecycline, Colistin, Imipenem, Meropenem, Amikacin and Piperacillin/Tazobactam. Gram positive Cocci were mostly sensitive to Vancomycin, Linezolid and Gentamicin. Conclusion: The isolation and antimicrobial resistance pattern of the microorganisms is necessary for their effective management. Endotracheal intubation is one of the major risk factors in causing iatrogenic infections to patients. A local antibiogram for each hospital, based on bacteriological patterns and susceptibility is essential to initiate empirical therapy.
