The consequences of pollution are devastating not only for living organisms and not necessarily through direct action but, in particular, through the long-term effects on the components of the environment: water, air, soil. After the awareness of the existence of the danger of the imbalance of the ecosystems that support life on the whole planet, it was sought to find some ways to supervise them. Biomonitoring is the continuous observation of an area with the help of biomonitors represented by indicators of atmospheric pollution. In the present study, bryophytes are used to monitor air pollution in the biomonitored area. Bryophytes, popularly known as "mosses", are plants, generally small and mostly perennial. Compared to other plants, bryophytes grow on all possible substrates and in all vegetation formations, including aquatic environments. The methods used in the evaluation of bioindicators include the analysis of the chemical composition of the selected species, measurements of physiological and biochemical parameters, as well as observations of morphological or behavioral changes. The results of these analysis provide important information about the degree and type of air pollution as well as its evolution over time.
This study presents an integrated multi-platform LiDAR methodology for the dendrological inventory and heritage tree identification in the historical park of the Teleki-Kemény Castle estate in Jucu de Sus, Cluj County, Romania. Two complementary acquisition systems were deployed: a DJI Matrice 350 RTK equipped with the Zenmuse L2 scanner for airborne laser scanning (ALS) across the full 6.18 ha study area, and a CHCNav RS10 SLAM handheld system (hereafter referred to as the TLS acquisition component, processed via the TLS Forest module in LiDAR360) for ground-level acquisition in six representative sample plots (~500 m² each). All data were corrected through Post-Processed Kinematic (PPK) using a CHCNav I93 fixed GNSS base station and referenced in the Stereo70 coordinate system (EPSG:3844). Processing was performed in LiDAR360 v6.0 (GreenValley International). After geometric alignment and a six-class point cloud classification combining progressive TIN filtering, Cloth Simulation Filter (CSF), Deep Learning-assisted segmentation, and manual refinement, a total of 1,890 individual trees and shrubs were identified across the site. Six representative sample plots were processed using the TLS Forest segmentation algorithm (LiDAR360), yielding individual-level dendrometric measurements — total height (H), trunk diameter at 1.3 m (DBH), and crown diameter (Dc) — for 351 individuals. Thirty remarkable trees were georeferenced within the sample plots, and 37 additional heritage-candidate trees were mapped at site level, totalling 67 heritage candidates. The most structurally significant individual recorded attained H = 24.6 m, DBH = 94.1 cm, and Dc = 17.7 m. Complementary floristic analysis (three Braun-Blanquet relevés, 100 m² each) identified the vegetation as belonging to the association Symphyto officinalis–Anthriscetum sylvestris Passarge 1975, with Fraxinus excelsior and Acer campestre as dominant arboreal species. The integrated ALS–TLS workflow proved effective for precise digital inventory at the individual tree level, supporting conservation planning, structural risk assessment, and long-term monitoring of a historically significant urban park.
The present study evaluates the degree of compliance of Cluj-Napoca municipality with European Union air quality standards for the 2019-2023 period, within a context marked by the pressure of accelerated urbanization and the new rigors of the European Green Deal. The central objective was to determine the alignment level of PM10, PM2.5, and NO₂ indicators with legal limit values, utilizing data provided by the official monitoring network (stations CJ-1, CJ-2, and CJ-3). The methodology involved a comparative analysis of annual averages and the frequency of daily exceedances, corroborated with the interpretation of local topoclimatic and anthropogenic factors. The case study results indicate a verdict of partial compliance: although an improvement in indicators was observed after 2020, traffic stations continue to report critical values, bordering on alert thresholds.
Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is a well-established consultancy instrument applied worldwide to evaluate the likely environmental consequences of proposed development projects before decisions are made. Despite decades of regulatory development, EIA practice in peri-urban and transitional land-use contexts often suffers from methodological inconsistencies, stakeholder disengagement, and inadequate post-project monitoring. This review synthesises the current state of EIA consultancy practice with a focus on peri-urban land-use planning, drawing on published studies from Europe, South America, and Southeast Asia. Key procedural steps — scoping, baseline characterisation, impact prediction, mitigation hierarchy application, and monitoring — are discussed in relation to their practical implementation by environmental consultancy firms. The review identifies persistent challenges, including the underrepresentation of cumulative and indirect impacts, limited use of geographic information systems (GIS) for spatial analysis, and weak institutional feedback mechanisms. Best-practice recommendations are proposed to improve the effectiveness of EIA as a planning support tool for local and regional authorities.
Cadmium (Cd) is a pervasive environmental contaminant entering ecosystems via natural and anthropogenic sources, accumulating in soils and plants, and transferring through food webs to humans primarily via diet. This review synthesizes recent field data on Cd concentrations and trophic transfer in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, examining their alignment with legal maximum limits (MLs) and health-based guidance values. Evidence from freshwater and coastal lagoons shows clear Cd biomagnification in specific epiphyte-based and benthic food chains, whereas marine pelagic fish often exhibit low muscle Cd concentrations, limiting biomagnification. In terrestrial systems, Cd bioaccumulates strongly in soil invertebrates and small mammals, with mixed outcomes for livestock tissues depending on grazing conditions. Human exposure via diet approaches or exceeds tolerable intake values linked to adverse renal and systemic effects at low body burdens, prompting calls for stricter regulatory standards. Monitoring programs reveal compliance challenges especially in cephalopods, indicating key risk points in commercial seafood chains. Findings highlight the complexity of Cd trophic dynamics, tissue-specific accumulation, and the importance of integrating ecological, regulatory, and toxicological perspectives for managing Cd risks in food webs and human health.
Karimunjawa Islands is one of the conservation areas in Indonesia which has high biodiversity. Conservation support is needed from all stakeholders, including the local community. Without adequate sources of income, the local community has the potential to behave destructively, including logging mangrove trees and damaging coral reefs. One of the environmentally friendly jobs in Karimunjawa Islands is seaweed cultivation, especially in Kemojan Village. The purpose of this research was to make a financial analysis of seaweed (Eucheuma cottonii) farming in Kemojan Village. We conducted a survey of 90 seaweed farmers in Kemojan Village. We calculated profit, RC ratio, CR ratio and BEP (price). This research proved that the seaweed cultivation business in Kemojan Village can be an adequate source of income for the local people of Kemojan Village. The average profit is IDR. 63,749,572 per year, with an RC ratio of 6.04 or CR ratio of 0.17. BEP (price) of seaweed is IDR 248 per kg wet, while the price at the time of the study is IDR 1,500 per kg wet. By increasing the welfare of Kemojan Village people through seaweed cultivation, it is hoped that the local community will increasingly support conservation in Karimunjawa Islands
Labuan Uki Bay, Bolaang Mongondow has a mangrove ecotourism potential to develop. This study was aimed to identify the potentials of mangrove ecotourism in this area and to analyze the ecological suitability level for ecotourism development. It was carried out in May to July 2018 using survey method, field measurements, and ecological suitability determination. Three stations were selected, 1) Labuan Uki village area isolated from the residential area that was accessible using boat; 2) Baturapa village area far from the residential area where most of it could only be reached using boat; and 3) Baturapa II near the residential area and road access. There were 5 parameters measured, namely mangrove thickness, density, species, tide, and biota each of which was scored. All field values of each parameter measured were divided into categories, and values of each parameter are the multiplication of the field value and the score. The suitability index was calculated from percent ecological level based on the total value of all parameters. Results showed that station I had 6 mangrove species, with a density of 12.3 ind 100 m, thickness of 122.6 m, and 16 biota groups, station II had 10 mangrove species with a density of 11.9 ind 100 m, thickness of 96.6 m, and 20 biota groups, and station III had 12 mangrove species with a density of 12.4 ind 100 m, thickness of 393.8 m, and 18 biota groups. All stations had mean tide of 1.3 m. The ecological suitability index was 78% for station I, 78% for station II, and 86% for station III. These data reflected that station I and II were classified as suitable category (S2), while station III belong to very suitable category to develop as ecotourism area.
The purpose of this research was to determine the most efficient plant to reduce the level of organic pollution in the Citarum River and water quality analysis from the phytoremediation process will be compared with the recommended quality standard of Indonesian Government Regulation No. 82 of 2001 on the Management of Water Quality and Control of Water Pollution. The research was conducted during 7 days at the Aquatic Resources Laboratory of Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java in June 2019. The method used was an experimental method. The water quality parameters measured include physical parameter i.e temperature, and chemical parameters i.e pH, CO2, BOD5, dissolved oxygen, nitrate and phosphate. The results of this research showed E. crassipes was able to reduce the concentration of BOD5 (79.99%), nitrate (12.14%) and phosphate (92.84%). Thus, it concludes the E. crassipes is the most effective aquatic plant in reducing the level of organic pollution from Citarum River water samples compared to P. stratiotes and L. minor.
