Good post-harvest management is required to minimize rice damage and loss during storage.This loss in the quality and quantity of rice is primarily caused by warehouse pests or insects, categorized as stored-product insects (SPI).The primary causes of SPI's presence in rice are rice quality, storage method, storage conditions, and the presence of larvae during the storing process.The hot and humid climate is a perfect condition for SPI to breed.Therefore, storage conditions with temperature and humidity that are not optimal will result in SPI infestation, especially as the amount of rice accumulates and the storage length increases.Rice grains were attacked by SPIs break, resulting in a powder-like byproduct (rice powder).There is little information on the physicochemical properties, microstructure, rheology, and functional properties of the SPI-attacked rice powder.Therefore, the purpose of this research was to study the physicochemical properties of SPI-attacked rice powder compared to those of SPI-attacked rice, premium quality storage rice, and premium quality commercial rice.This research used a randomized complete block design with four samples and four replications.The samples were SPI-attacked rice powder, SPI-attacked rice, premium quality storage rice, and premium quality commercial rice.The data went through Bartlett and Tukey's tests of homogeneity and additivity.Then, the data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Least Significant Difference (LSD) at 5%.The results showed that SPI-attacked rice powder had physicochemical properties and amylograph profile as follows: bulk density of 0.42 g/mL, water absorption capacity of 3.87 g/g, oil absorption capacity of 3.50 g/g, degree of whiteness of 77.80, starch content of 46.30 %, protein content of 9.77 %, amylose content of 16.20 %, RVA peak viscosity at 575.67 BU, breakdown at 286.67 BU, final viscosity at 637.67 BU, setback at 353.33 BU, and gelatinization temperature at 75.77ᵒC.The major functional groups identified via FTIR were OH, C-H, C-C and C-O.
Chlorella vulgaris has received considerable attention for various applications, including biofuel production, animal feed, and wastewater treatment.Flocculation is a preferable method for efficient harvesting of Chlorella biomass.In this study, metal coagulants such as AlCl 3 , Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 , FeCl 3 , FeSO 4 , chitosan as a natural polymer, mollasses, wheat flour and Bacillus Subtilis were employed to enhance flocculation efficiency of microalgae.A series of concentrations prepared for each flocculant at different pH values was conducted to determine the optimal conditions for flocculating activities.The results showed that five flocculants -AlCl 3 , Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 , chitosan, FeCl 3 , and FeSO 4 , were found as efficient agents for the flocculation of Chlorella vulgaris, with an efficiency exceeding 98% at the optimal concentrations of 70, 150, 15, 200, and 150 mg/L, respectively.The pH 10 was found as the best condition for flocculation efficiency of Chlorella cells in the culture medium.Among the tested flocculants, chitosan is an effective agent for aggregation of microalgae Chlorella vulgaris due to its nontoxic nature, bio polymer composition and the requirement for a low dosage.Additionally, Bacillus Subtilis, a probiotic bacterium, was found to slightly enhance the flocculation efficiency after 24 hours of incubation with an inoculation percentage of 3% Bacillus culture.Further study to optimize the addition rate and incubation time of Bacillus bacteria is necessary to enhance the flocculation efficiency of microalgae Chlorella vulgaris.
Various attempts have been made to increase the survival rate (SR) of sago plants (Metroxylon sagu Rottb), especially the treatment of growing media and irrigation.The purpose of this study was to calculate the effect of (i) the depth of inundation on the survival rate of the seedling of Tana Luwu sago palm variety; (ii) dosage of ameliorant of sago bagasse and husk charcoal on the survival rate of the seedling of Tana Luwu sago palm variety.The research was conducted in Waelawi Village, West Malangke District, North Luwu Regency; South Sulawesi, Indonesia, April to June 2023.The study used a two-factor factorial design with a split plot design field design.The first factor is the depth of the stagnant water that flows continuously on the side of the polybag as the main plot, consisting of 3 levels: 3 cm, 6 cm and 9 cm.While the second subplot factor is the planting media factor consisting of 5 levels: without ameliorant, soil only (A0S6); a mixture of sago bagasse and soil with a ratio of 1:2 (B2S4); a mixture of soil and sago bagasse and soil 1:1 (B3S3); a mixture of husk charcoal and soil with 1:2 (C2S4), and a mixture of husk charcoal with 1:1 (C3S3) respectively based on volume.The seedlings used are relatively small, weighing between 168-728 grams (after trimming the leaves, leaving a midrib of 60 cm).The variable measured was the survival rate of the seedlings up to 50 days old.The results showed that the depth of inundation, the dose of bagasse and rice husk charcoal, had a significant effect on the survival rate of the Tana Luwu sago palm variety seedlings.
Water constraints due to climate change are a problem in increasing rice production.Paddy fields face drought, which could reduce rice productivity while population requires more food.Selecting adaptive rice cultivars on fields with sufficient water and lack of water is one of the quick mitigation strategies to overcome the problem.This study aimed to identify morphophysiological responses and their relationship with yields in paddy fields and dry lands.The study used randomized completed block design (RCBD) with rice cultivar and field conditions as factors.Two different locations were used, namely paddy fields and dry land.Ten rice cultivars consisting of lowland rice and upland rice (Inpari 32, Inpari 43, IPB 3S, Ciherang, Way Apo Buru, IR 64, Inpago 10, IPB 9G, Intani 605, and Mapan 05) were planted.Combined variance analysis determined the effects of field conditions and cultivars.The results showed that field conditions significantly affected morphological characters, reduction in plant height and delay in days to flowering.Deficit water increased the percentage of empty grains and also led to a reduction in rice yield.Cultivar IPB 3S, IPB 9G, and Inpago 10 showed the lowest percentage of yield reduction in dry land compared to paddy fields at 29%, 30%, and 47%.These cultivars were thought to have stable yield characteristic and tolerance in paddy fields or dry land.
exhibiting the agglomeration-diffusion effect, among which 16 combinations function at a distance.It can be observed that the process of forming growth poles in the parks follows an intrinsic occurrence law.This process is characterized by the gradual breakthrough of spatial and geographic limitations and serves as a platform spanning across regions.This research helps to enrich and improve the theory of the layout of parks and also has reference value for the formulation of relevant policies and layout optimization of the parks in Shandong Province and even in China.
This research was conducted with the aim of examining the morphophysiological responses and assimilate dynamics of various types of rice under different nitrogen supply conditions.The research was conducted in a greenhouse in 2022.The experimental design employed was a randomized block design with two treatment factors: variety and fertilizer dosage.The variety factor comprises four varieties, namely IPB 3S (a new type of rice), Inpari 33 (a new high-yielding variety), Mentik Wangi (local varieties), and Hipa 21 (hybrid).The dosage factor consists of two levels: 0 kg h -1 of nitrogen and 90 kg h -1 of nitrogen.The results indicate that the IPB 3S and Mentik Wangi varieties exhibit a higher net assimilation rate from the primordia phase to the heading phase.This results in the conversion of a portion of the carbohydrates produced through photosynthesis into non-structural carbohydrates (NSC).These NSCs serve as food reserves that are allocated to seed filling, thereby contributing to an increase in grain weight per panicle.The non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) content in Inpari 33 and Hipa 21 at the heading stage is significantly lower than the NSC content at harvest.This suggests a hindrance in the translocation of assimilates from the vegetative part to the seed.
The Philippines holds the top position globally when it comes to exporting abaca fiber, while Aklan Province ranks within the top five abaca-producing provinces in the country, contributing a significant 6% to the nation's overall fiber production.In recent years, the demand for abaca is rapidly growing internationally and today the production is insufficient to meet the local and global demand for fiber products due to improper agricultural practices, pests and diseases, lack of technologies, and support from the government.Hence, this study aimed to evaluate and identify the challenges affecting the production of abaca in the top two abacaproducing municipalities in Aklan.A questionnaire, crafted by the researcher, was dispersed to 408 farmers who were randomly chosen through the implementation of a stratified sampling technique.The methodology of analysis in this research was descriptive of the obtained data set and analyzed by using qualitative and quantitative statistics.Results showed that most of the abaca farmers in the two municipalities are male.Also, most of them (30 -40%) were 51-60 years old during the conduct of the study.Farmers dedicate almost their whole productive lives to abaca farming, so most of them are doing it roughly for 21 years.Moreover, most farmers in the two municipalities are following the 2 m x 2 m planting distance.If they had planted abaca in all their land properties, they should have 2,500 plants/ha, according to the standard measurement of the PhilFIDA.However, the overall mean abaca plant population/ha was only 928 in Libacao and 890 in Madalag.Hence, only about 35% to 37% of the farmers are utilizing their land area for abaca production.The study also reveals that 35% of the abaca farmers are significantly affected by natural calamities causing immediate loss of abaca fiber production and income to all the farmers for several months and the challenges encountered by 34% of the farmers is lacking materials and equipment for abaca production.Among all government agencies, 39.60% of the abaca farmers were supported by PhilFIDA.This study provides relevant data and information that could help in crafting policies and guidelines to achieve the local and global demand for high-quality abaca fiber.
The use of dry land as agricultural land requires cultivation technology such as a verticulture fertigation system.The use of chemical N through urea leaves residue in the environment.Other effective N sources such as LOF and NFB are needed.Improving dry land can apply ameliorant.The aim of this research is to study the growth and yield of pak choy with different sources of N and ameliorant.There are 6 types of N fertilizer (urea, LOF, urea+LOF, urea+NFB, LOF+NFB, and urea+LOF+NFB) and 4 types of media (soil, soil:biochar(1:1); soil:compost (1:1); and soil:biochar+compost (1:1)) using a Split Plot Design which was repeated three times.The research results showed that urea fertilizer enriched with LOF and NFB with ameliorant soil:biochar+compost (1:1) was able to significantly influence the growth and yield of pakchoi.The two treatments are synergistic in providing N for plants so that they can reduce N losses that often occur and have the potential to improve dry land in agricultural activities with the ability of long-lasting biochar (slow release) and compost to facilitate the survival of microbes in the soil which can improve soil quality.
