Abstract The air transport requires certificate of ground and deck devices, systems and adequate procedures. However applied geodetic techniques and measuring technologies depend on taken undertakings. If one should precisely put standard ground systems and the navigational assistance are overbalancing static geodetic techniques and measuring technologies. However operational activity, depending on the phase of the flight a real requires applying geodetic techniques and measuring Jechnologies time”. As part of conducted air tests they made the validation of four fundamental parameters (accuracy, credibility, availability, continuity) of satellite EGNOS, GNSS signals, made as part of European projects: “Support to the EGNOS APV Operational Implementation - APV MIELEC”, air tests enabled to draw right procedures up and to apply satellite signals in the air transport. Details will be presented in the following article.
This paper presents results of two experimental cycles of measurements performed with the use of the terrestrial laser scanner Z+F IMAGER 5006h and the reflectorless tacheometer Leica TPS 1202. These tests aimed at determination of metric properties of surveying instruments, which are used for reflectorless distance measurements and which are often applied to project the geometry of objects. In the course of research works issues influencing the reflection of a laser beam by the measured surface, as well as their influence on the data quality. In order to analyse metric properties of applied instruments, levelling rods were used as test fields of geometrically specified division. It was stated basing on the performed analyses, that the influence of the incidental angle of a laser beam on the accuracy of reflectorless measurements is included within the limits of the error of distance measurements of a given instrument. However, the uniform trend of increasing differences between measured values and the nominal value may be noticed, together with the increase of the incidental angle of the axis of collimation on the measured surface of the test field.
An essential aspect of the safety of navigation is avoiding collisions with other vessels and natural or manmade navigational obstructions. To solve this kind of problem the navigator relies on automatic anti-collision ARPA systems, or uses a geometric method and makes radar plots. In both cases radar measurements are made: bearing (or relative bearing) on the target position and distance, both naturally expressed in the polar coordinates system originating at the radar antenna. We first convert original measurements to an ortho-Cartesian coordinate system. Then we solve collision avoiding problems in rectangular planar coordinates, and the results are transformed to the polar coordinate system. This article presents a method for an analysis of a collision situation at sea performed directly in the polar coordinate system. This approach enables a simpler geometric interpretation of a collision situation.
The presented paper shows the diversity of photogrammetric approaches by introducing a problem of camera interior orientation, data georeferencing, data integration and the issue of automatic object surface modelling. The authors discuss the abovementioned issues on the example of the work carried out at the Faculty of Geodesy and Cartography, Warsaw University of Technology referring to solutions practiced in Computer Vision. This article is an example of introduction of photogrammetry as a discipline open to achievements of close fields of science, which is widely applied in practice.
Abstract This paper presents developed method of a posteriori optimization of measurement results of active geodesic monitoring networks with taking into account the parameters of accuracy and reliability. Filtering the measurement results of active geodetic monitoring networks is in out of order exclusion vectors with maximum corrections, which is determined from successive iterations of network adjustment. After each iteration it’s determined the mean square error of unit weight and the parameter of network reliability. Sifting vectors with maximal errors leads to accuracy improving and reliability deterioration of network. Using entropy approach is defined group of vectors in which the value of accuracy and reliability is optimal. Using the developed method performed a posteriori optimization of active precision geodesic monitoring network of the Dnieper, Dniester and Kanev HPP. The represented method can also be used for the optimization of any active geodesic monitoring networks with large quantity of redundant measurements
Rivne Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) is located in western Ukraine. Construction of the station began in 1976. Totally four power generating units are operating on the station. Complicated geological conditions and display of man-made karst led to the need for monitoring of sediments and deformations on Rivne NPP. Since 1984 on the Rivne NPP there were conducted geodetic observations on the conditions of height reference network consisting of nine deep fixed reference points, which are installed in basaltic rocks. Totally 110 cycles of observations were conducted. The heights of fixed reference points were determined by leveling of 1-st class. It is necessary to assess the kinematics of the reference height network and implement zoning of station territory according to a speed of inclination of the earth's surface.An average annual rates of displacement which appear as a linear trend weredetermined on the results of measurements for each fixed reference point by the least squares method. Excluding these values the vertical displacements of fixed reference points were derived and only the periodic component that is changing according to the periodic law remained present there. For each fixed reference point it was determined amplitude and optimum oscillation period and the coefficients of regression equations. Using the annual velocity of displacement of fixed reference points it was done the zoning of the Rivne NPP. There were allocated areas, which were characterized by different rates of inclinations and frequency of oscillations.
In the area of carbonate or karst Dinarides, besides the dominant carbonate rocks and subordinate clastics, in more places more significant mass of chemical sediments can be found, represented by gypsum and anhydrite. As chemical sediments are specifically lighter than overlying rocks, they have been, during the long geological history, trying to achieve isostatic equilibrium, or get out on the ground surface. In recent times, in areas with chemical sediments, a larger tectonic activity is noted than in the wider environment. This is certainly reflected in increased vertical and tangential displacements along major faults in relation to the surrounding area, which are built mainly of carbonate deposits. Determining the amount of movement of diapiric bodies, as absolute and relative, using the most modern surveying methods, precisely would assist the understanding of the tectonic movements and recent structural relations in a wider area.
Abstract The paper deal with testing of different GNSS measurement methods in highly accurate network for the objectives of engineering surveying. The test is comprised of a set of measurement acquired by particular GNSS methods with different observation length. For purposes of the test, an appropriate network of five points in local system was created and accurately trigonometrically measured. The result of testing is a comparison of individual methods in position using two dimensional congruent transformation and in height using one dimensional congruent transformation.
Abstract One of the basic criterion for safety evaluation of structures erected on embankment or sliding slopes is relative horizontal displacement at different elevations. Relative horizontal displacements beneath ground surfaces are performed with inclinometer measurements. This report presents results on horizontal relative ground displacements with the probe SISGEO S242SV30. Investigations were performed with two inclinometer columns 14m height embedded in Warsaw Bank Slope. Mean square error of single observation was determined and mean relative errors of relative displacements in relation to column height. On the basis measurement results several relevant recommendations and practical hints were formulated allowing to avoid survey blunders and discrepancies in measuring procedures often encountered. Detailed inclinometer horizontal displacement measurements results at Warsaw hillside St Ana’s Church grounds were listed and presented.
Abstract Electronic tacheometers are currently a standard instrument used in geodetic work, including also geodetic engineering measurements. One of the many applications of tacheometers in engineering geodesy are 3D control measurements of crane rail axes. This paper proposes a new method of computing adjustment corrections for crane rail axes based on 3D polar measurements performed with an electronic tacheometer. The intermediary method with conditions on parameters was used in the solution of the problem. The theoretical discussion was complemented with an example application on simulated results of observations. The obtained results confirmed the theoretical assumptions and encourage the verification of the presented proposal on practical examples.
Building structures are extremely sensitive to the influence of outdoor conditions, especially the influence of wind, temperature changes in the surroundings caused by sunshine, and the effect of the building's own or operating load. According to the resonance of the structure with the surroundings, vibrations and oscillations in relatively high frequency intervals (1-100.0 Hz) occur. These phenomena significantly affect the static and dynamic characteristics of structures as well as their safety and functionality. The paper provides an example of monitoring these phenomena using surveying methods and instrumentation. The monitored structure (a desorbing tower) has a cylindrical shape. The measurements were made by a total station with a measurement frequency ca 2 Hz. The main point of the paper is an analysis of the dynamic behaviour of the structure using different methods for the spectral analysis of a time series. The use of a fast Fourier Transform and a Lomb-Scargle periodogram is described, and the frequencies of the structure's oscillation are calculated.
Abstract For many years, cartographers are involved in designing GIS and navigation systems. Most GIS applications use the outdoor data. Increasingly, similar applications are used inside buildings. Therefore it is important to find the proper model of indoor spatial database. The development of indoor navigation systems should utilize advanced teleinformation, geoinformatics, geodetic and cartographical knowledge. The authors present the fundamental requirements for the indoor data model for navigation purposes. Presenting some of the solutions adopted in the world they emphasize that navigation applications require specific data to present the navigation routes in the right way. There is presented original solution for indoor data model created by authors on the basis of BISDM model. Its purpose is to expand the opportunities for use in indoor navigation.
This paper presents the accuracy investigation results and functionality of Ubisense RTLS positioning system. Three kinds of studies were conducted: test of calibration accuracy, analysis of theoretical accuracy of the coordinates determination as well as accuracy measurements in field conditions. Test of calibration accuracy was made with several different geometric constellation of reference points (tag positions). We determined changes of orientation parameters of receivers and disturbance of positioning points coordinates against chosen reference points constellations. Analysis of theoretical accuracy was made for several receivers spatial positions and their orientations. It allowed to indicate favourable and unfavourable measurement area considering accuracy and reliability. Real positioning accuracy of the Ubisense system was determined by comparison with coordinates measured using precise tacheometer TCRP1201+.Results of conducted experiments and accuracy analysis of test measurement were presented in figures and diagrams.
The laser scanning technology offers quite new possibilities in the field of the existing monitoring of engineering structures. The basic advantage of the laser scanning technology is huge amount of measuring observations and practically complete geometric and spectral information about the measured structures, which may be required within the short time. In the context of detection of threatens related to deformations and displacements of building structures, the surface - quasi-continuous distribution of measuring points is one of the most important factors. which ensure the possibility to perform correct evaluation of safety conditions of investigated structures. The proposed technological solution offers a series of new possibilities and the resulting methodology of determination of deformations and displacements of various structures, will considerably increase the scope of possible works and analyses. This will also create the new segment of data, which will result in delivery of additional information concerning conditions of the structure to experts from various fields, such as, among others, civil engineering, construction or geotechnique, who monitor the given structure.
The article presents the use of an evolutionary algorithm for determining the shape of the guy rope sag of a steel smokestack. The author excludes the analysis of the operation of the rope, and discusses only the problem of determining parameters of the function of the adaption of the rope sag curve into empirical data, obtained by the geodetic method. The estimation of parameters of the curve and the characteristics of the accuracy of its adaption into experimental data were carried out by means of an evolutionary algorithm with the use of an evolutionary strategy (mu+lambda).The correctness of the strategy presented in the paper, as an instrument for searching for a global minimum of a criterion function, has been presented using as an example the minimisation of a certain two dimensional function and the estimation of parameters of an ordinary and orthogonal regression function. Previous theoretical analyses have also been used for determining parameters of the guy rope sag of a steel smokestack, which is measured periodically. In addition approximate values of the pull forces in the guy ropes have been calculated.
Prestressed concrete bridges are very sensitive to the increase in long-term deflections. Reliable forecasts of deflections of bridge structures during construction and durability are crucial for achieving good durability. The main results of measurements are the changes of the deflection line of the bridge structures, which places special demands on the measurement procedure. Results from measurements are very useful for the improvement of mathematical prediction methods of behaviour of long span prestressed concrete structures.
Abstract Proposals of algorithms for solving Navigation faculty’s problems regarding navigation along rhumb line (loxodrome), for officer trainees and civil students of Faculty of Navigation and Naval Weapons and for deck seamen on operational level, are presented in this paper. Proposals of calculation algorithms given in the article cover simple mathematical totting based on plane sailing (navigational) triangle and Mercator triangle (Mercator sailing). The algorithms refer to traditional methods of solving problems and they do not cover solutions applicable in automated (integrated) navigational systems. The formulas enable to solve the tasks with a use of electronic calculator and application of traditional methods on plane and sphere, and they also take the Earth’s ellipsoidal shape into consideration.
This paper concerns the possibility of using AGS15 capacitive inclinometers in the geodetic monitoring of slender structures. The basics of geometric monitoring have been introduced, and the features of inclinometers that can be used in these studies have been described. Main expectations towards them have been formulated. Three tests were conducted: (1) a few days' stability test of readings, (2) the test of inclinations controlled tachimetrically and (3) continuous survey of a physical object. It has been found that in order to obtain satisfactory results it is necessary to correct the readings due to the drift and the effect of temperature. The works conducted as part of described project work are not capable of identifying those indicators. To achieve them there were designed the system that support the acquisition and processing of the measurement and also the collection and transmission of results. In the conclusions authors stated that inclinometers AGS15 can be suitable for monitoring, but the works aimed at improving their performance should be undertaken.
Abstract This paper gives brief information on existing metrological support for the Yavoriv of scientific of the geodetic of test field (SGTF) for testing of modern of surveying equipment (rangefinders, electronic total stations and GNSS receivers). Analyzed ways to improve the fundamental geodetic network and the standard linear of basis, as working standards for testing, in accordance, GNSS receivers and a rangefinders, as well as for study an accuracy technology of GNSS leveling.
