A pot experiment was conducted at Net House, Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh to assess the different levels of saline and sodic irrigation water on content and uptake of nutrient by groundnut during the Summer-2018. The treatment consists of four levels each of salinity (2, 4, 6 and 8 dS m-1) and sodicity (5.0, 10.0, 15.0 and 20.0 SAR) of irrigation water by adopting factorial CRD with three replications. The results indicated that application of different levels of saline and sodic irrigation water produced significant effect on content and uptake of N, P and K by kernel and haulm of groundnut. The highest N, P and K content (3.76 %, 0.34 % and 0.67 %) and uptake (163.6, 13.34 and 25.14 mg pot-1) by kernel and content (1.08 %, 0.15 % and 0.40 %) and uptake (177.8, 25.01 and 66.5 mg pot-1) by haulm, respectively were observed with EC-2 dS m-1 level of salinity of irrigation water, but the lowest content and uptake by kernel were observed with EC-6 dS m-1 and by haulm at EC-8 dS m-1 levels of salinity of irrigation water. There was no any pod formation were observed with EC-8 dS m-1, hence, content and uptake of nutrients by kernel considered zero. While the highest N, P and K content (2.85 %, 0.22 % and 0.42 %) and uptake (109, 5.93 and 11.45 mg pot-1) by kernel and content (1.01 %, 0.13 % and 0.37 %) and uptake (135.5, 17.80 and 48.6 mg pot-1) by haulm, respectively were observed with SAR- 5.0 level of sodicity of irrigation water. The interaction effect between salinity and sodicity levels of irrigation water on concentration and uptake of N by kernel and haulm were found significantly the highest with C1×S1 (EC- 2.0 dS m-1 × SAR- 5.0) level of salinity and sodicity of irrigation water.
Synchrotron radiations (SR) are emerging as a real-time probing tool for the wide range of applied sciences. Since the beginning of 1990s, synchrotron-based techniques have become increasingly employed in various fields of life science. The unique properties of Synchrotron radiations break the limits to characterize the material properties than previous laboratory based techniques. The use of SR in soil sciences also has increased dramatically in the last decade. SR techniques are used to assess soil physical, chemical and biological properties. Besides that SR techniques are also used in soil pollution studies and rhizosphere science. So this paper intends to explain about the instrument synchrotron, its techniques used in soil science and applications in soil science. Furthermore the paper tries to elucidate a few relevant researches in soil science which involves SR techniques.
A pot experiment was conducted at Net House, Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh to assess four levels each of salinity (2, 4, 6 and 8 dS m-1) and sodicity (5.0, 10.0, 15.0 and 20.0 SAR) of irrigation water on groundnut by adopting factorial CRD with three replications. The results indicated that application of different levels of saline and sodic irrigation water produced significant effect on growth, yield attributes, yield and quality of groundnut crop. The maximum plant height, number of mature and immature pods plant-1, weight of mature and immature pods plant-1, days to 50 % flowering, pod and haulm yield and harvest index were observed with EC 2 dS m-1 and SAR 5.0 and the lowest with EC 8 dS m-1 and SAR 20.0 of irrigation water. The quality parameters like seed index and protein content were found maximum with the saline irrigation water level of EC-2 dS m-1 and SAR-5.0, but there was no any pod formation recorded with EC-8 dS m-1. The interaction effect between salinity and sodicity levels of irrigation water on pod (8.10 g pot-1), kernel (5.36 g pot-1) and biological (26.61 g pot-1) yield were found significantly the highest with C1×S1 (EC- 2.0 dS m-1×SAR- 5.0) while no any pod formation were observed with C4×S1, C4×S2, C4×S3 and C4×S4 level of irrigation water.
A pot experiment was conducted during summer season of 2018 at Net House, Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh to study the influence of different levels of saline and sodic irrigation water on soil properties. The treatment consists of four levels each of salinity (2, 4, 6 and 8 dS m-1) and sodicity (5.0, 10.0, 15.0 and 20.0 SAR) of irrigation water by adopting factorial CRD with three replications. The available macronutrients (N, P2O5 and K2O) and organic carbon of soil after harvest of the crop were found maximum with EC-2 dS m-1 and SAR-5.0 level of irrigation water. The water soluble and exchangeable Ca, Mg and Na and soil properties like EC2.5, ECe, pH2.5, pHs, CEC and ESP was found maximum with EC-8 dS m-1 while water soluble and exchangeable K was found maximum with EC-2 dS m-1. The water soluble and exchangeable Na was found maximum with SAR-20.0, whereas water soluble and exchangeable Ca, Mg and K were found minimum with SAR- 20.0. The soil properties like ECe, pH2.5, pHs and ESP of the soil was found maximum with SAR- 20.0, but CEC was found maximum with SAR-5.0. The combined effect of saline and sodic irrigation water was found significant on available N and water soluble cations Ca++, Mg++, Na+, K+, exchangeable Na+, ESP, ECe and pH2.5 of soil after harvest of groundnut.
Soil and water salinity is one of the major problems in the world for agricultural production. Tomato is one of the ten most important fruit and vegetables consumed in the world, with approximately one hundred million tonnes of fresh tomato fruit being produced worldwide every year. This research was conducted to determine the different evels of EC d S m-1 in irrigation water collected from Central Farm well water and Bore well water of Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai and Periyar Vaigai Command water in the year 2018 were evaluated Based on their growth and yield of tomato (PKM 1) . The results indicated that there was consistent decrease in yield with increase in salt concentration in saline irrigation water and yield and it was found that the maximum salinity tolerance is 2 d S m-1.
Many research papers have been contributed by several authors for making polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste recycling economically and ecologically more viable as it creates environmental hazards when disposed off after its short term use. Recycling of PET waste was started in last two decades. Most of the authors are devoting their time in getting economically viable solution for development of methods based on either mechanical or chemical recycling. Some success has been obtained in development of chemical recycling methods which provides value added products from PET waste. In this study the operating conditions and mechanism of various recycling processes available for the recycling of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste are reported and described.
A Doctoral Research was conducted for two consecutive years (2011-2012 and 2012-2013) on fine texture soils of agricultural college farm, Bapatla to find out the residual effect of different sources of nutrients applied to preceding rice on P content in maize at different growth stages. The experiment was laidout in a Randomized Block Design in Kharif season with four treatments. The treatments consisted of M1 (RDF - Control), M2 (10t FYM ha-1 + RDF), M3 (1.5t vermicompost ha-1 + RDF), M4 (Green manuring + RDF). During the immediate Rabi, the experiment was laid out in a split-plot design without disturbing the soil for succeeding maize with the four treatments given to Kharif rice as main plot treatments and each of these divided into five sub-plots to receive five levels of fertilizer NPK application viz., N1 - 75%NPK, N2 - 100% NPK, N3 - 125% NPK, N4 - 150% NPK and N5 - 175% NPK for succeeding maize. Data collected on P content in maize at different growth stages was significantly increased with the application of 100% NPK in combination with FYM @10t ha-1 to preceding rice crop, irrespective of the NPK levels applied to succeeding maize crop. However, it was on par with that of green manuring together with 100% NPK during both the years of the study.
A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of forest litter and its time of incorporation on soil physical properties. The study showed that plots with forest litter incorporated at 45 DBS (Days Before Sowing) had significantly higher soil moisture content as compared to those incorporated at 30 DBS after 30 and 60 DAS. However, the difference in the time of incorporation had no significant effect on soil moisture content at 90 DAS. At 30 DAS, application of forest litter @ 6 t ha-1 and 9 t ha-1 significantly increased the soil moisture content at a rate of 4.11 and 11.42 per cent, respectively over control. At 60 DAS, application of forest litter @ 3 t ha-1, 6 t ha-1 and 9 t ha-1 significantly increased the soil moisture content at the rate of 15.05, 17.26 and 25.65 per cent, respectively over control. At 90 DAS, a trend was noticed which showed that soil moisture content significantly increased at a progressive rate with each increase in the dose of forest litter application. At 90 DAS, the addition of forest litter @ 3 t ha-1, 6 t ha-1and 9 t ha-1 increased the soil moisture content @ 10.16, 17.84 and 22.20 per cent, respectively over control. The plots with forest litter incorporated at 45 DBS had significantly higher hydraulic conductivity, per cent aggregates and mean weight diameter as compared to those incorporated at 30 DBS. However, the difference in the time of incorporation i.e., at 30 and 45 DBS had no significant effect on bulk density, particle density and water holding capacity. Incorporation of forest litter @ 3 t ha-1, 6 t ha-1 and 9 t ha-1 significantly decreased the bulk density at the rate of 3.67, 8.65 and 14.14 per cent; while particle density increased at the rate of 2.59, 3.42 and 6.61 per cent, respectively when compared to control. The addition of forest litter @ 3 t ha-1, 6 t ha-1 and 9 t ha-1 resulted in a significant increase in water holding capacity and hydraulic conductivity at a rate of 3.72, 4.65 and 6.77 per cent and 24.13, 32.30 and 41.73 per cent, respectively over control. Further, the application of forest litter @ 3t ha-1, 6 t ha-1 and 9 t ha-1 significantly increased the per cent aggregate and mean weight diameter of the soil @ 1.77, 3.49 and 6.58 per cent 17.31, 26.28 and 41.35 per cent, respectively over control. The study revealed that incorporating 9 t ha-1 of forest litter at 45 DBS had the most beneficial effect on soil physical properties.
The Lumbajong block of Karbi Anglong district of Assam is characterized by undulating topography comprising of hillocks and lowland paddy fields. Cultivation of rice in traditional ways for years without adequate and balanced use of chemical fertilizers and with little or no use of organic manure have caused severe fertility deterioration resulting in stagnating or even declining productivity of the paddy field soils. Spatial distributions for organic carbon, available N, available P and available K were examined in the soil samples of selected rice fields in 102 different locations covering six villages in the block to evaluate the fertility status of the block. The study revealed that there is much variation in soil fertility status of soils developed on various land forms in the area as the soils were having low to high in organic carbon (0.42 to1.12 %), low to medium in available nitrogen (175.62 to 376 kg/ha) content; low in available P (3.86 to 28.29 kg/ha) and low to high in available K (71.68 – 439.04 kg/ha) contents. The soils of Lumbajong block were characterized as medium-medium-low-medium (MMLM) category based on the nutrient index calculated with respect to organic carbon, available N, available P and available K.
A field experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of simulated erosion and the impact of organic manures on soil physico-chemical properties.The experiment was conducted in split-plot design which comprised of three levels of simulated erosion depths viz., 0, 5 and 10 cm used as the main plot.Organic manures (vermicompost, poultry manure and pig manure @ 5, 3 and 3 t -1 ha, respectively) were used as the sub plot treatment.There was a significant effect on the physico-chemical properties of soil due to erosion.The available nitrogen decreased at a rate of 2.86 and 7.81 per cent; available P decreased at a rate of 9.09 and 17.18 per cent; available K decreased at a rate of 9.52 and 15.12 per cent; organic carbon decreased at a rate of 0.07 and 0.15 per cent; CEC decreased at a rate of 2.81 and 5.48 per cent; water holding capacity decreased at the rate of 4.07 and 7.29 per cent while bulk density increased at a rate of 3.49 and 9.30 per cent and soil pH decreased at a rate of 4.12 and 7.20 per cent, respectively with subsequent removal of 5 and 10 cm topsoil as compared to control.Addition of organic manures improved the soil properties but could not entirely compensate the loss due to simulated erosion.
A study was conducted on nutrient status of wheat growing soils in district Meerut Uttar Pradesh. The study was conducted in soil testing laboratory of Krishi Vigyan Kendra Meerut and soils were collected from farmer’s field in the year 2017-18 and 2018-19. The analysis of soil samples shows that most of the soils of Meerut district are low to medium in organic carbon (0.41%), low in available nitrogen (210 kg/ha), medium in available phosphorus (13.55 kg/ha) and potash (195 kg/ha) and there is a need for a close monitoring of nutrient management and application of the fertilizer recommendations on the basic of STB (soil testing based) to enhance the wheat productivity.
The AICRP on long term fertilizer experiment was established at RARS Pattambi in 1997 and the experiment is being conducted continuously in the same field.The objective of the experiment was to study the effect of long term application of fertilizers and manures on growth and yield of the plant and monitoring of soil quality.The experiment consists of 12 treatments.The LTFE experiment with 20 years cropping history revealed the superiority of integrated nutrient management with 100 per cent NPK along with FYM over the sole use of fertilizers.However in situ growing of dhaincha (Sesbania aculeata) also offer a good solution for integration of manures and fertilizers.Integrated nutrient management and in situ green manuring with daincha recorded higher grain and straw yield and the growth parameters corroborated the trends in yield.
The field experiment was conducted at Central Research Station (CRS) of Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola.The experiment field consist of 6 different treatments and 4 replications viz., conservation tillage (1 blade harrow before sowing) (T 1 ), conservation tillage (1 Tyne+1 blade harrow) (T 2 ), sub-surface tillage (90 cm H.I+2 Tyne+ blade harrow) (T 3 ).Economical sub-surface tillage (1 sub surface +1 tyne+1 blade harrow) (T 4 ), 1 Ploughing+ 2 Tyne +1 blade harrow (T 5 ), Across the slope cultivation with opening of BBF after two row+2 tyne+1 blade harrow (T 6 ).Water use efficiency was more dominant in treatment T 3 (2.92kgha -1 mm -1 ), the energy efficiency is maximum for treatment T 3 (3.7)followed by treatments, T 4 , T 5 , T 6 , T 2 and T 1 .
A study was carried out in Ri-Bhoi district of Meghalaya.The studies have focused on organic carbon (C) stocks of soils because of increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ).Six agro-ecological land use were intersect with 7 slopes to generate soil sample location.Three locations have been selected for each strata to determine the average carbon stock.The mean organic soil organic carbon ranged between 1.53 per cent to 2.43 per cent with maximum in S1T2 (2.42%) followed by S2T2 (2.38%), S2AG2 (2.20%) and minimum in S7OS1 (1.53%) followed by S7OS2 (1.56%) and S6OS1 (1.60%).The mean BD ranged between 1.22 to 1.42 g/cm 3 with maximum in S7OS2 (1.42 g/cm 3 ) and minimum in S1T2 (1.22 g/cm -3 ) and S3T2 (1.22 g/cm -3 ).The mean SOC stock ranges from 44.41 Mg ha -1 to 32.5 Mg ha -1 with mean SOC stock content was found maximum in S1T2 (44.41 Mg ha -1 ) followed by S2T2 (43.49Mg ha -1 ) and minimum in S7OS1 (32.51 Mg ha -1 ) followed by S7OS2 (33.1 Mg ha -1 ).
To study the impacts of elevation of CO 2 on rice-wheat system, a pot culture experiment and a field experiment were undertaken.The pot culture experiment was conducted in open top chambers (OTCs) with surface soils collected from a typic haplustept (IARI, New Delhi).Rice and wheat were grown as test crops at ambient (approx.370 mol mol -1 ) and elevated (600±50 mol mol -1 ) levels of atmospheric CO 2 .Total biomass yield was increased by 32.26 and 33.83 per cent as a result of elevation of CO 2 concentration in the micro climate of rice and wheat, respectively.Various plant parts differed with respect to their relative gain in yield and the relative gains in biomass of different plant parts on exposure to elevated CO 2 were in the order of: Rice: Grain (48.11) > Leaves (43.97) > roots (34.95) > stem (18.80) and Wheat: Root (70.54) > Leaves (42.50) > grain (35.39) > stem (21.00).At all stages of crop growth, exposure to higher CO 2 in atmosphere increased the preferential partitioning of carbon to roots both in rice and wheat.
A study on "Influence of on-farm liquid organic manures on soil health and crop production" was undertaken at the College of Agriculture, Vellayani during 2014-2017.The experiment was to evaluate the efficacy of soil and foliar applications of on-farm liquid organic manures on soil health and crop nutrition using Okra as a test crop.The treatments included were 75 per cent N as enriched vermicompost along with diluted liquid organic manures separately as soil and foliar applications.The post-harvest analysis of soil revealed that pH, EC, organic carbon and labile carbon contents varied significantly among the treatments.The highest organic carbon content of the soil was recorded by T 4 and T 12 .The maximum labile carbon was recorded by T 8 .T 5 was rich in available N .T 5 registered the highest plant uptake of major nutrients.The treatment T 3 registered the highest plant uptake of secondary nutrients.The highest value of Fe and Zn uptake was noticed in T 11 .The highest value of Cu uptake was noticed in T 1 .The highest value of Mn uptake was noticed in T 3 .The lowest plant uptake of all nutrients was recorded by T 13 (Absolute control).Economics of cultivation of okra indicated that the cost-benefit ratio was found higher for treatment T 5 , 75 per cent N as EVC + Panchagavya 3 per cent foliar application (2.83) followed by T 7, 75 per cent N as EVC + cow urine 10 per cent foliar spray (2.09).
A field investigation was conducted at College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Kerala during the year 2015-16 to study the role of tillage and nutrition in growth and yield of tannia raised as an intercrop in coconut gardens.The experiment was laid out in split plot design.The main plot treatments were (l 1 -conventional tillage followed by pit system, l 2 -conventional tillage followed by mound system, l 3 -deep tillage followed by pit system and l 4 -deep tillage followed by mound system).The sub plot treatments were (s 1 -control, s 2 -coir pith, s 3 -rice husk) and (n 1integrated nutrient management (INM) and n 2 -organic nutrition).Results of the experiment revealed that the growth and yield of tannia was improved by deep tillage with pit system of planting, application of coir pith as soil conditioner @ 500g plant -1 at the time of planting and providing organic nutrition (FYM @37.5 t ha -1 + wood ash @ 2 t ha -1 ) was highly beneficial.
A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of organic manures and fermented liquid organic formulations on growth, on soil chemical and biological properties under rainfed condition at Organic Farming Research Centre, Zonal Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station (ZAHRS), Navile, Shivamogga, during Kharif 2018-19.The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with ten treatments comprising of different bulky organic manures (FYM and Vermicompost) and fermented liquid organic formulations (Beejamrutha, Jeevamruta, Panchagavya and Cow urine) were replicated thrice, French bean variety Arka sharath taken as a test crop.Experimental results revealed that, among various treatments, at harvest significantly higher soil pH (6.10), electrical conductivity (0.092 dS m -1 ) and organic carbon (4.60 g kg -1 ) status were observerd with application of Beejamrutha (seed treatment) + Jeevamrutha (soil application @ 500 L ha -1 ) + 100 % RDN through vermicompost + Foliar spray of Panchagavya @ 3 % (T 6 ) over treatment which received Beejamrutha (seed treatment) + Jeevamrutha (soil application @ 500 L ha -1 ).The available nitrogen (296.80 kg ha -1 ), phosphorus (98.61 kg ha -1 ), potassium (173.18kg ha -1 ), exchangeable Ca, Mg, available sulphur and DTPA-extracted micro nutrients (Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn) status were significantly higher at harvest stage in treatment which received Beejamrutha (seed treatment) + Jeevamrutha (soil application @ 500 L ha -1 ) + 100 % RDN through vermicompost (T 3 ).Dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase and urease activities in soil at different growth stages of french bean were significantly increased in all treatments due to application of organic sources over control which received Beejamrutha (seed treatment) + Jeevamrutha (soil application @ 500 L ha -1 ).
Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.), a drought-tolerant legume native to arid and semi-arid regions, holds significant promise for climate-resilient agriculture due to its robust physiological traits and industrial value. This review explores the morphological, physiological, and biochemical adaptations that enable guar to survive extreme conditions, including high temperature, low soil moisture, and poor fertility. Key adaptive traits include a deep taproot system, osmotic adjustment through solute accumulation (e.g., proline and sugars), chlorophyll stability, and enzymatic antioxidant defense. These mechanisms support sustained photosynthetic activity and metabolic function under stress. The review further highlights seasonal influences on growth and yield, emphasizing how phenological plasticity and genotype × environment interactions influence productivity across Kharif, summer, and Rabi sowing windows. Morphophysiological traits such as relative water content, net assimilation rate, canopy architecture, and reproductive stability under stress are proposed as critical indicators of resilience. Combined drought and heat stress scenarios are shown to intensify physiological limitations, underscoring the need for integrative stress screening in breeding programs. The paper advocates for trait-based selection strategies and high-throughput phenotyping to accelerate breeding efforts. It also identifies knowledge gaps in root system architecture, chlorophyll fluorescence, and trait-environment modeling. With emerging genomic tools and transcriptome insights, trait-linked molecular breeding is now feasible. Integrating physiology, agronomy, and genomics can enhance guar’s role in sustainable agriculture, particularly in water-limited regions. The findings consolidate a scientific framework for selecting climate-resilient guar genotypes and suggest future research directions to optimize yield, gum quality, and environmental sustainability.
In order to study the in situ soil and water conservation measures and the impact of soil and water conservation measures in terms of increase in soil moisture content, biometric observations, moisture use and production efficiency, reduction in runoff, soil and nutrient losses, three land configurations were studied for soil-water management, viz., cultivation along the slope with opening of tide furrow (T 1 ), contour cultivation with opening of alternate furrow (T 2 ) and contour cultivation with opening of ridges and furrows (T 3 ).The present investigation revealed that the treatment T 3 was more prominent and favourably influenced the crop growth, soil moisture, moisture use and production efficiency, cost benefit ratio due to the drastic change in the runoff hydrograph characteristics and reduction in runoff, soil loss and nutrient losses, followed by treatment T 2 over the treatment T 1 .In the context of above results, it is concluded that the in situ soil and water conservation measures is the need of day in rainfed agriculture for the management of erratic and vagarious rainfall under the changing climatic conditions.From the study of the rainfall characteristics like duration, intensity classification, frequency distribution of rainy days, kinetic energy of rainstorms and erosion index, it is revealed that out of 47 rainy days, 41 rainy days were commenced with rainfall intensity <25 mm hr -1 and 6 rainy days were commenced with 25-50 mm hr -1 rainfall intensity.
