Objectives Periodontal disease is an inflammatory condition of the tooth-supporting structures. Leptin is a hormone produced by the human body under different circumstances such as infection. It affects the production of cytokines, phagocytosis and the inflammation process. This study aimed to compare the salivary level of leptin in chronic periodontitis (CP) patients and healthy controls.Methods In this case-control study, saliva samples were collected from 43 subjects including 22 CP patients and 21 healthy controls. The salivary level of leptin was determined using the ELISA. Data were analyzed by the independent t-test.Results Despite the presence of leptin in the saliva of CP patients and healthy controls, no significant difference was noted in its salivary concentration between the two groups (p>0.05).Conclusion The salivary level of leptin in CP patients was not significantly different from that in healthy controls. Further studies with larger sample size are required to confirm the results of this study
Objectives Use of a reliable method to determine the degree of skeletal development of the mid-palatal suture is important in the choice of treatment between orthopedic maxillary expansion and surgical expansion in adolescents and young adults. The aim of this study was to review the new methods for evaluation of mid-palatal suture maturation.Methods Electronic search was conducted in PubMed and Scopus databases using the following key words: (“mid-palatal suture maturation” OR “mid-palatal suture ossification”) AND (“orthopedic treatment” OR “maxillary expansion” OR “orthodontic*”) to find studies published from 1990 to December 2018 in English that evaluated the mid-palatal suture maturation stage.Results Of 127 papers found, 28 articles met the inclusion criteria and their full texts were reviewed. Finally, 8 met the inclusion criteria. Five studies used cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) as the imaging modality and examined the quality of the mid-palatal suture maturation and assessed the morphology of the suture. Two studies used bone density and one study used fractal dimensions.Conclusion Since all the innovative methods lack a gold standard and valid histological references, it is not possible to reach a comprehensive conclusion. It is therefore important that the clinicians use several diagnostic criteria for thorough evaluation of the development of mid-palatal suture and decide on the appropriate therapeutic modality
Objectives Adequate knowledge about canal anatomy is necessary for clinicians to prevent any damage to the periodontium. The aim of this study was to evaluate the canal and apical complexities of the mandibular first and second premolars in an Iranian population. Methods One-hundred mandibular first (n=50) and second (n=50) premolars were collected. After access cavity preparation, 2% methylene blue was injected into the canals, and they were sealed with Coltosol and nail varnish. Next, demineralization and clearing with 5% nitric acid and methyl salicylate were performed. Apical morphology including the presence of accessory canals, apical delta, anastomoses and canal configurations was evaluated under a stereomicroscope at x16 magnification. Descriptive statistics (including tables, central tendency and dispersion tests) were used for data analysis. Results The most prevalent form of canal type was Vertucci’s type I in first and second premolars. The mean distance between the apical foramen and anatomic apex, apical foramen and apical constriction, and apical constriction and anatomic apex was 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9 mm, respectively for the first premolars. These values were 0.3, 0.5 and 0.8 mm, respectively for the second premolars. Conclusion Although most mandibular premolars have one canal, using appropriate cleaning methods is imperative because of high prevalence of accessory canals, anastomoses and apical deltas. First premolars pose more challenges in this respect
Objectives In borderline class III malocclusions, the patients can be successfully treated by the orthodontic or surgical modalities, however; there is no consensus about the method with the best results regarding functional and esthetic parameters. The present study aimed to assess the treatment plans provided by academic and non-academic surgeons regarding borderline class III patients.Methods In this cross-sectional descriptive study, diagnostic records of 20 borderline class III patients were assessed by 8 academic and 8 non-academic surgeons. The treatment plans suggested by the surgeons for patients were compared with the standard treatment plan based on case presentation. The data were analyzed by paired t-test, Wilcoxon test, Kappa coefficient, independent t-test and Chi-square test.Results No significant differences were found between academic and non-academic orthodontists when suggesting orthodontic treatment (p=0.54), orthognathic surgery (p=0.1), single or double jaw orthognathic surgery (p=0.68) and the treatment plans in total (p=0.78) when compared with the standard treatment plan. The mean rate of agreement between the standard treatment plan and the academic and non-academic surgeons’ treatment plan for borderline class III patients was 75.0%±17.41% and 80.0%±17.73% for the orthodontic treatment plan, 80.0%±7.56% and 80.0%±17.73% for the surgical treatment plan, 70.55%±9.4% and 68.61%±9.08% for single or double jaw orthognathic surgery treatment plan, and 79.83%±7.76% and 80.63%±9.79% for the treatment plans in total, respectively.Conclusion Academic and non-academic surgeons both showed higher agreements with the standard treatment plan when suggesting orthodontic and orthognathic surgery treatment plans for borderline class III patients.
Objectives Tooth rotation is one of the most prevalent dental anomalies. Early management of rotated teeth would prevent possible occlusal interferences. The purpose of this case report was to introduce a fixed-removable appliance, which can efficiently correct severely rotated anterior teeth in a short duration of time in mixed dentition period.Case A 7-year-old boy with a Class I malocclusion was referred to the Orthodontics Department, School of Dentistry at Kerman University of Medical Sciences with the chief complaint of severe rotation of one of his maxillary central incisors. A whip appliance, which included a removable orthodontic appliance, a cantilever spring (whip) and a bonded tube, was used to treat this rotation. After 4 weeks, the upper right central incisor was aligned and overcorrected completely. A circumferential supracrestalfibrotomy was performed to prevent relapse.Conclusion In the present case, we treated a severely rotated central incisor in a short duration of timeusing the whip appliance. This appliance can be utilized effectively in emergency situations such as traumatic occlusion of central incisors
Objectives Impression accuracy is the main determinant of the fit, form and function of prosthetic restorations. Polyvinyl siloxane (PVS) is the material of choice in most clinical situations. The purpose of this paper is to provide an up-to-date review of scientific articles which discuss the dimensional accuracy of PVS impression material using various impression techniques, tray types and spacers. Besides, the procedure, advantages and disadvantages of commonly used impression techniques, technique modifications and innovations are also reviewed.Method An electronic search of scientific papers from 1990 to 2018 was carried out using MEDLINE and Google Scholar databases using the search terms “accuracy and polyvinyl siloxane and impression technique” and “accuracy and addition silicone and impression technique”.Results Searching the key words yielded a total of 312 articles. By application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, the obtained results were further reduced to 35 citations.Conclusion Impression technique is a critical variable in the accuracy of PVS impressions. Dual-phase 2-step technique with 1 to 2 mm space for the light body is proven to be highly accurate and is still considered as the standard technique. The use of 2-step technique without providing a space for the wash material is rejected by the literature. Triple-phase 2-step techniques including “matrix impression system” have also functioned well and even superior to traditional dual-phase 2-step technique. Papers suggest that custom trays do not significantly improve the accuracy of impressions and rigid stock trays are suitable alternatives
Objectives This study aimed to assess PD-1gene polymorphism in salivary gland tumors in patients referred to Khalili Hospital in Shiraz. Methods This case-control study evaluated 48 patients with salivary gland tumors and 100 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. First, 5cc blood samples were obtained from patients and transferred to vials containing anti-coagulated EDTA. DNA was extracted, and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was performed on the samples. The PD-1 gene genotype was determined using the Fermentas kit. After 24 hours of incubation, all the samples were electrophoresed. The genotypes were reported based on the size of bands, and the chi-square test was applied. To compare the alleles, the Fisher’s Exact test was applied. The Yates correction was used to compare the genotype and genotypic alleles based on the tumor grade. Results The mean age was 44.81±15.69 years in patients and 46.54± 13.86 years in controls. Statistical analysis did not show any significant difference in PD1 gene polymorphism between the two groups (P=0.098). No significant correlation was found between the genotype frequency and lymph node involvement (P=0.06), tumor genotype (P=0.12), side (right or left) (P=0.22), tumor location (P=0.27), and size or invasion of the tumor to the surrounding tissue (P=0.14). PD1.3 genotype frequency did not differ significantly between malignant and benign tumors (P=0.6). Conclusion This study did not reveal any significant difference in genotype frequency of PD1.3 in the patient and control groups; however, further studies are needed with a larger sample size to obtain more accurate results.
Objectives The purpose of this study was to present a case of regenerative endodontic procedure. Case The maxillary 1st premolar of a 9-year-old patient was diagnosed as necrotic. Since the tooth was immature, we decided to treat this tooth with regenerative endodontic procedure. After disinfection of the canal, bleeding was induced by lacerating the peri-apical tissues and a blood clot was formed. Orifice was sealed by MTA and the tooth was restored. 6-months and 1-year follow-ups showed increased root thickness and closure of the apical. Conclusion It can be concluded that the regenerative endodontic procedure used in this study was successful since there was an evident development in root width.
Objectives One of the economical ways of dental caries prevention is using fluoride containing toothpastes. For fluoride to be effective in toothpastes, significant amount of fluoride need to be in solution form. Global standard of fluoride content of toothpastes is 1500 ppm (part per million).This study aimed to determine fluoride content of some special toothpastes.Methods This research was cross-sectional and laboratory study. In this study five brands of different toothpastes including: Crest, Sensodyne, Colgate, Unique, Beam were provided and total fluoride of each was determined using ion-selection method and then the fluoride content of each brand compared to the global standard amount. The data was analyzed byone sample t-test at 0.05 level of significance.Results Sensodyne had 735 ppm, Beam got 76.12, Colgate got 1195 ppm, Unique got 426 ppm and lastly Crest had 1605.70 amount of fluoride in their composition. Quantitative analysis indicated total fluoride content of Sensodyne, Beam, Unique were significantly below global standard at 0.05 level (p<0.05) in terms of fluoride content whereas total fluoride content of Crest and Colgate had no significant difference with global standard (p<0.05).Conclusion The results showed that Crest and Colgate met the standard of global fluoride content
Objectives The first cause of tooth loss in developed countries is periodontitis. Chronic periodontitis is the most common form of periodontitis and it is characterized by loss of periodontal attachment, destruction of alveolar bone and eventual loss of teeth. Atorvastatin is a statin drug used for the treatment of high cholesterol. Statins can stop the inflammatory process by inhibiting the cholesterol pathway. Diclofenac is an NSAID with anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic and analgesic effects. Its primary mechanism is through the inhibition of prostaglandins synthesis by the inhibition of the cyclooxygenase enzyme (COX). The purpose of this study is to compare the effects of local injected and oral intake of Diclofenac and atorvastatin on alveolar bone density measured in HUs with the use of a CT scan in a periodontitis-induced model in rats.Methods Thirty rats were randomly divided into 6 groups of 5 rats each. Ligatures were placed around the left second maxillary molar to induce periodontitis for 10 days. Administration of 12.5 mg/kg of oral atorvastatin (group 1), 0.25 mg/kg of injectable atorvastatin (group 2), 7.5mg/kg of oral Diclofenac (group 3), 6.25mg/kg of injectable Diclofenac (group 4), the oral solvent without medicine as oral control (groups 5), and the injectable solvent without medicine as injectable control (group 6). In each group, the right side of maxilla was considered as control group (without ligature and drug interaction). At day eleven, the rats were sacrificed and the maxillary bone was separated from the soft tissue and fixed in 4% formalin. The prepared samples were then radiologically evaluated to determine the bone density with CT in fixed exposure conditions.Results There was a statistically significant difference between the alveolar bone density of the oral atorvastatin group and the oral Diclofenac (P = 0.006). There was no statistical significant difference in alveolar bone density between the injectable atorvastatin and the injectable Diclofenac groups (P=0.228).Conclusion Both atorvastatin and Diclofenac have shown better results when assessing bone density in a periodontitis rat model as compared to controls. Additionally, Diclofenac has been shown to be more effective at both oral and injectable administrations as compared with atorvastatin in the prevention of loss of bone density in a rat model with periodontitis.
ObjectivesAcupuncture is one of the best known complementary therapies in Traditional Chinese medicine and has a history of more than 2500 years. Acupuncture stimulates the nervous system and shifts the perception of pain signals and also releases natural painkillers, such as endorphins and serotonin. Main aim of this article is to review related articles that have focused on acupuncture and its applications in dentistry. The other objective is to maintain a quick sketch of acupuncture use in dentistry for dental clinicians and to encourage them to use acupuncture with the knowledge of its advantages and disadvantages Dental clinicians have to be familiar with the applications of acupuncture for dental disorders because its successful use for dental conditions has been proven.MethodsA detailed search was performed to identify systematic reviews and research/original and review articles, using PUBMED, EBSCO, GOOGLE SCHOLAR and CDSR from 1990 to 2017 in both languages English and Persian to clarify the application of acupuncture in dentistry.ResultsVarious studies have shown that acupuncture can be used to manage wide range of disorders in dentistry such as dental pain, altering pain threshold, myofascial pain, temporomandibular disorders, gag reflex, dental anxiety, chronic muscle pain or spasm, TMD, Atypical facial pain, Headache (tension headache, migraine), (dry mouth),Nerve pain (neuralgia, especially trigeminal neuralgia, neuropathic pain, nerve injury), Paresthesia or anesthesia of the oral and perioral structures. However acupuncture's ability as dental analgesia or controlling post-operative pain after dental surgery as a single therapy is questionable.Conclusion On the systemic review of acupuncture-associated articles in Cochrane library, previously effective acupuncture therapy lacks adequate evidences, which may be related to the low quality of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in this context.Acupuncture and Dentistry
Objectives This study aimed to assess the identification of traumatic foreign bodies in the head and neck region using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).Methods In this study, samples (1×1×0.1 cm) were fabricated from 6 different types of materials commonly found in various head and face traumas. These materials included iron, glass, stone, wood, asphalt, and tooth. They were located in 3 different areas, including the tongue, airway, and vestibule of 3 sheep heads. Ten scans were acquired from these materials embedded in different regions. A total of 180 images were analyzed by 2 observers and rated in terms of visual clarity of the foreign body. The results were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis test.Results In 100% of images, stone, asphalt, and glass were observed in all 3 areas with high resolution. On the other hand, 100% of images were unclear in all evaluated areas with metal artifacts. Tooth images were found to be excellent in 100% of cases in the muscle and airway regions and 80% of cases in the vestibule region (unclear in 20% of cases). However, wood was not detected in 100% of images from the tongue and vestibule regions. It was not detected on 60% of images from the airway, while it was found on 40% of images with low resolution.Conclusion CBCT detected and located all opaque objects such as iron, glass, stone, asphalt, and tooth. However, it showed limited potential in detecting radiolucent objects such as wood
Objectives Pemphigus is an autoimmune, life-threatening, blistering disease. Knowledge about the epidemiology of this disease however, is still limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency and geographic distribution of pemphigus patients in Iran.Methods Medical records of patients with definitive diagnosis of pemphigus disease during a seven-year period from March 2006 to March 2013 were retrospectively reviewed. All individuals were classified based on geographical aspects.Results A total of 110 patients (59 females and 51 males) with an average age of 46.5 ± 13.6 for the females and 45.8± 12.5 for the males were evaluated. Male patients were slightly younger than female patients, but the difference was not statistically significant. Also, there was no significant association between age and the year of frequency. The most frequent type of pemphigus was the vulgaris type (93.6%). On the base of climate, the highest frequency was seen in the Moderate to severe internal (very hot) desert area and the humid and temperate climates (Caspian). There was no significant difference between the mean ages of pemphigus patients in the four geographic regions, (P value=0.421). Based on altitude in each climatic region, less than 10% of patients were from high altitude areas.Conclusion Environmental factors are important in frequency of autoimmune disease including pemphigus. We concluded that the frequency of pemphigus disease might be different in different climates and altitude. Further research towards the improvement of data on the geographical study could open up a field to identify the patterns of pemphigus disease
Objectives This study evaluated the satisfaction of patients receiving orthodontic treatment and the related factors probably affecting their level of satisfaction. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 193 patients who had finished their orthodontic treatment at the Department of Orthodontics of Shahid Beheshti Dental School, completed a researcher-made questionnaire on satisfaction with the process of treatment, treatment outcomes and its psychosocial benefits. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were first verified. Descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA and Pearson’s correlation test were used to assess the level of patient satisfaction, and the effects of gender, age, type of malocclusion, and type and duration of treatment on the level of satisfaction. Level of significance was set at 0.05. Results The frequency of patients who were highly satisfied with the final alignment of their teeth, esthetic facial appearance and smile attractiveness was 62.7%, 50.8% and 63.7%, respectively. Respondents gave the highest satisfaction score to smile attractiveness (1.62±0.53) and alignment of their teeth (1.61± 0.52) and the lowest score to the postgraduate student’s professional skills (0.79± 0.54). The mean total satisfaction score was 1.36 out of 2, which indicated that patient satisfaction with the orthodontic treatment was relatively high. Duration of treatment showed a weak (r=0.186) but significant (P=0.011) correlation with the level of satisfaction. Conclusion Generally speaking, patient satisfaction with the health services provided in the Department of Orthodontics of Shahid Beheshti Dental School was relatively high. No correlation was found between patient satisfaction and gender, type of malocclusion or type of treatment.
Objectives Cementoblastoma is a rare benign odontogenic tumor which is linked to the root of a vital tooth. This tumor is usually accompanied by pain and swelling, and its most common site is the left mandibular first molar. General dentists’ inattention to oral lesions, especially tooth-related radiopacities, is problematic in some cases and results in delayed or missed diagnosis.Case Our patient was a 31-year-old woman who presented to our clinic complaining of dull pain in the left mandibular first molar. Root canal therapy was performed for the patient but the pain continued for the next 2 years. The patient was referred to a surgeon. Panoramic radiography revealed a radiopaque mass of approximately 2 x 1 cm in diameter attached to the root of the mandibular left first molar. The lesion together with the involved tooth was removed by excisional biopsy. Histopathological diagnosis was cementoblastoma.Conclusion Dentists’ knowledge of pulpal, periapical and periodontal lesions is usually satisfactory, but their inattention to oral lesions, especially tooth-related radiopaque lesions, is problematic in some cases. Pain from cementoblastoma may be mistaken for endodontic pain.
Objectives The use of lasers for the treatment of periimplant hard and soft tissues is now refmore than ever before. Achieving bone integrity. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of Er:YAG, 980 nm and 810 nm diode lasers irradiation on biocompatibility of SLA titanium disks by SaOs2 cells morphology.Methods In this in-vitro study sixty sterile titanium disks with SLA surface were divided into four equal subgroups. One subgroup was used as a control group and the remaining three groups were irradiated with Er:YAG laser 980nm and 810nm Doide lasers, separately. After laser irradiation, all discs were autoclaved at 121° C and placed in 24 appropriate plates. The SaOs2 cells were, then, added to the plates at a density of 2×104. The cells were incubated in DMEM, CO2, and penicillin-streptomycin medium at 37 ° C for 3 days. Then, the samples were extracted from the culture medium for scanning electron microscopy. Finally, the photograph was taken by SEM at magnifications of 750, 1000, 3000, and 5000. The analyses were performed through Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests.Results All three groups, irradiated by laser, and the control group have shown spreading cells with plentiful phylopodia, which means the morphology of a mature bone cell. The numbers were 20.7% (Er:YAG), 52.7% (980nm Diode), 48.8% (810nm Diode) and 38.7% (Control) groups, respectively, which were not statistically significant.Conclusion Er:YAG, 980nm and 810nm diode laser irradiations with the parameters mentioned in this study do not have any negative effects on osteoblast cells attachment and their maturity on titanium implants.
Objectives Oxidative stress consequent to cigarette smoking may alter the salivary antioxidant defense system and lead to oral cancer. Green tea, with antioxidant properties, interacts with saliva upon entering the mouth. This experimental study explored the preventive effect of green tea on cigarette smoke-induced oxidative damage over 3 weeks. Methods In this clinical trial study sixty volunteer healthy male smokers (light and heavy) and non-smokers were selected according to the inclusion criteria. Participants of each three groups were instructed to drink 4g of green tea (prepared with 300 ml hot water) daily, for three weeks. Total antioxidant capacity of saliva was measured at baseline, after 7 days, and after 21 days in each group. Repeated measure ANOVA with Bonferroni adjustment was performed for statistical analysis. Results Non-smokers had a higher amount of salivary total antioxidant capacity at baseline (p<0.001). After 7days of green tea consumption total antioxidant capacity of non-smokers and light smokers showed no statistical difference (p=0.075), this trend continued until 21 days. In the heavy smokers total antioxidant capacity was still different from the other two groups (p<0.001). However, the maximum positive alteration of salivary total antioxidant capacity from day zero to day 21 occurred in the heavy smoker group (p< 0.001). Conclusion Although findings support the role of green tea drinking in reducing oxidative damage in saliva of both groups of smokers, heavy smokers showed the most significant change in total antioxidant capacity levels over three weeks.
Objectives Mandibular third molar extraction is among the most commonly performed dental procedures. Fracture of the angle of mandible after third molar extraction is a rare complication of this procedure.Case Herein, we report fracture of the right angle of mandible immediately after extraction of mandibular right third molar in a 38-year old healthy female patient, which was surgically managed. A review of the relevant literature is also presented. Thirty four cases of mandibular fracture following third molar extraction are reported in the literature. Most of these cases were removed surgically.Conclusion Systematic review of papers showed that angulation of impacted third molar is one of the most related factors in following fractures of mandibular angle.
Objectives This study is aimed to introduce an unusual case of a female with two talon teeth on both maxillary lateral incisors.Case A 38-year-old female was referred to oral medicine department, Qom university of medical sciences for routin examinations. Bilateral maxillary talon cusp was observed on maxillary lateral incisors. Future evaluation revealed impaction of maxillary left canine and missing all wisdom teeth. Since talon teeth were not decayed and no occlusal interferences were present, no treatment was performed and patient was scheduled for routine follow up recalls.Conclusion Comprehensive examination of the case revealed the province of bilateral talon cusp teeth in maxilla
Objectives Root resorption is a dangerous side effect in orthodontics, and maxillary incisors are at the highest risk for root resorption. It is important to understand optimal force considerations for patients with altered root lengths.The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of root length on stress distribution on roots by means of three-dimensional finite element method (FEM).Methods Three dimensional FEM models of maxillary central and lateral incisors were made. Then, root length of the incisors was changed in the increments of 1 mm from 0-4 mm. Applying 50 g (0.5 N) of force perpendicular to the tooth crown simulated uncontrolled tipping. Stresses and strains for each model were calculated and Pearson correlation coefficient was used to analysis the data.Results There were significant correlations between root length of incisors and maximum stress in PDL. In the centrals with various root lengths, maximum stress was between 0.010884 and 0.056520 MPa, and in the laterals, it was between 0.027297 and 0.221040 MPa. By reducing root length of incisors, the maximum stress in buccal apical (r= 0.933,p<0.001 and 0.995, p<0.001 prospectively) and lingual crestal areas (r= 0.974 p=0.005 and 0.992, p=0.001 respectively) were reduced.Conclusion Although in lateral incisors, stress at the lingual crestal area was more than buccal apical area, in central incisors with more than 2 mm resorption, the stress distribution of buccal apical was higher. Therefore, in maxillary central incisors with more root resorption, force control might be even more critical.
