Nanotechnology is emerging with great impact and it has revolutionized all the important fields like agriculture (nanofertilizers, nanonutrients, nanofungicides, nanoinsectides, etc), medicine (diagnosis, drug delivery, and therapy), electronics, cosmetics, etc. It has tremendous potential and it is being treated as one of the sixth enabling technologies. The research being carried out in the laboratory is now reaching the hands of end-users. However, there are some hindrances to the development of products and their commercialization. Usually, government funding is provided to the researchers in academic institutions, but the products developed by companies need to reach the market. The technology is expanding at a fast pace. The global nanotech-based market was estimated to increase from $1,055.1 million in 2018 to $2,231.4 million in 2025
Early efforts have been made in an attempt to reduce the adverse side effect of multiple drug resistance organisms, and new classes of antimicrobial nanoparticles (NPs) and nanosized carriers for antibiotics delivery were developed. PURPOSE: This study was focused on the assessment of the physiochemical characterization, In vitro drug release, biofilm formation and antimicrobial properties of amoxicillin encapsulated within the Poly (e-caprolactone) (PCL) nanoparticles. Methods: amoxicillin (AMX) nanoparticles were prepared using the emulsion solvent evaporation method with different concentrations of polycaprolactone (PCL) and Poly Vinyl Alcohol (PVA). These nanoparticles were subsequently characterized and evaluated for their antibacterial activity and biofilm inhibition activity using mean and standard error for Data analysis. Results: It was found that increased PCL concentration resulted in an increase in entrapment efficiency (EE%) to 83.3%. Meanwhile, an increase in the PVA concentration led to a decrease in the EE% and an increase in nanoparticle size. Enhancements in the percentage of practical yield to 80.2% as the polymer concentration rose. Fourier transform infrared spectra data for the MNPs, CS-coated AMX, and AMX-PCL-NPs nanoparticles were compared, which confirmed the PCL coating on the AMX and the AMX-PCL-NPs loaded nanoparticles. In addition, the antimicrobial activity of the nanoparticles e was determined using agar diffusion and growth inhibition assays against both gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis bacteria. Furthermore, 10 µg/ml was the minimum inhibitory concentration of the AMX-PCL-NPs nanoparticle which inhibited biofilm formation in Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Conclusion: Thus, this study presents a novel s-lactam antibacterial-nanocarrier system that can reduce and inhibit bacterial growth showing it to be a promising tool for numerous medical applications
Technological developments in healthcare have been at the center of focus during last decade. The rise of Nano therapeutic platforms has seen recent advancements in combating deadly diseases like cancer. A lot of research is already done on nanotechnology systems like liposomes, Nano emulsions, dendrimers and micelles, and recently carbon nanotubes and quantum dots have been in focus for their therapeutic and diagnostic capabilities. Most of these systems are utilized to improve the solubility and bioavailability profiles of certain drugs along with targeting capabilities to some extent. However, toxicological and environmental concerns of the nanomaterial used in these systems have raised alarm among researchers and thus forcing investigators for finding new gateways to delivery of drugs to target sites. During this decade there’s been a sharp rise in bio-inspired and biomimetic drug delivery systems. Bio-inspired platforms mimic the natural components inside the body making them more safe and effective in delivering drugs.
The morphology of WO3 is studied by AFM microscopy in order to specify the roughness which usually controls the movement of a free electron between the different layers which is fabricated the sensor. Additionally, STM microscopy gives the electrical characteristics of the sample by (STS) in a nanoscopic scale. As well as the electronic cloud which located in the middle distance between atoms and resulted by insertion of their electrons.
Nano emulsion copolymers are stable liquid-in-liquid dispersions. Smaller particle size tends to result in promoting key properties such as high surface area per unit volume, gloss, washablity, viscosity, and stability. Thus, new nano-styrene acrylate copolymers based on 2-ethyl hexyl acrylate monomer using two different surfactants, were prepared by emulsion polymerization and formulated as a binder for water based paints, with a view to gaining potentially useful properties. These nano emulsion copolymers were confirmed and characterized by means of IR, GPC, DSC, TGA, TEM and zeta potential. The prepared nano-copolymer showed an enhancement in solid content and viscosity, and also revealed an ideal glass transition temperature for a coating formulation. Finally, we compared the results obtained for the prepared nano-copolymers with a commercial styrene acrylate copolymer, with respect to use as a binder for paints. The results obtained indicate that the prepared nano-copolymers can be used as a binder for paints, with the advantage of improvement in both film properties and mechanical properties of the paints.
Cu3SbSe4 is a promising thermoelectric material due to high thermo power. Although it has a simple crystal structure derived from zinc blende structure. The thermoelectric properties of bulk of this semiconductor compounds, prepared by rapid hot press (RHP) technique at 270EC while Cu3SbSe4 thin films were deposited onto glass substrate (microscopic slices) by chemical bath deposition (C.B.D) at (150EC). Structure characterization was carried out using X-Ray Diffraction spectrum, in order to determine the average crystallite size which found in the range (20-30 nm). The obtained Cu3SbSe4 had p-type semiconductor has low resistivity in the range (0.124 Ωm). AFM micrographs of surface of the prepared film are observed that distance in the range (16-65) nm. The carrier density and Hall mobility in Cu3SbSe4 bulk were in the range 0.591×1018 Cm-3 and 117.3 Cm2/Vs. The band gaps of the Cu3SbSe4 film are determined from UV-Vis spectrophotometer are found to be within the range (1.25-1.5) eV while the energy band gap of Cu3SbSe4 bulk which determined from FT-IR spectrophotometer is (0.362eV) and it corresponds to wavelength (3417 nm). The power factor (PF) of Cu3SbSe4 samples is remarkably improved due to the optimization of whole concentration. Lattice thermal conductivity kL is very low which can be attributed to the strong phonons scattering. As a result, a large thermoelectric figure of merit ZT = 0.35 is obtained for Cu3SbSe4 at 490K.
The effect of CuO doping of ZnO nanoparticles on the performance of dye sensitize solar cells (DSSCs) has been investigated. Initially ZnO nanoparticles was synthesized using co-preciptation method then ZnO-CuO nanocomposite were fabricated by a novel Pechini route using different CuO molar concentration ratios applied in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The thermal, structural, optical and electrical characterization were done using various techniques such as (TGA/ DSC) , XRD, HR-TEM, FT-IR, Raman, UV-DRS, PL, I-V. The results of the XRD analysis showed that the CuO-ZnO composite has a nanometer size and the existence of new peak at 38.65O corresponds to secondary phase of CuO, which informs the doping process. UV-DRS spectra of doped samples showed red shift of reflectance band compared to pure ZnO NPs and PL spectra showed a strong emission band at 400 nm. At the optimized condition, the thin films of undoped ZnO and CuO doped ZnO were pasted on ITO glass using Pulse Laser Deposition (PLD) technique and used as working electrodes in dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). These working electrodes were sensitized with Eosin dye and coupled with platinum coated cathode. I-V measurements showed improved performance of ZnO-CuO nanocomposite DSSC with the efficiency of 2.9A± 0.22 % at the optimum doping (ZC1.5) were observed as compared to ZnO DSSC 1.26 A± 0.08%.
Cancer is a disease, in which the abnormal cells are rapidly grow in any part of body and spread via the bloodstream or lymphatic system to other parts of the body. Nanoparticles (NPs) are small particle that have a vast application in different field such as energy, electronics, medicine, medical, healthcare, solar system etc. Among them, NPs play a major role in the detection and treatment of cancer nowadays. Because of their small size, they can easily penetrate into the cellular environment. In addition, due to their different shape and surface function they can load another drug such as anticancer agents. NPs also combine with radiation therapy such as x-rays as well as photothermal and photodynamic therapy to yield a combination therapy. NPs have potential effect to target specific cancer cells by active and/or passive targeting and to kill the cancer cells without harming the normal cells. In this review, we discuss the various types of NPs and their applications in cancer. We also discuss several types of cancer and how the NPs are utilized in those types of cancer detection and treatment.
Nanoparticles synthesis is the real division in the area of relevant Nanotechnology and Nanoscience. As of late, the merging amongst nanotechnology and science has made the new field of Nanobiotechnology that joins the utilization of natural elements, for example, algae, microscopic organisms, parasites, infections, yeasts and plants in various biophysical and biochemical procedures. The natural combination forms have a critical prospective to support nanoparticles generation without the utilization of brutal, harmful and costly chemicals usually utilized as a part of ordinary physical and substance forms. Combination of nanoparticles (NPs) utilizing microscopic organisms has risen as quickly creating research range in nanotechnology over the globe. The procedures of NPs combination result with required shapes and controlled sizes, quick and clean. These days, a variety of nanoparticles with very much characterized synthetic organization, size and morphology have been combined by utilizing distinctive microorganisms and their applications in numerous mechanical fields have been investigated. The uses of these biosynthesized nanoparticles in a wide range of potential zones are exhibited including focused on targeted drug passage, malignancy treatment and DNA investigation, biosensors and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The consumption of microorganisms for nanoparticles synthesis is a genuinely unique range of examination with extensive prospective for more improvement.
The mechanical and dynamic behaviors of Epoxy/MWCNTs and Epoxy/Al2O3 nanocomposites were investigated in this study. Tensile and impact properties were measured for the two nanocomposites. Free vibration test was applied to measure frequency responses and damping factors. The results showed a reduction in the mechanical properties as well as the damping factors. Frequency response and damping factor was strongly affected by the weight percent of the nanofillers. MWCNTs enhanced the bonding between the Epoxy resin and nanotubes causing reduction in the ability to dissipate energy and improvement in stiffness. The results also demonstrated that, the natural frequency of nanocomposites was increased by increasing the weight percent of nanofillers. The damping factor has the same down trend with the mechanical properties of the nanocomposites.
Deep-subwavelength nanohole arrays embedded in nanoripples are observed in silicon carbide surface after irradiation of an 800-nm femtosecond laser in water and alcohol environment. The period of the nanoripples is about 500 nm. The diameter of the holes ranges from 10-30 nm. The effects of the liquid medium to the formation of the nanohole arrays are discussed. Under irradiation in alcohol, more nanohole arrays could be formed, and the nanoholes are more uniform in size. Moreover, we investigate the influence of the laser scanning speed on the nanohole arrays fabricated under irradiation in alcohol.
Nanotechnology has a vast range of applications in medicines, electronics, biomaterials and energy production. The present research work is eco-friendly approach for the synthesis of gold nanoparticles using methanolic extract of Papaver somniferum. The appearance of deep purple color is the initial indication of gold nanoparticles synthesis. Papaver somniferum contains some active compounds which found to be responsible for the reduction of gold and convert it into a bioactive metal. The synthesized AuNPs were characterized by UV-Vis (UV-Vis spectrophotometer), SEM (Scanning electron microscopy), and FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) FTIR. The UV spectra of gold nanoparticles showed absorbance band at 544 nm which is specific for gold. SEM analysis showed spherical morphology of synthesized AuNPs with average size of 77 nm. FTIR analysis showed the presence of various functional groups i.e. phenyl, ribose and amide which were responsible for the reduction and capping of AuNPs. The present work confirmed that Papaver somniferum already hold therapeutic promise and its conversion from extract to nanoparticles will be very helpful for medicinal application.
The work presented in this article was the synthesis of cobalt doped titania nanomaterial in presence of nonionic surfactant (Triton X-100) by sol gel method, as prepared catalysts were characterized by XRD, UV-Vis. DRS, FT-IR, SEM, EDX, TEM and BET surface area analysis and its application was discussed on the degradation of Congo red. The XRD patterns and UV-vis. DRS analysis have shown anatase phase for all the synthesized samples with decrease in the band gap energy. EDX indicated presence of Co2+along with Ti4+and O2-in the catalyst, the doping of Co2+ into TiO2 lattice was evident by FT-IR spectral data. SEM and TEM images revealed nanoparticles size with irregular surface. The increased surface area of the as prepared catalyst was shown from BET analysis. The photocatalytic efficiency of the catalyst was evaluated by degradation of Congo red solution in presence of visible light by varying the reaction parameters.
Effective optimization of the degradation of cellulose into glucose, via a magnetic catalyst is achieved, for the first time, using statistically guided modification of reaction conditions. A highly efficient procedure for the large-scale synthesis of iron/iron(III) oxide (Fe/Fe3O4) magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), functionalized with sulfamic acid, has been developed. The acid functionalized MNPs have been used successfully, as a heterogeneous catalyst in the hydrolysis of cellulose to glucose and other yeast-convertible sugars, with a cellulose conversion of >50%. Optimization of the reaction conditions for the catalytic reactions has been accomplished, via the Doehlert matrix statistical approach. The Catalyst has been recovered up to 82% of its original weight, over 20 reaction cycles, with only marginal losses of magnetic property and catalytic activity. Based on its’ robustness and efficiency, we propose that the above catalyst is an excellent candidate for the industrial production of ethanol from plant cellulose.
Co-rich Nd-Fe-B nanocomposite ribbons with Tb substituted have been fabricated by single roller melt spinning technique of Nd4-xTbxFe83.5Co5Cu0.5Nb1B6 (x=0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1) alloys in an Ar atmosphere at a circumferential speed of 40 m/s. According to the differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) traces the nanocomposite samples have been annealed at different temperatures like 675, 687, 700, 712 and 725°C for 10 min. Crystallization behavior was studied by X-ray diffraction in which it was found that the XRD patterns are characterized by broad diffused pattern which demonstrate the amorphous state of materials. The ribbon samples were also characterized by vibration sample magnetometer (VSM) and Mossbauer spectroscopy at as-cast and annealed condition. Co-rich and Tb substitution has significantly enhanced the value of coercivity (Hc) and maximum energy product (BH)max. Highest value of Hc and (BH)max has been obtained as 2.36 kOe and 6.11 MGOe for the sample annealed at 700°C for 10 min with higher concentration of Tb. The M-H hysteresis loops show extremely soft natures which do not possess any area. We have found reduced remnant ratio (Mr/Ms) up to 0.53 at optimal annealing temperature 700°C. However, with the annealing of the samples in the above mentioned temperature evolution of large coercivity was observed due to the formation of exchange couple hard and soft nanocrystal composites. We have investigated the variation of Curie temperature (Tc) with annealing temperature of the melt spun ribbon samples. Mossbauer spectroscopy was carried out to study the hyperfine parameters such as hyperfine field, hyperfine field distribution for full width half maximum (FWHM) and isomer shift of Fe species of these two phases.
Plants are the natural factories for nanoparticle production as many of their products are being used for metallic nanoparticles production. Silver nanoparticles are being used in a number of consumer products, remediation processes, and medicines due to their antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory and catalytic activities. Present work focuses on a simple, one-step, environmental-friendly biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using silver nitrate as precursor and leaf extract of herb species (Sida acuta); a common wireweed of Malvaceae family, which acts as reducing as well as capping agent. Synthesized nanoparticles were characterized for their morphological description using different techniques like UV-Vis spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and Fourier transform infra-red (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The antimicrobial activity of these nanoparticles was studied against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans. The results showed good inhibitory effect against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans and found to exhibit good antibacterial activity especially at lower concentrations of 4 μg/ml and 8 μg/ml.
Objective : To design Light Emitting Diode (LED) based on artificial atoms using spin coating method and to study its optical spectroscopy to determine emission wavelength and emitted color of this LED. Methods : By using UV-spectrometer, absorption spectra were measured. Photo luminescence spectra were carried out using spectrophotometer (Hitachi-FL250) at room temperature. To determine electronic transition responsible of PL peaks, we analyzed PL spectra using Gaussian profile broading line method using Mathcad program. Finding : The range of absorption wavelength was found (350-550 nm). PL spectra contain four peaks (350-400-500-550 nm) that mean this LED emits white color depending on theory of maxing color. Intensity of blue and yellow peak colors was higher than red and green peak colors. Gaussian analysis reveals that all theoretical electronic transitions and this structure of quantum confinement semiconductor emit white color. By varying the thickness of layers, the order of wavelengths can be changed to emit a single color of visible spectrum. This project can reduce energy consumption in the world by the produce of LED based on Quantum dots. Improvement : We can enhance performance of this LED by adding active layer of artificial atoms that emit green and red color to make intensity of white color.
The metal nanoparticles like silver, copper have attracted much attention as potential antimicrobial agents.In order to trace out very effective antimicrobial therapy needs in vitro comparison of these nanoparticles and Synergistic activity by combining these two molecules together for their commercial application.The present work concluded that CuNP are most potent antimicrobial agents in comparison to AgNP and synergistic activity.
Silver doped Cadmium Sulphide nanoparticles were synthesized at room temperature usingMicrowave assistedmethodwith variousmolecular ratio. The size of nanometer particles nearly 5nm were controlled by using poly vinyl alcohol as a capping agent. The nanoparticles size and morphology was studied by using FTIR, Scanning electron microscope, Transmission electron microscope, Energy Dispersion X-ray analysis and XRD.
