The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of natural organic fertilizers (Azolla caroliniana and compost) and mineral fertilizers (NPK 15-15-15) on growth and production parameters of cabbage, variety Fortune F1.The experiment was conducted at the University of Daloa, on a 210m 2 plot in a three-block Fisher design with four treatments (Control, NPK, aqueous extract of Azolla and compost).Growth and production parameters were measured every 10 days after transplanting and analyzed using STATISTICA7.1 software.Results showed improved cabbage growth, with good evolution of leaf area, number of leaves, span, height and collar diameter of seedlings transplanted with Azolla caroliniana aqueous extract.Yield (14.7t/ha) and cabbage head diameter (44.13+5.86cm)were obtained with NPK, while Azolla caroliniana liquid indicated (17.33t/ha) and (46.69+8.68cm),respectively, compared with the other treatments (control and compost).In conclusion, the aqueous extract of Azolla was found to be the best performer for improving cabbage productivity in the study area.It can be recommended as a natural organic fertilizer.
Chagas disease (CD), caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, is a life-threatening infection transmitted primarily by triatomine bugs.Originating in rural Latin America, CD has spread globally through various transmission routes, including organ transplantation, blood transfusion, contaminated food and drink, and hereditary transfer.Millions in vulnerable stages face poverty and inadequate medical care due to unawareness and resource constraints.The acute phase presents symptoms like fever, anorexia, fatigue, and tachycardia, progressing to the chronic phase with severe health issues, including congenital heart diseases and neurological damage.It remains a neglected tropical disease recognized by the World Health Organization.Diagnosis involves serological, molecular, and parasitological tests, with challenges such as underdiagnosis.Antiparasitic medications, including Benznidazole and Nifurtimox, offer limited effectiveness, and drug resistance is emerging.Ongoing research explores new drugs, immunotherapies, gene therapy, and combination therapies.Diagnostic advances include nucleic acid amplification tests and serological tests with recombinant antigens.Vector control is crucial, focusing on insecticide use, housing improvements, and community education.Blood screening, organ transplantation screening, and prenatal interventions contribute to prevention.The disease's global burden affects millions, with challenges in endemic and non-endemic regions.Future research must address disease mechanisms, enhance diagnostic methods, explore new treatment options, and develop effective prevention strategies.Genomics, drug discovery, immunotherapy, vector control, and health system strengthening offer opportunities.Eradication potential lies in comprehensive public health strategies, targeting vectors, blood screening, and prenatal care, underscoring the need for sustained efforts and research innovations in the fight against Chagas disease.
Emerging viral diseases pose significant threats to global health and economies, exemplified by recent epidemics of Ebola and Zika viruses.Rift Valley Fever (RVF), caused by the Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), is a zoonotic disease primarily affecting domestic ruminants and camels.Originating i n Kenya in 1931, RVF has a broad geographic distribution, with endemicity in sub -Saharan Africa and occasional outbreaks in the Arabian Peninsula and beyond.The virus is transmitted through mosquitoes, with zoonotic transmission occurring through direct contact with infected animals or their products.Mosquito control, hygiene practices, and personal protective measures are crucial for mitigating zoonotic transmission risks.RVF outbreaks coincide with heavy rainfall and flooding, impacting livestock, trade, and human health.Risk factors include mosquito exposure, direct contact with infected animals, handling infected tissues, and consuming contaminated animal products.The pathogenesis involves entry, replication, systemic spread, immune response, hepati c involvement, hemorrhagic manifestations, neurological complications, and fetal complications in pregnant women.Clinical manifestations range from mild flu-like symptoms to severe hemorrhagic fever and neurological complications.Diagnosis involves serological and molecular tests, with vaccination, vector control, and surveillance essential for prevention and control.Future research priorities include vaccine development, enhanced surveillance, innovations in vector control, climate change impact studies, and antiviral therapies.Collaborative efforts, incorporating the One Health approach, are critical to addressing RVF challenges comprehensively.Continued investment in research and development is essential for advancing knowledge, improving prevention strategies, and minimizing the socioeconomic consequences of RVF outbreaks, safeguarding public health and animal populations.
Ticks are prominent blood-sucking arthropods and are considered one of the biggest threats to the human and animal health globally because of their vector function for a wide range of bacterial, viral and protozoal zoonotic pathogens.After mosquitoes, ticks are regarded as the second most threatening vector for human health.The economic impact of diseases caused by ticks possesses notable significance and tends to rise every year.The spread of these pathogenic organisms is mostly unnoticed in the nature of the enzootic tick-vertebrate cycles.However, these may be responsible for causing remarkable morbidity and mortality in humans and animals when attacking in abundance.The anatomy and physiology of a tick helps it in exhibiting its behavior.The mouth-parts of ticks play a significant role in their penetration to their hosts.As ticks are blood-sucking parasites, so their survival, growth, development and reproduction depend on blood meals.There is secretion of certain substances when they feed on their hosts in order to anchor themselves to the host.These substances act as sedatives that cover up the pain from the bites and prevent coagulation of blood.This tenacious and efficientfeeding behavior makes them the potential vectors of zoonotic infections.Therefore, both the ticks infesting various hosts at the wildlife-domestic animal-human interface and the pathogenic organisms transmitted by these tick species occupy prime importance in one health perspective.The in depth knowledge of the host, tick disease and pathogen triangle involving various habitats and distribution of ticks, changes in the environmental conditions and global warming is of prime significance and must be considered while devising policies involving migration and trade of animals.
Anaplasmosis, a vector-borne zoonotic disease caused by various Anaplasma spp., poses significant threats to both human and animal health globally.A. phagocytophilum and A. marginale are notable pathogens, causing human granulocytic anaplasmosis and affecting livestock, particularly cattle.Transmitted through tick bites, the diseases exhibit a broad geographical distribution, with recent concerns arising in regions like North Africa and the Middle East.Despite advancements in understanding Anaplasma life cycles and their impact, challenges persist, necessitating further research for improved disease control and diagnostic methods.The complex life cycle involves ticks as vectors and mammalian hosts, contributing to the bacteria's wide dissemination.Clinical manifestations vary, with human cases showing acute symptoms resembling other febrile illnesses.Diagnostic methods include PCR and serological assays targeting specific antigens.Tetracyclines, particularly doxycycline, are the primary treatment, but challenges include antibiotic resistance.Control measures encompass vector management, biosecurity, and vaccination trials, notably targeting conserved antigens like A. phagocytophilum MSP4.Public health implications and zoonotic potential underscore the need for a One Health approach.Challenges in treatment, vector control, and economic considerations demand collaborative efforts for effective disease management.The interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health is emphasized, necessitating vigilance in surveillance, clinical awareness, and collaborative strategies to minimize public health risks associated with Anaplasma infections.
An infection that can naturally spread from animals to humans is known as a zoonotic disease and the majority of people interact with animals in some capacity, as a result, over 60% of diseases that affect humans have zoonotic origins.The emergence, re-emergence, distribution, and patterns of zoonoses have been significantly impacted by several factors, including anthropogenic influences, urbanization, animal migration and commerce, travel and tourism, vector biology, and climate change.The causes of the main zoonotic illnesses, their effects on human health, and management-improving control techniques were all covered in this chapter with a piece of strong advice that One Health procedures be put into place to effectively prevent and control any zoonosis-type infection.By integrating animal, human, and environmental health through cooperation and communication among osteopaths, wildlife, doctors, veterinarians, public health and environmental experts, nurses, dentists, physicists, biomedical engineers, plant pathologists, biochemists, and others, the one health concept plays a significant role in the control and prevention of zoonoses.Issues about the animal-human-ecosystem interface cannot be resolved by one industry, group, or individual working alone.
Zoonotic respiratory illnesses have played a significant role in shaping human history and continue to pose global health challenges by crossing over from animals to humans.This abstract investigates the historical significance of diseases and the current dangers they pose, with a focus on specific examples and their consequences.Throughout history, respiratory pandemics that have caused widespread devastation have been triggered by infectious agents originating from various animal sources.The 1918 Spanish Flu, which originated from an H1N1 influenza A virus with mixed avian and swine origins, serves as a notable illustration of the effects of zoonotic respiratory illnesses.Tuberculosis, caused by a bacterial infection, has demonstrated the ability to cross from cattle to humans, showing zoonotic potential with Mycobacterium bovis.New dangers in the current world consist of illnesses such as MERS and Avian Influenza.MERS, which is caused by a type of coronavirus, has been connected to dromedary camels, emphasizing the ongoing danger of animals passing diseases to humans.Constantly looming threats, avian flu variants such as H5N1 and H7N9 originate from wild birds as their natural hosts.The effects of zoonotic respiratory diseases are displayed through the COVID-19 pandemic, which is a result of the SARS-CoV-2 virus.Bats are thought to be the original source of the virus, and it is likely passed on to other animals before reaching humans.Confronting these difficulties requires a comprehensive and collaborative strategy.The integration of human, animal, and environmental health is essential for effective surveillance and mitigation strategies, known as the One Health approach.Effective collaboration on a global scale, sharing of data, and comprehending the factors involved in the transmission of zoonotic diseases are essential for preventing and managing these illnesses.In light of continued challenges with respiratory diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans, it is essential to take a proactive and multidisciplinary approach to safeguard human health from these changing dangers.
Zoonoses, which constitute a significant portion of emerging human infections, have been estimated to originate from wildlife in over 70% of cases.The prevalence of zoonotic diseases presents a global public health concern, with impoverished livestock workers in low-and middle-income nations being particularly vulnerable.These zoonoses result in billions of instances of illness and millions of fatalities annually.The chapter delves into the relationship between cancer and the immune system, emphasizing the challenges faced by cancer patients in mounting effective immune responses.Furthermore, it explores the intriguing link between pet ownership and the risk of developing cancer, shedding light on specific associations between certain pets and types of cancer.The transmission routes of zoonotic infections, the diversity of common zoonotic pathogens, and the challenges in diagnosing and managing these infections are thoroughly examined.The impact of cancer treatment on the immune response is explored, emphasizing the importance of understanding immunological dynamics during therapy.In conclusion, this chapter synthesizes information on zoonotic diseases, cancer, and immunology, providing valuable insights into the complex interactions between humans, animals, and the environment.The recommendations and research perspectives presented contribute to a deeper understanding of these interrelated topics, with implications for global health management and the prevention of zoonotic infections.
The impact of globalization and climate change on newly emerging and reemerging zoonoses and animal illnesses has been unparalleled on a global scale.The climatic variability caused by naturally occurring climate phenomena like El Nio, La Nia, and global monsoons is linked to extreme weather events that alter tropical rainfall patterns.As a result, harmful bacteria, viruses, and fungi are given better habitats to survive in and are encouraged to spread to other places, disrupting natural ecosystems and leading to the emergence of zoonotic diseases.Bird migration patterns, waterfowl species populations, and the cycle of the avian influenza virus can all be affected by climate change.Due to the effects of temperature, humidity, and the demographics of the vectors, vector-borne diseases are highly vulnerable to changing environmental circumstances.Transmission is at its peak in the months with high humidity and rainfall rates for both dengue fever and malaria, which also exhibit notable seasonal variations.Aedes mosquitoes, which carry the Rift Valley fever virus, transmit it to vertebrate hosts.In addition to vectorborne diseases today, climate changes have revealed the severity of waterborne, food-borne, rodentborne and airborne zoonoses.To better understand how climate and weather affect health outcomes, researchers should continue their research.To better understand why some communities of people and animals are more susceptible to the health effects of climatic variability and change, as well as how people respond to threats from new zoonotic diseases, physical, biological, health, and social scientists must work together.It is important to continue focusing on an integrated strategy for gathering, analyzing, and raising awareness of zoonotic illness using epidemiological, entomological, and environmental data.Therefore, Understanding the connection between zoonoses and climate change is essential to making predictions and controlling the consequences that may be encountered in various epidemic scenarios,
This book chapter focuses on novel innovative strategies for the prevention and treatment of various types of zoonotic diseases like viral, bacterial, fungal, parasitic, mycoplasma, protozoal and chlamydial infections.The treatment and diagnosis of zoonotic infections are challenging due to drug resistance, genetic mutations and modification of target sites.Therefore, more effective and low-cost theranostics tools are needed to manage the emerging zoonotic infections.Nano-formulations have many advantages over conventional medicines which are used in the treatment of zoonotic infectious diseases by delivering targeted drug delivery, minimizing drug resistance, and causing less toxic effects.Enormous developments have been prepared in manufacturing innovative nano-formulations to control zoonotic diseases based on the usage of mannose-linked thiolated nanocarriers, arginine-based nanocarriers, mannosylated thiolated chitosan (MTC)-coated PM-loaded PLGA NPs, adjuvant pDNA hydrogel, poly (ethylenimine) conjugated nanomicelles and quantum dots to diagnose and treat a huge range of zoonotic infections for examples rabies, tuberculosis, zoonotic influenza, lyme diseases, salmonellosis, leishmaniasis, brucellosis, other emerging infections caused by coronaviruses (COVID-19, MERS, SARS) and West Nile virus in a specially targeted way.The controlled delivery and targeted antimicrobial drugs for treating and diagnosing zoonotic infections via binding to the overexpressed infectious macrophages are the revolutionized development in medicine by nanotechnology.Nano-vaccines and theranostic solicitations of nanoformulation have significant therapeutic potential to combat diverse microbial pathogens.Nanorobots and biocompatible nanoparticles are the nanoscale materials that are used in nanomedicine for the purposes of sensing, diagnosis and drug delivery in the living organism.This chapter reviewed innovative strategies to control zoonotic diseases and future perspectives by using nanotechnology.
Zoonotic diseases, characterized by their transmission from animals to humans, present a pervasive threat to global public health.The zoonotic diseases, ranging from viral to bacterial and parasitic, present a major threat globally.Wildlife, acting as reservoirs for many pathogens, plays a pivotal role in interspecies transmission.Various zoonotic diseases, such as Ebola Virus Disease, Nipah Virus Infection, Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome, and others, have been traced back to wildlife origins.Biodiversity, human-wildlife interactions, and the impact of habitat loss and urbanization emerge as critical factors shaping the spread of zoonoses.The drivers of zoonotic disease transmission from forests to cities are multifaceted, involving both ecological and anthropogenic factors.Ecological factors include biodiversity, species interactions, human-wildlife interactions, and habitat loss, while anthropogenic factors encompass urbanization, wildlife trade, consumption, and climate change.These factors contribute to the spillover of pathogens from wildlife to humans, increasing the risk of disease transmission.The implications of wildlife zoonosis for public health underscore the need for proactive measures, including a one-health approach, effective communication, and targeted interventions.The strain on healthcare systems in underdeveloped countries and the difficulty of tracking zoonotic infections in urban and forested regions are acknowledged.In conclusion; interdisciplinary collaborations, research on ecological dynamics, socio-cultural factors, and genetic evolution of pathogens are identified as key areas for advancing our understanding of zoonotic disease transmission.Ultimately, the integration of evidencebased policies and actions is essential to protect public health and mitigate the impact of zoonotic diseases originating from forests on urban populations.
Poultry industry is rapidly booming in developing countries with increased demand for consumption. Reportedly, chicken meat is highly expected to be used as a major source of protein. With rising popularity and expansion comes greater risk to health and economic losses due to lethal diseases like New Castle disease. Such diseases not only make flocks vulnerable to morbidity but also increases mortality risks for the whole flock. Thus, controlling, managing, and treating these diseases is direly needed. Developing countries, for example, Asian and African countries, rely on a number of control methods and treatments. One of these is the use of ethnoveterinary medicine. Many researchers have also tested the efficacy of these medicines in various terms. In Pakistan, Azadirachta indica, Nigella sativa, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Iresine herbstii, etc. have been found effective against Newcastle Disease. Phyllanthus embolic, Curcuma long and Ocimum tenuiflorum, Allium cepa, Cuminum cyminum, Withania somnifera, Tinospora cordifolia, Allium sativum, Azadirachta indica, Trigonella foenum-graecum and Laurus nobilis are also found effective against ND in India. China is the largest poultry industry in the world that has also been employing various ethnoveterinary medicines for disease control in farms. Some of the most used ethnoveterinary medicines include Astragalus membranaceus, Angelicae sinensis extract and Danggui Buxue San, Scutellaria baicalensis, Chinese plant, ginseng (Chinese plant) stem-leaf saponins, Rheum rhabarbarum, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Sijunzi Decoction, Dangguibuxue Tang and Morus alba with vaccine adjuant. In African countries, Ethnoveterinary botanical medicines are also used. The use of Allium sativum, Azadirachta indica, Allium sativum with NDV lasota vaccine, Aloe barbadensis miller, Moringa oleifera, Lagenaria breviflora, Cucumis metuliferus, Piper guineense, Aframomum melegueta, and Psidium guajava are known to be effective. Survey-based studies in Ethiopia have shown that Acmella caulirhiza, Zingibar officinale, Mixture of Alcohol, Citrus limon and Allium cepa, Capsicum annum, Rumex abyssinicus root and Brasica compestris are used as ethnoveterinary Similarly, In Zimbabwe, Capsicum annum, Sesamum angustifolium fruit, Tridactyle bicaudata leaves, Strychnos cocculoides, Senna singueana leaves, Abyssinia bark, Aloe greatheadii pods, and other aloe species are used effectively against NDV. This literature review will highlight some herbs and ethnoveterinary medicines that have been researched to be effective against Newcastle Disease.
Nowadays, thermoelectric modules represent important components of energy-saving systems.Controlling and stabilizing the spatiotemporal distribution of climatic parameters at agricultural facilities using thermoelectric systems is based on models and algorithms for optimal control.In this context, technical indicators and energy-saving criteria act as minimization factors.The foundation for addressing the challenge of developing and analytical support for an energy-saving thermoelectric microclimate control system in agricultural facilities is based on the principles of building an adaptive microclimate control system, taking into account both the current climatic state of the control object, as well as the ability to adapt automatically in automatic mode to changes in the technological operating conditions of the object and climatic environmental conditions.All these tasks are complicated by the nonlinear dependencies of the control branches of thermoelectric equipment and the parameters of climatic conditions in the controlled object.To address climate control challenges using thermoelectric systems, we propose spatiotemporal algorithms for processing and controlling thermoelectric cooling and regenerative systems.We also introduce a criterion for optimizing transient control in thermoelectric systems.In conclusion, we have conducted modeling and analysis of a transient mode TEM-based climate management system with the aid of new algorithms and computer-assisted systems.The simulation results demonstrate potential improvements in the system's transient characteristics.
