Light and electron microscopy revealed significant neuropathological alterations in both parietal cortical and hippocampal tissues of 7-month-old 5xFAD (familial Alzheimer’s disease) transgenic mice, a well-established model of human Alzheimer’s disease (AD), compared to age-matched wild-type controls. Key pathological findings included neuronal degeneration, extensive β- amyloid (Aβ) plaque deposition in the neuropil, and astroglial activation with elevated glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression in affected brain regions. Consistent with AD-like pathology, 5xFAD mice exhibited cognitive deficits resembling human dementia, which correlated with reduced activity of neprilysin (NEP), the principal amyloid-degrading enzyme. To counteract the reduction in NEP level, we performed daily intraperitoneal administration of the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor sodium valproate (VA; 200 mg/kg body weight) for one month. VA treatment of adult mice normalized NEP expression levels, restored olfactory and mental functions, and significantly reduced amyloidosis progression. Notably, while VA treatment ameliorated major pathological features, residual ultrastructural abnormalities persisted in cortical and hippocampal tissues. These findings highlight the critical role of amyloid clearance mechanisms in early AD pathogenesis. It can be concluded that the therapeutic potential of NEP upregulation might be crucial as an early therapy strategy applied prior to extensive Aβ plaque formation and irreversible neurodegeneration.
Cephalexin, a widely used first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, is frequently prescribed in veterinary medicine for various bacterial infections in canines. Concurrently, omeprazole, a proton pump inhibitor (PPI), is commonly used to manage gastric ulcers and related conditions. Understanding potential drug interactions is crucial for optimizing therapeutic outcomes. We conducted a study to assess the impact of omeprazole on the disposition of cephalexin in canines. Ten healthy mixed-breed dogs received cephalexin alone and after a 5-day pretreatment with omeprazole. Pharmacokinetic parameters were evaluated using high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. The mean plasma concentration-time curves showed a relatively slow absorption phase with comparable peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) of 17.32±4.21 μg/mL for cephalexin alone and 16.66±5.26 μg/mL when administered with omeprazole. Similarly, other pharmacokinetic parameters, including area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC), elimination half-life (T1/2), absorption half-life (T1/2a), and total body clearance (Cl/F), did not exhibit significant differences between treatments. Our results demonstrate that omeprazole did not significantly alter the pharmacokinetics of cephalexin in canines, allowing for their effective combination without the need for dosage adjustments.
Breast cancer remains the most prevalent malignancy among women, necessitating the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Experimental animal models that closely mimic human breast cancer are crucial for advancing these therapies. This study utilized the criteria of the tumour, node, metastasis (TNM) staging system and variations in metabolic rates to develop models representing stages II and IV of human breast cancer, using the MBL-6 mouse breast cancer cell line. We assessed tumor growth curves in vivo and investigated distant metastasis to organs such as the liver, lungs, lymph nodes, and spleen. Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) were isolated, and their proliferation rates, inflammatory enzyme expression, and matrix metalloproteinase levels were compared between stages II and IV. By analyzing tumor kinetics and metabolic differences, we were able to predict tumor size and progression at each stage. Our results revealed that CAFs isolated from both stages exhibited similar phenotypic characteristics. However, CAFs from stage II tumors showed higher expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), while those from stage IV tumors had higher levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). These distinct expression patterns suggest unique microenvironmental features at different stages of tumor progression. Further investigation of the cancer microenvironment may provide valuable insights for selecting targeted therapies and improving disease management.
‘Wet belly’ in industrial sables is an economically significant problem of modern industrial fur farming in Russia due to defects in the skin and fur of animals, which are associated with the damaging effect of constantly excreted urine. The incidence in young sables in different years can range from 0.1 to 6% in this age group. In this regard, in case of ‘wet belly’ disease in young sables, the regulations of veterinary intervention provide only local aerosol treatment with antimicrobials. There are practically no studies devoted to the search for the causes of wet belly disease in young sables, including from the point of view of analyzing the results of autopsy. The causes and pathophysiological mechanisms of ‘wet belly’ development remain unknown, in particular, the mechanisms of urinary disorders and urinary incontinence. The present article is the first attempt to analyze the autopsy data of 76 young sables, which showed that quite a large number of animals had concomitant pathology of the digestive and respiratory system, as well as clinical and histological signs of cystitis and probable urinary tract infection (UTI).
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding different levels of Artemia Urmiana cysts on performance and survival of Caspian brown trout fish. The treatments included different levels (25, 50, 75 and 100 %) of Artemia Urmiana cysts to Caspian brown trout fish with an average weight of 120 ± 25 g in active phase of larva stage until the weight of one gram. Feed intake (FI), weight gain (WG), body weight (BW), feed conversion ratio (FCR), specific growth rate (SGR) of the treatments were determine and the survival percentage index was calculated based on the number of remaining larvae in the sites on the total number of larvae. The result of study showed that the higher feed intake was for 25 and the lower feed intake was for 50% of Artemia urmiana cysts treatments. Also the best specific growth rate and feed conversation ratio was related to the 25 % of Artemia Urmiana cysts groups (P≤0.05). Additionally the best survival index was for fish that fed by 75% and the worst survival index was for fish that fed by 100% of Artemia urmiana cysts. In conclusion we could demonstrated that feeding Artemia Urmiana cysts may have some beneficial effects on the performance and survival of Caspian brown trout (Salmo trutta caspius) fish at the larva stage.
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different levels of calcium salts of fatty acids (CSFA) on performance in Holstein calves. A total of sixteen 17 month of age male Holstein calves with average of (540 ± 5 Kg) weight were selected and were divided into four groups in order to the experimental complete randomized block design. The calves were fed by control groups with no fat protected and 2, 4 and 6 percentages of fat protected oils until 60 days. Feed intake, Body weight gain and feed conversion ratio were measured. The blood samples were taken to investigate the serum content of plasma protein, glucose, calcium, phosphorus, cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL and HDL. Additionally the fat and protein digestibility in each groups were measured. Data from this study showed that the highest FI and BW and the better FCR was related to the calves fed by 2 % fat protected supplement but there were no significant effects on calves performance between treatments. Feeding the fat protected supplementations lead to higher protein and fat digestibility none significantly. The higher use of calcium salts of fatty acids supplements lead to higher serum triglyceride, cholesterol, calcium and LDL significantly (P≤0.05). There were no significant differences between treatments about glucose, phosphorous and protein content in the calves were feed by different levels of calcium salts of fatty acids supplements. In conclusion we could demonstrated that using of different levels of calcium salts of fatty acids may have beneficial effects on performance and some blood biochemical in the male Holstein Calves.
To estimate economic values (EVs) of seven important traits including pregnancy rate (PR), litter size (LS), lamb weight at birth (BW0), three (weaning; BW3), six (BW6) and nine (BW9) months weight and survival rate until the age of 6 months (SR) in Zel sheep under an intensive production system in Mazandaran province of Iran, data from two farms were analysed using a bio-economic model. Variable costs accounted for about 99% of the total costs and the feed costs had the highest proportion with 72.54%. Among the income sources, the sale of surplus animals formed 81.4% of the total revenues. The EVs were estimated as the amount of change in the profit of the system after each trait mean increased by both 1% and one unit, while all other traits were constant at their mean values. The most important trait in this system was LS, followed by SR, PR, BW9, BW3, BW6 and BW0 respectively. The sensitivity of EVs was investigated by changing prices of feed and live weight of 9-month-old lambs by ±20%. Results showed that the EV of BW9 was the most constant and EV of BW0 was the most variable. As the prices of feed and live weight of 9-month-old lambs were simultaneously changed by ±20%, the variation in the EVs decreased and they showed more consistency. This study showed that the profitability in an intensive production system of Zel sheep could be increased by improving LS, SR, PR and BW9.
This study was aimed for isolation, identification and characterization of Campylobacter species from Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU) dairy farm during the period of January to May, 2016. A total of 80 samples (faecal samples of calves, heifers and cows; milk samples of cows) were collected from Bangladesh Agricultural University dairy farm for isolation and identification of Campylobacter species by using cultural, biochemical and molecular methods. Moreover, the isolated Campylobacter species were subjected for antimicrobial susceptibility test. Campylobacter like organisms were presumptively identified in 20 samples. Isolates were biochemically positive to catalase and oxidase tests and in hippurate hydrolysis test some of the isolates (n=6) shown negative that indicated the isolates were C. coli and some of the test isolates (n=14) shown positive that indicated the isolates were C. jejuni. Campylobacter specific 16S rRNA genes were amplified from the isolates. Out of 20 isolated Campylobacter 14 (17.5%) were detected as C. jejuni and the rest 6 (7.5%) were detected as C. coli by cdtC gene based multiplex PCR assay. C. jejuni were resistant to amoxicillin, erythromycin, azithromycin and susceptible to gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin and streptomycin. Furthermore, C. coli were resistant to amoxicillin and erythromycin and susceptible to gentamycin, ciproflaxacin. Out of 20 Campylobacter isolates, 57.14% C. jejuni and 33.33% C. coli were identified as multidrug resistant. To the best of our knowledge, this study has brought the first report on the occurrence of Campylobacter species with their antibiogram profiles in any dairy farm of Bangladesh.
Phylogenetic relationships and genetic variation in Iranian Afshari sheep breed were analyzed using 12S rRNA and 16S rRNA gene sequences. The genomic DNA was isolated by salting out method and amplified 12S rRNA and 16S rRNA genes using PCR method. PCR amplification of 12S and 16S rRNA generated PCR amplicons at 859 and 1053 bp lengths, respectively. Sequence analysis was performed using BioEdit software. Phylogenetic tree was constructed using MEGA software. Phylogenetic analysis of haplotype in the combination with the sheep from GenBank showed that Iranian Afshari sheep made a close to the Australian sheep cluster. This study was found informative for establishing relationships between breeds from different parts of the world. This study may facilitate the future researchers and breeders for better understanding the genetic interactions and breed differentiation for devising future breeding and conservation strategies to preserve the rich animal genetic reservoir of the country.
This study was to evaluate the effect of chamomile alcoholic extract on performance, some blood parameters and intestinal characteristics of broiler chicks. A total 320 one day old Cobb 500 broiler chicks were randomly divided into 4 treatments. Treatments were further divided into 4 replicates. Chicks were fed a basal diet as control group, basal diet with 0.3% chamomile extract (S1), basal diet with 0. 5% chamomile extracts (S2) and basal diet with 0.7% chamomile extract (S3). The experiment was carried out of 42 days. Feed intake FI and body weight gain BW was calculated for estimation of feed conversion ratio FCR. At the end of experimental period (42 days), to determine carcass traits and other parameters, 2 birds form each replicates were slaughtered. Additionally, the blood serum samples were subjected to biochemical analysis. For determination intestinal characteristics, small intestine tissues were collected. Data from this study showed that improvement of body weight gain and feed conversion were found in chamomile extract groups (P<0.05). There were significant differences between carcasses traits in treatments feed by chamomile extract. As result reveled from this study serum triglyceride, cholesterol LDL decreased in groups fed by chamomile alcoholic extract and HDL increased significantly (p<0.05) instead. In addition villus height decreased in S1and S2 groups. An increasing crypt depth was seen on S2. According to these data villus widths, epithelium layer and goblet cells increased by using chamomile extract specially by using S2. In conclusion we could demonstrate that chamomile alcoholic extract may be used as ingredient in broilers ration without harming effects on carcass characteristics, blood biochemical parameters, and intestinal morphology of Ross 308 broiler chicks.
Campylobacter jejuni is an important food-borne pathogen. The main source of this pathogen is poultry and poultry products. Poultry farms of low biosecurity level plays major role in disseminating this pathogen. The objectives of this study were to investigate the occurrence of Campylobacter and identify potential risk factors associated with their presence in layer farms in Northern Jordan. A total of 2524 samples from chickens, litter, water and feed were collected from 35-layer farms. Samples underwent conventional and enrichment isolation methods for Campylobacter. Confirmation was done morphologically, biochemically and by PCR typing. The flock-level prevalence of C. jejuni was 40%, 37%, 20% in chicken cloacae, drinking water and litter respectively. C. jejuni was the only confirmed isolated species. None of the feed samples revealed presence of Campylobacter. The concentration of free residual chlorine was below the recommended standard levels. The risk factors were identified using modified semi-structured questionnaire. There was no significant association between evaluated risk factors and isolation status potentially reflecting small number of study farms. The prevalence rate for C. jejuni is within commonly reported range. High stocking density, short distance between farms, improper hygienic practice and low water chlorine level seems to increase occurrence rate of Campylobacter in layer farms. Educational biosecurity programs regarding C. jejuni transmission and their public health importance needs to be established.
This experiment was conducted to evaluate the feeding values of ginger, red and black pepper powder with protexin on performance of Japanese quails. A total 240ten days old male Japanese quails with an average weight of 19 ±5 g were divided into 8 treatments with 3 replicates as randomized factorial design. The quails were fed by basal diet as control diet, 2% ginger, 2%red pepper 2% black pepper powder with or without protexin probiotic respectively. At the end of trial for carcass evaluation 2 birds form each group were slaughtered. Also some parameters such as feed intake (FI), body weight gains (BW), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were calculated and compared together. Some blood parameters such as cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL) of quail’s blood were determined. In conclusion it seem that inclusion of ginger, red and black pepper powder in quails diet at level of 2% may be useful and have significantly effects on performance and blood biochemical on Japanese quails
This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of rosemary powder in diet on blood metabolite and performance of broiler chickens. 180 one day broiler chicks were distributed in a completely randomize design with 4 treatments and 3 replicates and 15 bird in each. Experimental treatments were included: Control (without additive), 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 percent of rosemary in diet. In 42 day of age one bird from each replicate was selected and slaughtering for carcass traits. The results were sowed use of 0.05 percent of rosemary could be significantly increased feed intake of broiler in starter period (p<0.05). Also use of 0.1 percent of rosemary caused to significantly increase broiler body weight gain in overall of rearing period than 0.2 percent group (p<0.05). Use of 0.1 percent rosemary in diet had a significantly feed conversion ratio (FCR) than T4 (0.2% rosemary). Experimental treatments had no significant effect on carcass traits, except in liver percent weight, which had significantly higher in T2 group (p<0.05). Also experimental treatments had no significant effect on glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride level of broiler chickens in 42 day of age. The results of this experiment showed use of rosemary powder could be improved broiler feed intake in starter period.
Background: New studies have confirmed the role of citicoline in reversing different pathological conditions in canine medicine, but dosing regimens of this drug has not yet been investigated in dogs. Using a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system, this study aims to quantify the levels of citicoline in dogs plasma after intravenous (IV) and intramuscular (IM) administration.Design and methods: The subjects of this study were 12 male, mixed breed healthy dogs that were approximately 2 to 3 years old and had a body weight between 15 and 25 kg. Plasma samples were extracted following protein precipitation. Samples were eluted from the column at flow rate of 0.7ml min-1. Solvents were degassed. The PH of the mobile phase of HPLC grade acetonitrile: water (20:80, v/v) was adjusted to 3.0 using 1% orthophosphoric acid. Both sample and standard solutions were filtered through 0.22 µm membrane filter. A sample volume of 20 microliter was injected to HPLC to obtain a standard curve.Results: No clinical signs or drug adverse effect was noticed in animals during and after the period of administration of citicoline. Measuring plasma concentration of citicoline sodium after IV and IM administration showed biphasic plasma peaks which occured at 15 minutes and 5 hours after the drug administration in dogs. Conclusions: Giving the drug once a day with 30-50 mg/kg dosage or twice daily with 15-30 mg/kg dosage would cause their levels to remain elevated for much of the day and doesn’t have any serious adverse effect.
Despite the extensive application of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), the use of these drugs is limited due to their adverse effects especially on gastric mucosa. Dual inhibitors that inhibit both cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) metabolites are considered to have less gastric toxicity in comparison to non-selective and COX-2 selective inhibitors. In this study, fifteen mixed breed dogs were randomly divided into three groups: group 1 (n=5) received placebo, group 2 (n=5) licofelone, an inhibitor of COX- 1, COX-2, and 5-LOX (2.5 mg/kg; twice daily) and group 3 (n=5) celecoxib, a COX-2 selective inhibitor (3 mg/kg; twice daily) per os for 14 days. All dogs underwent blinded gastroscopies on days 0, 7, 14 and one week after cessation of treatment and gastric lesions were scored. Examinations to detect fecal occult blood were performed daily. Results showed that licofelone is significantly better tolerated than celecoxib in terms of gastric side effects (P=0.008). Therefore, it seems that licofelone can be an appropriate alternative in dogs when NSAID therapy is necessary. Occult blood was not detected in any dog during the study.
No previous reports have described cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) techniques involving long aortic cross clamp (ACC) times in small-breed dogs. We previously described open heart surgery under deep hypothermic CPB in small and toy dogs with an approximate ACC time limit of 1 hour, given the low success rate beyond 90 minutes of ACC time. Herein, we describe improvements in cardiac anesthesia, CPB, and cardioplegia that led to a high success rate of open heart surgery with a long ACC time in small dogs. Ten small-breed dogs with severe mitral regurgitation were subjected to mitral valve plasty that necessitated cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) beyond 90 minutes of ACC time. In the present study, all dogs survived surgery; 7 survived to discharge. In other words, we achieved a high success rate of 70% with mitral valve plasty beyond 90 minutes of ACC time (mean, 105.1 minutes: range, 90-117 minutes). For small dogs, successful open heart surgery with a long ACC time may require cardiac balanced anesthesia, CPB with increased drainage and, importantly, thorough cardioplegia without hemodilution.
Clindamycin plasma and tissue disposition in cats under surgical conditions after a single intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM) and subcutaneous (SC) administration at a dose rate of 10 mg/kg were studied. After intravenous, intramuscular and subcutaneous administration, peak plasma concentrations were 10.93±3.78 μg/mL (Cp(0)), 5.93±1.18 μg/mL (Cmax)) and 6.30±0.88 μg/mL (Cmax)), respectively. Eight hours after clindamycin IV, IM and SC administration plasma concentrations declined to 2.01±0.61 μg/mL, 2.96±0.43 μg/mL and 3.36±0.97 μg/mL, respectively. Sixty to 90 minutes after clindamycin administration, tissue concentrations ranged from a minimum in subcutaneous tissue of 4.90 μg/g (IV), 3.06 μg/g (IM) and, 3.13 μg/g (SC) to a maximum in uterus of 13.41 μg/g (IV), 14.07 μg/g (IM) and, 14.44 μg/g (SC). The lowest tissue/plasma concentration ratio for the three administration routes was observed in subcutaneous tissue, while the highest was observed at genital level (ovary for IV and IM and uterus for SC). Estimated efficacy predictor (AUC/MIC), considering MIC breakpoint for bacteria isolated from animals, indicates that clindamycin administered IV, IM or SC at the studied dose is appropriated for perioperative prophylactic protocols and that given with a dose interval of 12 hours would be effective for susceptible infection treatment in cats.
Two small 9-year-old dogs received mitral valve plasty (MVP) for severe mitral regurgitation that could not be controlled via drug administration. MVP consisted of chordal reconstruction using expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) sutures and semicircular suture annuloplasty using polypropylene sutures. In both cases, the clinical signs dramatically improved after MVP, although postoperative echocardiography revealed slight residual mitral regurgitant flow. Both dogs survived for several years after MVP without any signs of cardiac distress; one dog survived for 9 years and 1 month, and the other dog survived for 7 years and 10 months. These findings highlight the durability of ePTFE sutures as artificial chordae and the excellence of semicircular suture annuloplasty in small dogs.
In search for treatments against breast cancer, cell lines are one of the basic resources, particularly as in vitro models. Additionally, animal models of cancer are used as the successive step in therapeutics research. In this regard, human breast cancer cell lines provide fundamental models in vitro. However, in vivo studies require immunodeficient mice, which lack the influence of other in vivo factors such as the native microenvironment and the immune system. There are few standard models to study the pathogenic mechanism at molecular level and cell signaling pathway of breast cancer. In this study, a new mouse breast cancer cell line, MBL-6, was successfully established and characterized from tissues of a spontaneous mammary tumor. The cell line had epithelial morphology, formed adherent monolayer, maintained continuously in vitro and was able to form new tumors when injected subcutaneously in syngeneic mice. The growth pattern and metastasis evaluations revealed a considerable in situ duration before invading distant organs. Real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis showed the expression of ER-, PR- and Her-2 receptors. The chromosome analysis showed numerous chromosomal abnormalities. Aggressive tumorigenecity in tumorigenesis test and the IC50 to cyclophosphamide (CTX), celecoxib (CLX) and cisplatin (CPN) was also evaluated. The numerous tests performed on the new MBL-6 cell line suggest that it is in good quality and may be used in animal models of breast cancer studies.
In the present study, we describe the cytohistopathological and immunohistochemical characteristics of the intestinal Tcell lymphoma in a seven-year-old male Persian cat, applying the World Health Organization (WHO) system for the classification of domestic animal lymphomas. In fine-needle aspiration, mesenteric lymph nodes contained many lymphocytes from small- to medium-size, a few lymphoblasts and plasma cells, and rare eosinophils suggestive of hyperplastic lymph node. Histopathologically, diffuse infiltration and proliferation of tumor cells in the large intestine mucosa with architectural distortion of the crypts to the tunica muscularis in the submucosa and mucosal ulceration were observed. The tumor cells were composed of small-to-intermediate-sized lymphocytes with round, monomorphic nuclei and scantto- moderate cytoplasm. Eosinophils infiltration was present. The mitotic rate was low. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that neoplastic cells were mostly and strongly positive for T-cell phenotype CD3+ but negative for B-cell phenotypes CD20- and CD79a-. On the basis of cytology, histopathology, and immunohistochemical findings, the present tumor was diagnosed as intestinal T-cell lymphoma, according to WHO histological classification. Applying the WHO classification system for the diagnosis of feline lymphomas is very useful and has high accuracy and consistency. Although cytological examination may assist in the evaluation of gastrointestinal disease, histopathological examination is necessary to establish a definitive diagnosis of alimentary lymphoma.
