In order to evaluate the effect of extremely high temperature on the development and reproduction of sevenspotted lady beetle Coccinella septempunctata, the condition of high-temperature field was simulated by setting 6-h extreme heat（36℃ and 39℃） and different durations（1 d and 3 d） to put the eggs and adults of C. septempunctata under stress, and the condition under 25℃ was used as the control. The developmental duration, survival rate, fecundity and hatchability of offspring were observed and calculated. The results showed that, under the same stress pattern, the heat tolerance of adult was significantly higher than that of egg. For example, the survival rates of egg and adult were 52.09%and 93.94%, respectively, after being treated at 39℃ for one day. Under the same insect state, the survival rate of C. septempunctata eggs was lower with increasing treatment temperature and time, and the survival rates of egg under four stress patterns（36℃ for 1 d and 3 d, 39℃ for 1 d and 3 d） were71.31%, 62.87%, 52.09% and 24.98%, respectively. When the eggs were treated at 39℃ for three days,the developmental duration of the first-instar larvae was 2.77 d, which was significantly longer than the control（2.11 d）, but the entire larval stage and pupal stage was not significantly different from the control. It was suggested that the extremely high temperature experienced by C. septempunctata in the early stage of development might lead to the acceleration of its growth in the later stage of development or a phenomenon of growth compensation. The effect of extremely high temperature on egg stage was significantly greater than that on adult stage. The eggs laid were 42.67 and 139.79, respectively, when the egg and adult were treated at 39℃ for one day. The hatchability of offspring in all treatment groups was significantly lower than that of the control（85.42%）, ranging from 0 to 64.13%. In addition, the population trend index of each treatment group was 5.26-56.02, which was lower than that of the control group（78.76）. Therefore, the frequent occurrence of extremely high temperature in summer might reduce the population of C. septempunctata, and it is not recommended to release C. septempunctata eggs in the field for pest control during this period.
To clarify the resistance level to acetyl-CoA carboxylase（ACCase） and acetolactate synthase（ALS） inhibitor herbicides and target site resistance mechanism in Italian ryegrass Lolium multiflorum populations from some areas of Henan Province, the whole-plant bioassays were conducted to determine the resistance of HNXX01, HNZMD04, HNXX05 populations against ACCase inhibitor herbicides（fenoxaprop-P-ethyl, clodinafop-propargyl, and pinoxaden） and ALS inhibitor herbicides（mesosulfuron-methyl, flucarbazone-sodium, and pyroxsulam）. The ACCase and ALS target enzyme genes were cloned from these populations, and compared with amino acid sequence to find resistance-related mutations and clarify the mechanism of target site resistance. The results of resistance level test showed that HNZMD04 and HNXX05 populations were resistant to all the six herbicides compared to susceptible population HNXX01. HNZMD04 population was resistant to fenoxaprop-P-ethyl and pyroxsulam,with a relative resistance factor of 44.65 and 40.31, respectively. The relative resistance factor of HNZMD04 to clodinafop-propargyl and flucarbazone-sodium were 11.91 and 11.93, respectively. The relative resistance factor of HNXX05 population to fenoxaprop-P-ethyl and flucarbazone-sodium were27.70 and 25.67, respectively. The results showed that the ACCase gene had a D2078G mutation in HNZMD04 and HNXX05 resistant populations, with a mutation rate of 55% and 70%, respectively. The ALS gene had P197Q and P197T mutations in HNZMD04 resistant population, with a mutation rate of30% and 5%, respectively, while the ALS gene only had P197Q mutation in HNXX05 resistant population, with a the mutation rate of 15%. These results indicated that L. multiflorum populations from Zhumadian and Xinxiang developed high resistance to ACCase and ALS inhibitor herbicides. Furthermore,ACCase mutation at amino acid D2078G and ALS mutations at amino acids P197Q and P197T contributed the herbicide resistance in the L. multiflorum populations from Henan.
为明确天津市烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci隐种的类别及其寄主适应性、传毒能力、携带内共生菌情况和抗药性,采用mtCOI酶切法对从武清、西青、蓟州和宁河4个区的番茄、黄瓜及辣椒3种寄主上采集的12个烟粉虱种群进行隐种鉴定,采用PCR检测其携带番茄黄化曲叶病毒(tomato yellow leaf curl virus,TYLCV)和内共生菌情况,并采用浸叶法测定其对4种常用药剂的抗性.结果表明,采集的烟粉虱种群以MED隐种为主,占所有检测个体的93.33％,有3个种群为MED和MEAM1隐种混合发生.所有检测个体中有36.25％的个体携带TYLCV,在6个种群中检测到TYLCV,其中5个种群有超过50％的个体携带TYLCV.在12个种群中共检测到Hamiltonella、立克次氏体Rickett-sia、Cardinium和杀雄菌属Arsenophnus共4种内共生菌,携带个体比例分别为90.63％、48.96％、43.75％和8.33％,进一步对内共生菌协同感染情况进行分析,发现有HARC、HRC、HAC、HR、HC和AC共6个协同感染型,感染率分别为4.17％、28.13％、3.13％、14.58％、5.21％和1.04％.阿维菌素对天津市烟粉虱种群的毒力普遍较高,LC50介于0.05～0.66 mg/L之间,噻虫嗪的毒力则普遍较低,LC50介于267.63～2 998.80 mg/L之间.4种药剂对其中9个种群的毒力顺序为阿维菌素＞溴氰虫酰胺＞吡虫啉＞噻虫嗪,对另外3个种群的毒力顺序为阿维菌素＞吡虫啉＞溴氰虫酰胺＞噻虫嗪.
To tracing the colonization characteristic of Ralstonia solanacearum a virulent strain FJAT1458 in the tomato plant and its rhizosphere soil,the strain was tagged with the firefly luciferase（LUC） gene through electroporation.The biological characteristics,genetic stability,pathogenicity,and colonization of LUC-tagged strain FJAT1458-LUC in the tomato plant and rhizosphere soil were studied through bioassay methods.The results showed that FJAT1458 was chromosomally tagged with the marker gene luc,and a 1 612 bp fragment of the gene could be amplified by PCR.The strain FJAT1458-LUC could excite strong fluorescence.Compared to wild type FJAT1458,the growth of FJAT1458-LUC was significantly delayed with a significant decrease of the OD 600nm value.FJAT1458-LUC was continuously subcultured for 20 passages.The cell concentration of the subcultures was significantly increased,while the ratio of bacteria with luminescent,activities of luciferase,and relative expression level of the luc gene were all significantly decreased along with the increase of the passage number.The attenuation indexes of FJAT1458-LUC and FJAT1458 were 0.89 and 0.90,respectively.Both FJAT1458-LUC and FJAT1458 could not induce tomato bacterial wilt 30 day post inoculation（dpi）.FJAT1458-LUC could colonize in rhizosphere soil,root and stem of tomato plants.The bacterial colonization number tended to increase first and then decrease.The highest colonization number of FJAT1458-LUC in rhizosphere soil,root and stem occurred at 3,5 and 5 dpi,respectively.In addition,FJAT1458-LUC could not be detected in stem and root at 9 and 12 dpi,respectively.The results indicated that FJAT1458 was successfully tagged with the luc gene,the tagged strain could colonize in the tomato plant and rhizosphere soil,showing a good biocontrol potential.
为有效防控柑橘绿霉病,分别测定丙酸乙酯、异丁酸乙酯、2-甲基丁酸甲酯、异丁酸和2-甲基-1-丁醇5种微生物挥发性有机化合物(volatile organic compound,VOC)单剂及其混剂(5种VOC体积比为1∶1∶1∶1∶1)对指状青霉Penicillium digitatum菌落生长和产孢的抑制作用、对指状青霉产孢关键调控基因表达量的影响和对分生孢子梗形态的影响及对柑橘绿霉病的室内防控效果.结果显示,丙酸乙酯、2-甲基-1-丁醇单剂和混剂对指状青霉菌丝生长有明显的抑制作用,EC50分别为1.816、0.154和0.230pL/cm3;5种VOC单剂及五者混剂对指状青霉产孢均有不同程度的抑制作用,其中混剂对指状青霉产孢的抑制作用最明显,EC50达到0.006 μL/cm3;5种VOC单剂处理后,指状青霉帚状枝变短,侧枝发育不良;一定浓度丙酸乙酯、异丁酸乙酯、2-甲基丁酸甲酯或异丁酸处理后,指状青霉体内brlA和abaA 基因过表达,然而2-甲基-1-丁醇和混剂处理后,其体内brlA、abaA和wetA基因均显著下调.5种VOC混剂对柑橘绿霉病的防治效果与咪鲜胺相当.表明VOC可能通过改变指状青霉产孢关键基因的表达使其分生孢子梗的帚状枝和瓶梗型产孢细胞发育不良,从而抑制孢子的产生,最终阻断柑橘绿霉病的扩散.
To investigate the molecular variation and infectivity of cucumber mosaic virus（CMV） isolates from melon, the genome sequences of two melon isolates CH99 and XH18 were cloned, sequenced and analyzed, and their infectious cDNA clones were constructed and used to inoculate Nicotiana benthamiana, melon, watermelon and cucumber. The results showed that the three RNA lengths of isolate CH99 were 3 356, 3 049 and 2 211 nt, while the three RNA lengths of isolate XH18 were3 381, 3 048 and 2 217 nt. The nucleotide sequence identity between CH99 and XH18 was 89.40%-95.80%, and their amino acid sequence identity was 90.00%-97.80%. The average nucleotide and amino acid sequence identity between CH99 and other isolates were 79.23%-89.29% and 73.52%-93.90%,respectively. The average nucleotide and amino acid sequence identity between XH18 and other isolates were 79.81%-89.83% and 74.02%-95.14%, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed that both isolates belonged to subgroup IB. The inoculation showed that the infectious clones were successfully constructed, and they both could systematically infect N. benthamiana, melon and cucumber, causing serious symptoms on N. benthamiana and melon, but weak symptoms on cucumber, whiel neither of them could infect watermelon.
In order to assess the risk of resistance to quinotrione,a new type of HPPD herbicide,the sensitivity baselines of six weed sensitive populations,Digitaria sanguinalis,Echinochloa crusgalli,Setaria viridis,Panicum miliaceum,Amaranthus retroflexus and Chenopodium album,to quintrione were determined in greenhouse,and the resistance levels of weed populations in sorghum field were also determined.The sensitive baseline test showed that E.crusgalli P.miliaceum,A.retroflexus and C.album,were more sensitive to quinotrione with GR 50 from 12.76 to 32.72 g（a.i.）/hm~2 and GR 90 from 68.04 to193.54 g（a.i.）/hm~2,than D.sanguinalis with GR 50 from 44.23 to 56.19 g（a.i.）/hm~2 and GR 90 from 472.26to 849.24 g（a.i.）/hm~2.The resistance level test showed that all populations of six weeds collected from sorghum fields in China were not resistant to quinotrione,and the relative resistance index was below2.00.The populations which were resistant to nicosulfuron were still sensitive to quinotrione and mesotrione.The results showed that quinotrione,as a low-risk herbicide,used to control weeds in sorghum fields,the risk of weeds develop resistance to it would be very slow.
To study the biological functions of calcineurin responsive zinc finger transcription factor 1（Crz1） in fruit rot pathogen Colletotrichum fructicola,and to control anthracnose of Camellia oleifera effectively,a gene knockout mutant ΔCfcrz1 and its complementary strain ΔCfcrz1/Crz1 of C.fructicola were generated,then the biological functions of the mutant strain ΔCfcrz1,complementary strain ΔCfcrz1/Crz1 and wild strain were determined,including growth,appressorium formation,stress response,pathogenicity and resistance to DMI fungicides.This result indicated that Crz1 protein from C.fructicola had the highest amino acid sequence homology,100% identify,with that of C.siamense; the colony diameters of wild type,complement strain ΔCfcrz1/Crz1 and mutant ΔCfcrz1 cultured on the potato dextrose agar（PDA） and minimal medium（MM） were 5.7,5.5,5.1 cm and 5.3,5.1,2.8 cm,respectively,significantly lower for the mutant than for the other two strains;the inhibition rates on the PDA medium supplemented with CaCl 2 and dithiothreitol（DDT） were 100.0% and 46.3%,respectively,for the mutant strain ΔCfcrz1 of C.fructicola,which was significantly higher than those for the other two strain;the percent conidia produced appressorium and conidia volume for mutant ΔCfcrz1 was 17.3% or 7.2×10~5/mL,which that was significantly lower than those for the other two strains;the mutant strain ΔCfcrz1showed weaker pathogenicity,with a mean lesion diameter of 0.06 cm,on wounded tea-oil than the other two strains;when the concentration of imazolium was greater than 0.1 μg/mL,the concentration of difenoconazole was greater than 0.5 μg/mL,the concentrations of triazolone greater than 4 μg/mL,and the concentration of tebuconazole greater than 0.5 μg/mL,the inhibition rates of mutant ΔCfcrz1 were34%,80%,39% and 22%,respectively,which were significantly higher than that of wild type and supplement strain.These results revealed that the transcription factor Crz1 was involved in regulating the growth,conidiation,response to external stresses,pathogenicity,and resistance to DMI fungicides in C.fructicola.
The taxonomic status of the soybean root rot pathogens in Shenyang,Liaoning Province was determined based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis.The biological characteristics of these strains,such as optimal temperature,carbon and nitrogen source for growth were determined and their pathogenicity was tested by inoculating the roots of Hefeng 47 soybean seedlings with conidia suspension.Meanwhile,their sensitivities to 16 commonly used fungicides were assessed with hyphae growth and conidia germination inhibition tests.The results showed that total 31 Fusarium strains isolated from root rotted soybean,three strains were selected for further study based on cultural characters.The colony of the three strains on PDA was white fluffy with yellow pigmentation on the bottom.The sizes of macroconidia and microconidia were 3.3-7.2 μm×29.0-62.0 μm and 2.5-5.7μm×9.1-16.8 μm,respectively.Based on the morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of translation elongation factor（TEF） sequences,the three strains were identified as Fusarium acuminatum.The optimal temperature for hyphae growth and conidia germination was 25℃,the optimal carbon source was glucose and sucrose,and optimal nitrogen source was potassium nitrate,sodium nitrate and urea.Inoculation of Hefeng 47 soybean cultivar with F.acuminatum significantly reduced seedling height,root length and fresh weight by 22.8%,12.2% and 26.7%,respectively.Among all the tested fungicides,98% fludioxonil was the most effective(EC 50 :0.014 μg/mL) whereas 99% procymidone was less effective(EC 50 :11.630μg/mL).The results suggested that 98% fludioxonil and some other fungicides could be used for control of soybean root rot caused by F.acuminatum.
In order to detect metalaxyl-resistant strains of potato late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans rapidly, allele specific-polymerase chain reaction（AS-PCR） methods using four specific primers sets including F382Y-F1/F382Y-R, F382Y-F2/F382Y-R, F382Y-F3/F382Y-R and F382Y-F4/F382Y-R were established based on the known mechanism of metalaxyl resistance associated with amino acid point mutation of F382Y encoded by T1145A in RPA190 gene of P. infestans. The results showed that by using three forward primers F382Y-F2, F382Y-F3 and F382Y-F4, which were designed for point mutation 1145A plus an addition mutations 1144G, 1144C and 1144A, respectively, optimizing the annealing temperature to 54, 60 and 58℃, respectively, and setting the ratio of the three specific primers to referent primer set ITS1/ITS4 as 5∶1, the three multiple AS-PCRs using specific primers of F382Y-F2/F382Y-R, F382Y-F3/F382Y-R and F382Y-F4/F382Y-R, respectively plus referent primers ITS1/ITS4could distinguish specifically resistant strains from sensitive strains. The amplicons from the sensitive strains contained an internal reference fragment of 879 bp, and the amplicons from the resistant strains showed an internal reference fragment of 879 bp and a target fragment of 461 bp. The three multiple AS-PCR methods all had high sensitivity. Among them, the primers F38Y-F4/F382Y-R had the highest sensitivity in which the minimum detectable concentration of DNA template from P. infestans was0.4 pg/μL, while the sensitivity of F382Y-F2/F382Y-R and F382Y-F3/F382Y-R was both 4 pg/μL.
In order to clarify the distribution, function and structure of medicinal plant Panax notoginseng NAC gene family, the members in the family were identified and the physicochemical characteristics,chromosomal location and evolutionary features of the family were analyzed with bioinformatics method, the temporal and spatial expression patterns of the family members and the induced expression of Alternaria panax were analyzed based on the RNA-seq data. The results showed that there were 98 members of the NAC gene family in P. notoginseng, coding proteins with a length ranging from 104 to 882amino acids, and molecular weight ranging from 11.78 to 100.20 kD and isoelectric point ranging from4.12 to 9.75. The 98 NAC genes were unevenly distributed on 12 chromosomes. Chr1 has the most genes（16）, while chr11 has the fewest genes（1）. Multiple cis-acting elements associated with light response, growth hormone response, gibberellin response and methyl jasmonate response are present in the NAC promoter region. NAC genes were expressed in all different tissues and roots of P. notoginseng at different developmental stages, while the expression of NAC in P. notoginseng leaves also showed significantly increased after infection by A. panax. These results suggested that NAC plays an important role in the growth and development of P. notoginseng and in its response to the infection by A. panax.
In order to rapidly and accurately detect three soil-borne pathogens, Ralstonia solanacearum,Verticillium dahliae and Sclerotium rolfsii, in diseased eggplants and in the field soil, three sets of specific primers were screened to establish a triplex PCR detection system. The important factors affecting the multiplex PCR reaction, including annealing temperature, primer concentration, and volumes of 10×PCR Buffer（Mg2+plus）, dNTP, and Taq DNA polymerase were optimized, and the specificity and sensitivity were determined. Besides, the optimized system was tested in detection of the pathogens from diseased tissues and field soil samples. The results showed that in the 50 μL triplex PCR system, the optimal annealing temperature was 54℃, the optimal primer concentrations of RS-1-F/RS-3-R, dllz1/dllz2and SRITSF/SRITSR was 0.16, 0.16 and 0.28 μmol/L, respectively, and 10×PCR Buffer（Mg2+ plus）,d NTP, Taq DNA polymerase was 6, 5, 1 μL, respectively. Using the optimized reaction system, the specific fragments of the three pathogens with the length of 716, 350, 500 bp could be amplified, respectively,while no band was amplified from the other control pathogens. The detection limitation was 0.1 ng/μL.The detection rate from diseased tissues and soil samples was over 95% using this detection system.
To clarify the function of UDP-glycosyltransferase 7（TaUGT7） in resistance to Fusarium head blight（FHB） in wheat, homologous analysis was conducted using DNAMAN 6.0 software, and the expression patterns of TaUGT7 in wheat spikelets were analyzed with quantitative real-time PCR（qRT-PCR） in response to Fusarium graminearum and deoxynivalenol（DON）. The TaUGT7-eGFP was delivered into onion epidermal cells via gene gun bombardment to determine its subcellular localization. TaUGT7 gene was overexpressed in wheat variety Fielder using the Agrobacterium-mediated method to investigate its role in resistance to FHB. The results showed that TaUGT7 shared a low similarity with those UGT proteins previously reported to contribute to FHB resistance at the amino acid level.TaUGT7 was distributed throughout cells including cell membrane and nuclei. Eight independent transgenic overexpression lines were obtained, all of which were up-regulated in different degrees by qRTPCR detection. In compared with the wild-type control, the proportion of symptomatic spikelets decreased significantly in the overexpression lines TaUGT7-395 and TaUGT7-457. Transcript of TaUGT7was induced after F. graminearum or DON inoculation, and TaUGT7 overexpression in wheat showed improved resistance to Fusarium spread.
In order to evaluate the effects of tobacco moth Ephestia elutella stored at 5℃ for different durations on the fitness of ectoparasitoid wasp Habrobracon hebetor, the age-stage, two-sex life table was used to evaluate the developmental duration, survival rate, fecundity, population parameters, paralysis rate, population size and paralytic potential of H. hebetor on E. elutella for different periods of cold storage. The results showed that the pre-adult duration of E. elutella stored for 30 days was shorter, and its survival rate, mean reproduction rate and the proportion of females were the highest. The population parameters such as intrinsic rate of increase, finite rate of increase, and net reproduction rate were higher than those under other three treatments. The net paralysis rate, stable paralysis rate and finite paralysis rate were not significantly different from those in other treatments, but the transformation rate（0.36） was significantly lower than the control（0.39） or under cold storage treatment for 60 days（0.40）. The predicted population size and paralytic potential of H. hebetor were the largest on E. elutella stored for 30 days,which were 3 587 837 818 and 539 670 155, respectively. The results indicated that H. hebetor could complete the whole generation cycle on E. elutella within 60 days of cold storage, and the host stored for 30 days was most beneficial to the mass rearing of H. hebetor. It suggested that cold storage of E.elutella for 30 days was optimal for rearing H. hebetor.
To clarify the role of sucrose non-ferment 1-related protein kinase（SnRK） in coordinating multiple signaling pathways in wheat, SnRK gene was cloned from Yangmai 20 by ordinary PCR. Bioinformatics method was used for systematic analysis. Real-time PCR was used to analyze the expression pattern of the gene under hormone, drought, salt and pathogen stresses, and to determine the resistance to Phytophthora infestans in the tobacco leaves with transient overexpression of the gene. The results showed that TaSnRK3.16-D gene might interact with multiple proteins and participate in various forms of regulation. Overexpression of TaSnRK3.16-D enhanced wheat resistance to ABA, NaCl, PEG, Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici and Fusarium graminearum stresses. Subcellular localization experiment showed that TaSnRK3.16-D was located on the cell membrane. Transient overexpression experiments with Agrobacterium tumefaciens showed that the color of the infected spots on the overexpressed parts of Nicotiana benthamiana leaves was lighter than that of the control, suggesting it inhibited the infection of P. infestation to a certain extent. These results provided data supporting for further research on the mechanisms of SnRK gene in wheat stress resistance.
To further clarify the volatile components repelling oviposition of oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis, the preference of B. dorsalis to guava was determined at different time points after oviposition; besides, the volatile components that repel B. dorsalis in egg-infested guava were identified with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry（GC-MS）, gas chromatography-electroantennographic detection（GC-EAD） and bioassay. The results showed that the guava with oviposited eggs could significantly deter oviposition behavior of B. dorsalis at 48 h, and the number of eggs laid in non-infested and egginfested guavas was 238.9 and 90.7, respectively. Ethyl caprylate was detected in guava at 48 h after the initial egg deposition, which could elicit electrophysiological response from the female fly antenna. Bioassay results showed that ethyl caprylate at the concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 μL/mL could deter B. dorsalis and the repellence rates were 28%, 48%, 48% and 28%, respectively. Guava puree containing 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 μL/g ethyl caprylate could significantly repel the oviposition of B. dorsalis, and the number of eggs in the treated puree was 105.7, 125.5, 100.8 and 157.9, respectively, which were significantly lower than the corresponding controls. After coating with ethyl caprylate at the concentrations of 50, 100 and 200 μL/mL, in choice test, the number of B. dorsalis larvae in guava fruits was 164.5,27.5 and 4.8, respectively; in no-choice test, the number of B. dorsalis larvae in guava fruits was 187.6,95.2 and 30.6, respectively, which were significantly lower than the corresponding controls. These results indicated that ethyl caprylate had a significant repellent effect on the oviposition of B. dorsalis. It had the potential for being developed as a repellent.
In order to further explore the control mechanism of celery Apium graveolens on the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, the effects of intercropping with celery on the development and survival of whiteflies on pepper plants and the whitefly-resistant metabolites in pepper leaves were investigated. The results showed that intercropping with celery affected the developmental duration and the survival rate of whiteflies on pepper plants. With increasing density of celery, the nymph survival rate and the developmental duration increased. When the ratios of pepper∶celery were 2∶1, 2∶2, and 2∶3, the developmental duration from egg to pseudopupa on pepper plants was significantly increased by 5.47%, 9.76%,16.64%, and the whitefly survival rate was decreased by 20.85%, 16.65%, 54.15%, respectively. Intercropping with celery also had effects on the metabolites unfavorable to whiteflies. After ten days of intercropping, the proline content was decreased by 20.23%, 19.72% and 29.98%; the soluble sugar content was increased by 23.92%, 30.20% and 37.25%; the flavonoid content was increased by 15.70%,24.92% and 27.08%, and the total phenol content was increased by 36.80%, 30.40% and 8.80%, respectively, compared with the control. These results indicate that celery intercropping could alter the content of metabolites in pepper leaves, which might affect whitefly development.
为绿色防控黏虫Mythimnas eparata,在实验室条件下研究黄带犀猎蝽Sycanus croceovittatus 4、5龄若虫和雌、雄成虫对不同密度黏虫3龄幼虫的捕食功能反应、搜寻效应和自身密度干扰效应.结果表明,黄带犀猎蝽4、5龄若虫和雌、雄成虫对黏虫3龄幼虫的捕食功能反应均符合Holling Ⅱ和Holling Ⅲ两种模型;在拟合Holling Ⅱ模型中,黄带犀猎蝽4、5龄若虫和雌、雄成虫对黏虫3龄幼虫的日均最大捕食量分别为9.709、30.075、16.215和24.319头,控害效能分别为13.544、36.180、28.377和30.739,其中5龄若虫对黏虫3龄幼虫的控害效能最大;在拟合Holling Ⅲ模型中,黄带犀猎蝽4、5龄若虫和雌、雄成虫的日均最大捕食量分别为8.855、20.960、14.700和18.180头,最佳寻找密度分别为4.084、8.497、5.370和7.322头/盒;黄带犀猎蝽4、5龄若虫和雌、雄成虫搜寻效应与黏虫密度呈负相关关系,平均每头黄带犀猎蝽的捕食量与其自身密度呈负相关;黄带犀猎蝽5龄若虫相较于4龄若虫和雌、雄成虫对黏虫3龄幼虫有较高的捕食能力,更具有田间推广应用潜力.
In order to establish a green and efficient light trapping and control technology for insect pests in peanut fields, a field test in Qunjian Village, Hekou Town, Dawu County, Xiaogan City, Hubei Province was conducted in 2019 to determine the groups and numbers of underground pests, natural enemy insects and neutral insects trapped by solar light traps（Light source A with 365 nm wave length and Light source B with 390 nm wave length） in peanut fields. The effects of different light sources and the weather on the trapping efficiency of solar light traps were analyzed. The results showed that 106 899insects were trapped by the two light sources. The majority of the underground insect pests belonged to Rutelidae（53 338） and Melolonthidae（22 993）, and the majority of trapped natural enemy insects and neutral insects belonged to Carabidae（1 495） and Hydrophilidae（4 866）, respectively. The numbers of Scarabaeoidae pests, Elateridae pests, natural enemy insects and neutral insects trapped by Light source A were not significantly different from those trapped by Light source B. However, the number of Gryllotalpidae pests trapped by Light source A was significantly higher than that trapped by Light source B. In addition, there were no significant differences in the trapping numbers of Scarabaeoidae pests, Elateridae pests, natural enemy insects and neutral insects between sunny and cloudy days, although the trapping number of Gryllotalpidae in sunny days was significantly higher than that in cloudy days. In conclusion, solar insect light traps had perfect trapping effect against peanut insect pests with only minimal negative effect on natural enemy insects and neutral insects, and thus can be use as a green control method against peanut insect pests.
Biological invasion is closely associated with national food security, ecological security, and biological security. Rapid detection and eradication or interception of invasive alien species（IAS） is an effective means to reduce the damages. However, the traditional methods often fail to satisfy the requirement of rapid and accurate identification of IAS. As a newly emerged monitoring technique, environmental DNA（eDNA） can be used as an important method for the monitoring of IAS due to its non-invasiveness and easy of sampling, overcoming the deficiencies of traditional identification techniques such as low efficiency, time consumption, and sample destruction. This review summarized the characteristics and development history of eDNA technique, and introduced its application in the research on biological invasions including the detection and monitoring, judgment of the invasion routes, determination of the distribution and damage degree of IAS, and the interaction between IAS and other species. Meanwhile, the review pointed out the problems and perspectives of this technique in the future.
