Introduction: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a complex neuroendocrine and metabolic disorder, rather than just an ovarian condition. Standard treatments often fail to fully resolve persistent issues such as inflammation, infertility, metabolic dysfunction, obesity and mood disorders. This review explores a novel therapeutic synergy: Combining vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) with gut microbiome manipulation to target the pathobiology of PCOS. Methods: A comprehensive literature search across major databases (including PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar) analysed studies from January 2010 to May 2026. The search focused on autonomic dysfunction, gut dysbiosis, inflammation, neuroendocrine reproductive control, vagus nerve physiology and systems biology approaches to metabolic and gynaecological health. Results: Synthesising these findings yielded a novel framework: Concurrently modulating the gut microbiota and vagus nerve activity can synergistically restore neuroendocrine, immune and metabolic homeostasis in PCOS patients. Conclusion: Co-targeting the gut–brain axis using noninvasive transcutaneous VNS alongside personalised microbiome interventions offers a promising direction for precision medicine. This combined strategy could significantly advance future PCOS management.
Background: Sepsis is an uncontrolled inflammation leading to multiple organ dysfunction. Septic acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of the leading causes of mortality. During sepsis, coagulation cascade derangement can occur. Score systems such as Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE-II) and Sequential Organ Failure Assesment have been developed, but they are not readily available in a resource-limited setting. Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and D-dimer can be used to prognosticate 28-day mortality in septic AKI patients. Patients and Method: This longitudinal observational study was conducted from March 2023 to September 2024 at the Medicine Emergency Department of the Department of General Medicine, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh. Patients diagnosed with sepsis as per the Sepsis 3.0 definition were screened for AKI using the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes criteria. The blood investigations were sent, namely, serum electrolytes, renal function tests, liver function tests, complete blood count and coagulation profile. The results were analysed for 28-day in-hospital mortality. The main objective of our study was to determine the relationship between coagulation parameters and all-cause mortality in septic AKI patients. Results: Out of 63 patients with septic AKI, 38 (60.3%) were males, and 25 (39.7%) were females. The findings reveal that coagulation parameters of aPTT ≥80 seconds and D-dimer ≥6400 ng/mL have performance comparable to APACHE II and, therefore, can be used to predict 28-day mortality in patients with septic AKI. Conclusion: Our study revealed that aPTT and D-dimer can be used to predict 28-day mortality in septic AKI patients.
Introduction: p16 is a tumour suppressor gene and is a well-established surrogate marker for human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA. It is expressed in a wide variety of squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) in addition to cervical SCC. The sites for non-gynaecological SCC include head and neck, penis and skin. Aims and Objectives: To assess the p16 expression and its association with clinicopathological parameters in non-gynaecological SCC. Materials and Methods: A hospital-based observational study was done in a tertiary care hospital in Andhra Pradesh, India, with a sample size of 30 cases. Immunohistochemistry with p16 was done and analysed statistically. Results: The present study included resection specimens; the sites routinely encountered during the study period were oral cavity, skin and penis. Among the 30 resected specimens, 22(73.4%) were from the oral cavity (buccal mucosa, tongue, alveolus and lip), five from cutaneous sites (16.6%) and three (10%) from the penis. Overall, p16 was positive in 15 cases (50%) and negative in 15 cases (50%). There was a statistically significant association of p16 expression with lymphovascular invasion ( P = .050) and presence of lymph node metastases ( P = .023). p16 expression was correlated with age, gender, site, tumour size, depth of invasion, histologic grade, lymphovascular invasion and lymph node status at various sites such as the oral cavity, skin and penis. Significant association was not found for p16 expression with age, gender, location, histologic grade, tumour size and differentiation. Conclusion: p16 is positive in 50% of cases of non-gynaecological squamous cell carcinoma. HPV-associated tumours can be treated with radiotherapy alone.
Introduction: Alopecia areata universalis (AAU) is a long-lasting, chronic, recurrent immune-mediated disease characterised by non-scarring hair loss of the scalp and other hair-bearing body areas. Even when treated with various treatments such as oral and topical steroids, anthralin, phototherapy and tofacitinib, recurrence is common after 6 months to 1 year. AAU presents with well-delineated, circumscribed patches of hair loss of the scalp. Remission is observed in 50% of cases within 1 year. Relapse may occur in 85% of cases, and alopecia universalis may occur in 14%–25% of cases. Nail abnormalities occur in severe cases. Family history is common and may occur in 21.8% of first-degree relatives. Case Report: A 35-year-old male with alopecia universalis presented to the outpatient department. He had AAU for 6 years and had various treatments that included topical and intralesional steroids, topical anthralin, minoxidil and oral tofacitinib, with temporary relief. The patient was started on oral upadacitinib 15 mg daily. After 3, 6 and 9 months, full growth of scalp, eyebrow and facial hairs was achieved. The patient was maintained on upadacitinib alone till last seen. Conclusion: Upadacitinib gives hope for the management of AAU to overcome treatment failures and challenges in recalcitrant cases.
Introduction: Cerebral palsy (CP) is a debilitating heterogeneous clinical condition manifesting with non-progressive neurodevelopmental difficulties of posture and movement. Multiple causes are associated with the onset of CP, all directly or indirectly linked with the structural and/or functional damage to the developing brain. The majority of the causes are acquired during or soon after childbirth, notably hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy. However, over several decades, evidence has accumulated for pre-conceptional (genetic and genomic), prenatal factors (post-conceptional foetal development) and maternal factors associated with CP. Genetic and genomic factors include pathogenic changes in specific genes or genome-wide sequence variation. Aim and Objectives: This review is presented with the sole aim and objectives to appraise paediatricians, developmental paediatricians, paediatric neurologists and all other healthcare providers about the potential inherited and genetic causative factors either causally associated with or predisposing to non-genetic or acquired factors, particularly resulting in diminished blood supply. Methods: This review is based on the personal experience of the authors as paediatricians and clinical geneticists. Extensive research has been carried out through published research reports and meta-analyses. All publications (see list of references) were selected from PubMed, Google Scholar and other medical databases. Results: Applications of next-generation genome sequencing techniques have revealed copy number variations, single nucleotide polymorphisms and sequence changes at specific genetic loci. Some of these genomic changes associated with CP are heritable and recognisable as a rare genetic disorder or syndrome. Advances in genetic and genomic laboratory diagnosis, particularly the next-generation sequencing-based multi-gene panel, whole exome sequencing, and whole genome sequencing, now offer an opportunity for precision molecular diagnosis. Conclusion: There is now a major paradigm shift from investigating a child with CP with a large battery of investigations to single genomic analysis. This approach saves time and resources and facilitates specific diagnostic interventions, targeted personalised treatment, focused multi-disciplinary care, genetic counselling and options for parental reproductive decisions.
Background and Aims: Pre-analytical errors account for nearly 60%–70% of laboratory inaccuracies and commonly arise during patient identification, specimen collection, labelling, transportation and storage. These errors may lead to unreliable results, misdiagnosis, delayed treatment and increased healthcare costs. To improve diagnostic accuracy and workflow efficiency, artificial intelligence (AI) and automation are increasingly being adopted to reduce human error and enhance pre-analytical laboratory processes. Methods: This narrative review evaluated published studies on AI and automation in the pre-analytical phase of laboratory testing. Literature published between 1998 and 2025 was searched using PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar. Relevant English-language articles on laboratory errors, specimen handling, workflow automation and AI applications were critically reviewed and summarised. Results: AI and automation significantly improve the accuracy and efficiency of the pre-analytical phase of laboratory testing. Technologies such as biometric patient identification, robotic phlebotomy, automated sample sorting, barcode and RFID tracking and real-time monitoring systems were found to reduce human errors, enhance specimen traceability, improve workflow standardisation and strengthen quality assurance. These advancements contributed to better diagnostic reliability, patient safety and overall laboratory performance. Conclusions: AI and automation play an important role in reducing pre-analytical laboratory errors by improving accuracy, traceability and workflow efficiency. Their integration into laboratory practice enhances diagnostic reliability, supports patient safety and contributes to better clinical outcomes, although continued human supervision and proper staff training remain essential.
Background: Acute leukaemia is the most common childhood malignancy, comprising predominantly acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and, less frequently, acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). Over the past several decades, advances in disease biology, molecular diagnostics, risk-adapted therapy and supportive care have substantially improved survival outcomes in children with acute leukaemia. Methods: A narrative review of the contemporary literature was undertaken to summarise recent developments in the epidemiology, molecular characterisation, risk stratification and management of paediatric acute leukaemia, with particular emphasis on measurable residual disease (MRD)-guided therapy, targeted therapeutics and immunotherapeutic approaches. Results: Genomic profiling and MRD assessment have transformed risk stratification and treatment individualisation in both ALL and AML. In ALL, incorporation of immunotherapeutic agents has significantly improved outcomes in relapsed and refractory disease. In AML, advances in molecular diagnostics have enabled the development of targeted therapies, thus impacting overall outcomes. Contemporary treatment protocols have resulted in survival rates exceeding 90% for ALL and approaching 70%–80% for AML in specialised centres. Conclusion: The integration of molecular diagnostics, MRD-guided treatment strategies, targeted therapies and immunotherapeutic approaches is redefining the management of paediatric acute leukaemia. Continued efforts to improve access to these advances and strengthen supportive care infrastructure are essential to further improve survival and reduce global disparities in outcomes.
Background: Transdermal analgesic systems utilise a prolonged-release mechanism that enhances patient adherence, making them a frequent choice for managing diverse acute and chronic pain states. Nonetheless, robust head-to-head data evaluating their comparative therapeutic value and tolerability profiles specifically for non-malignant pain conditions remain scarce. Aims: The aim of this investigation was to assess and contrast how distinct transdermal pain relief patches perform regarding therapeutic success and safety margins among cohorts experiencing non-cancerous chronic pain. Methods: To evaluate and rank the therapeutic success and safety profiles of transdermal analgesics, we executed a comprehensive literature search across Scopus, Embase, PubMed Central and PubMed for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) published between 2010 and 2023. Ultimately, 22 RCTs comprising an aggregate pool of 3,787 non-malignant individuals met our criteria. The primary therapeutic metric was defined as pain mitigation, quantified via Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) or visual analogue scale (VAS) records, while safety tracking rested on overall side effect frequencies. Both direct evidence lines and indirect modelling loops were implemented to determine final drug hierarchies. Results: Data from 22 RCTs demonstrated that all evaluated transdermal patches were effective in reducing pain in non-cancer patients. Based on direct comparisons using the VAS scale, buprenorphine showed the greatest efficacy (SMD = 1.161, 95% CI, P < .05), whereas diclofenac was the most effective on the NRS scale. Indirect efficacy rankings were buprenorphine > fentanyl > diclofenac for VAS studies and diclofenac > capsaicin > buprenorphine for NRS studies. Regarding safety, buprenorphine was ranked safest in VAS-based analyses, while diclofenac demonstrated the comparatively better safety profile in NRS-based analyses. Similar trends were observed in indirect safety rankings. Conclusion: This meta-analysis demonstrates that transdermal analgesic patches are effective and generally well tolerated for the management of non-cancer pain. Among the evaluated interventions, buprenorphine exhibited the highest efficacy in studies using the VAS scale, whereas diclofenac showed superior efficacy in studies employing the NRS scale. Safety analyses similarly favoured buprenorphine in VAS-based studies and diclofenac in NRS-based studies. Although all evaluated patches provided meaningful pain relief, differences in efficacy and safety rankings suggest that patch selection should be individualised according to patient characteristics and clinical requirements. These findings provide comparative evidence to support informed decision-making in the management of non-malignant pain.
Background and Aims: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Fistulogram plays a pivotal role in the preoperative assessment of fistula-in-ano. However, variability in MRI interpretation and limited radiology-surgery communication may adversely affect surgical planning and outcomes. This study evaluated the impact of diagram-assisted contrast-enhanced MRI (CE-MRI) fistulogram with diffusion-weighted imaging on surgical outcomes in patients with complex fistula-in-ano. Methods: A retrospective comparative study was conducted, including patients with fistula-in-ano managed at a tertiary care centre. Patients were divided into two groups: diagram-assisted versus conventional reports. Operative findings, MRI-surgical concordance, operative time, postoperative complications and recurrence rates were compared between the two groups. Results: Sixty patients were included. Diagram-assisted MRI reporting demonstrated significantly higher MRI-surgical concordance and reduced mean operative time. Postoperative complications were fewer in the diagram-assisted group. Recurrence rates were lower in the diagram-assisted group (10% vs. 18%); however, this difference did not reach statistical significance. Conclusion: Diagram-assisted CE-MRI fistulogram improves radiological-surgical concordance and operative efficiency. Incorporation of schematic reporting may enhance surgical planning in complex fistula-in-ano.
Background and Aims: In today’s time and age, where information is freely available at a click, choosing the right information is the toughest challenge. With increasing use of over-the-counter medicines, lack of knowledge in the community about them and occurrence of adverse events, it is imperative to highlight this healthcare issue. The consumption of these drugs can be unsafe, cause drug-drug or drug-food interactions and lead to significant morbidity. Thus, the aim of the study is to assess the practice of self-medication with OTC drugs, the prevalence of risky practice and its associated factors. Methodology: A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out on the general population in order to assess the prevalence of OTC drug consumption and the knowledge in the community regarding it. The questionnaire was self-designed and self-administered using the Google Forms service. The data were analysed in Microsoft Excel, and further P values and correlation coefficients were calculated. Results: The results showed that about 70% of participants have used or still use OTC drugs for various purposes. This fraction decreases in the male population as well as the older population. The most commonly used OTC drugs were cold medications, followed by analgesics. Nearly 25% of participants believed that the drugs that they consumed without prescriptions had no adverse effects. Conclusion: Results show a significant disparity between the incidence of OTC drug usage and the knowledge among the general public regarding it. Thus, appropriate steps should be taken to regulate this practice and optimise the safe use of the freely available medicines in order to prevent the occurrence of adverse reactions and interactions.
Introduction: Pseudoaneurysms are abnormal arterial aneurysmal sacs contained by only the tunica adventitia and/or surrounding soft tissues and may mimic soft tissue tumours both clinically and radiologically. Several overlapping features may exist: anatomic location close to a neurovascular bundle, haemorrhagic components, heterogeneous signal intensity on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and a history of a painless, slow growing mass. A key differentiating factor is the pulsation artefact, or ‘ghosting’ artefact, on MRI owing to sufficiently high velocity flow in a pseudoaneurysm, as well as the ‘ying-yang’ duplex ultrasound appearance of blood flow ‘to-and-fro’ within the sac. Case details: This case report is of a male in his 60s who was referred to our institution for a soft tissue sarcoma and potential biopsy. He was eventually diagnosed with a large posterior tibial artery pseudoaneurysm and biopsy was not performed. We present the multi-modality imaging findings used to make this diagnosis and discuss useful radiological features to distinguish vascular from soft tissue tumours. Conclusion: The case highlights the importance of considering vascular lesions in sarcoma care to avoid iatrogenic injury, which may be catastrophic. This is the second reported case of a pseudoaneurysm mimicking a soft tissue neoplasm in this location.
Integrative medicine is becoming an important part of future medical education, bringing together modern biomedicine with traditional systems such as Ayurveda, Unani, Yoga and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). This approach supports whole-person care by focusing on physical, mental, emotional and lifestyle factors. It is increasingly used in chronic disease management, mental health, pain care, rehabilitation and preventive health. Case studies from different countries show improvements in patient comfort, quality of life and treatment adherence when integrative methods are combined with standard medical care. Growing public acceptance, government support and scientific interest continue to strengthen this field. Advances in technology, including telemedicine and artificial intelligence (AI), are helping make integrative care more accessible, personalised and effective. Together, these developments are shaping a more holistic and patient-centred direction for global healthcare and medical education.
Introduction: The Chinese generative artificial intelligence (AI) model, DeepSeek-R1, has profoundly taken over the AI market since its launch. Large language models (LLMs) can generate humanoid responses and conduct reasoning tasks by utilising deep neural networks that have been trained on large textual datasets. Materials and Methods: Using Deepseek-R1, we conducted a cross-sectional study where 60 higher-order questions and 60 multiple-choice questions (MCQs) from microbiology of the MBBS curriculum were entered as prompts in the online AI chatbot. Three academics from the department evaluated the responses and a statistical analysis was performed. Results: The average of the scores of the three evaluators was taken as the final score for analysis. Non-parametric statistical methods were implemented. A one-sample median test was used to evaluate the total results, which was significant at P < .05. A non-significant difference was observed when the scores by the three evaluators were compared by the Kruskal-Wallis H test. One-tailed binomial test showed 98.33% accuracy in the MCQs. Conclusion: DeepSeek-R1 is a user-friendly, free-of-cost AI model to improve information retrieval through the application of deep learning methods. DeepSeek has excellent database in microbiology with lucid and elaborative explanations.
Introduction: The risk of dengue has expanded in terms of population size as well as its geographical distribution. Despite advances in pediatric critical care, dengue continues to be a challenging illness, affecting all ages and with a spectrum ranging from asymptomatic to fatal disease. Objectives: This article provides an in-depth narrative review of the latest dengue epidemiology, the current understanding of pathogenesis, clinical and laboratory diagnosis, management and prevention. The analysis has been drawn from a comprehensive review of recent research articles related to these topics. Conclusion: The management strategies for the critically ill have improved in recent years with attention to early risk stratification and judicious use of intravenous fluids and blood products. However, despite the increasing burden of dengue illness with every year, knowledge gaps remain in applicability of new biomarkers and development of therapeutics and universally acceptable vaccines.
Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative force across healthcare systems, driven by advances in machine learning, deep learning, and natural language processing alongside the growing availability of biomedical data. This narrative review synthesises current evidence on the application of AI-enabled tools within the healthcare domain, emphasising their role as decision-support systems rather than autonomous decision-makers. In clinical practice, AI assists healthcare professionals in clinical documentation, diagnostic support, and patient communication. In pharmacy practice and pharmacovigilance, AI tools support medication information retrieval, drug-drug interaction screening, medication safety, and adverse drug reaction signal awareness, while causality assessment and regulatory decisions remain dependent on human expertise. In medical education and research, large language models such as ChatGPT facilitate learning support, assessment preparation, literature synthesis, and scientific writing; however, concerns related to accuracy, bias, academic integrity, and data privacy necessitate supervised use and robust governance frameworks. The review further examines the expanding role of AI in the drug discovery and development process. AI-driven approaches have enhanced early-stage activities, including target identification, hit discovery, lead optimisation, toxicity prediction, and clinical trial design, contributing to improved efficiency and reduced time and resource requirements compared with conventional methods. Despite these advances, no drug discovered exclusively through AI has yet achieved full regulatory approval, underscoring persistent challenges related to validation, safety assessment, and clinical translation. Across both healthcare and drug development domains, ethical and regulatory considerations—particularly transparency, accountability, data governance, and bias mitigation—remain central to responsible implementation. Overall, AI-enabled tools hold substantial promise when integrated within human-in-the-loop decision-making models and supported by continuous evaluation and multidisciplinary collaboration.
Background and Aims: Delayed gastric emptying (DGE) remains a common, costly source of morbidity after major upper gastrointestinal (GI) surgery, particularly after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) and oesophagectomy, despite advances in technique and enhanced recovery pathways. Objective: To synthesise contemporary evidence on definitions, diagnosis, risk stratification, prevention and treatment of postoperative DGE and to present a pragmatic, evidence-aligned prokinetic algorithm. Methods: Targeted narrative review of PubMed/PMC, focusing on consensus definitions, randomized controlled trial (RCT)s, meta-analyses and high-quality observational studies in PD, distal pancreatectomy (DP), gastrectomy and oesophagectomy. Results: The International Study Group of Pancreatic Surgery (ISGPS) criteria underpin DGE grading after pancreatic surgery; a 2020 international consensus exists for early DGE after oesophagectomy. Incidence after PD varies (≈10%–30%), influenced by technical and patient factors; risk increases with older age, preoperative biliary drainage, soft pancreas, postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) and high opioid exposure. Reconstruction route may affect DGE (inconclusively), while pylorus preservation versus resection shows no consistent benefit in RCTs. Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) adherence reduces DGE-related sequelae. Prokinetics with the strongest footing are metoclopramide and domperidone; 5-HT4 agonists and ghrelin agonists (e.g., relamorelin) show promise in trials but are not yet standard postoperative care. Conclusions: Accurate phenotyping and structured care, excluding obstruction, optimise ERAS elements, treat contributors (POPF, infection, opioids) and deploy short, monitored prokinetic courses, can shorten DGE. We propose a stepwise algorithm integrating these elements.
Introduction: The serum calcium levels are likely to drop following thyroid surgery due to the manipulation of adjacent parathyroid glands, which regulate serum calcium. Hypocalcaemia is a well-recognised complication of thyroidectomy. Severe hypocalcaemia is a morbid complication of thyroidectomy. Methods: A comprehensive review of literature from databases like Google Scholar, PubMed, Medline, and Scopus was conducted to discuss serum calcium levels in patients following thyroid surgery. Results: Following thyroid surgery, low serum calcium is caused by transient or persistent hypoparathyroidism. Postoperative hypocalcaemia results in patient discomfort, prolonged hospital stays, and higher treatment costs. Discussion: Intraoperative monitoring of parathyroid hormone (PTH) is often crucial in thyroid surgery as it gives real-time feedback on the removal of parathyroid glands. The estimation of serum calcium and PTH is advised in patients with risk factors who will undergo thyroid surgery. Conclusion: Postoperative hypocalcaemia usually occurs following extensive thyroid surgery and may need calcium and/or vitamin D supplements to alleviate or prevent the clinical symptoms.
Introduction/Background: The title is a unique element in academic writing that summarises the research questions, answers, achievements, and conclusions found in research papers, dissertations, and conference papers. The lack of a systematic approach in title drafting prompted the authors to introduce a new checklist/criterion named TRIPS. The outcome of our article carries significant implications for young researchers and early-career academic writers. Aims/Objective: In this narrative view, we introduced the TRIPS framework which stands for Topic, Results, Intervention, Population, and Study Design. Emphasising the significance of adhering to TRIPS while drafting a research title is the subject of this narrative review. Patients and Methods: 25 randomly selected study titles of clinical trials, randomised control trials (RCTs), original publications, observational studies, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses from PubMed were analysed using the TRIPS framework, and results were summarised. These were evaluated by two readers—one musculoskeletal radiologist and one orthopaedic surgeon. Results: When the TRIPS framework was applied to 25 research study titles, we found that just 32% of the studies met this condition. T (topic) was stated in the titles of all the research, whereas R (results) and S (study design) were cited in 56% of the studies, and P (population) and I (intervention and comparators) in 92% of the studies. There was an excellent correlation between readers (intra and inter-reader) with a kappa of 0.9. Conclusion: We suggest that by following the TRIPS strategic approach, authors can make their research titles clear, concise, comprehensible, and in line with all the necessary components.
Background: Securing reliable intravenous access in postoperative liver transplant recipients is often challenging due to oedema, coagulopathy, vasodilation, and prior cannulations. Central venous catheters (CVCs) provide dependable access but are associated with infectious and thrombotic complications. We describe our experience using a standard arterial catheter as an extended peripheral venous access device under ultrasound guidance. Case Series: Fifteen adult patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation with difficult peripheral access received ultrasound-guided placement of a 20-G arterial catheter (Leadercath, Vygon, UK) into the basilic or brachial vein using the Seldinger technique. Catheter dwell time, functionality, and complications were observed. Results: Successful placement was achieved in all patients on the first attempt. Mean dwell time was 7.2 ± 1.4 days (range 5-9 days). No catheter-related bloodstream infection, thrombophlebitis, infiltration, or premature failure occurred. None required additional central venous access. Conclusion: Ultrasound-guided use of an arterial catheter as an extended peripheral venous line appears to be a safe, practical, and cost-effective alternative in postoperative liver transplant recipients with difficult venous access.
Enterocloster clostridioformis, a recently reclassified anaerobic bacillus, is recognised rarely as a human pathogen in bloodstream and intra-abdominal infections. Vascular complications secondary to such anaerobic sepsis in young, immunocompetent patients are exceptionally rare. Here we present a 27-year-old male chronic alcoholic with prolonged fever, gastrointestinal symptoms and imaging evidence of extensive mesenteric venous thrombosis. Blood cultures grew E. clostridioformis. Treatment with targeted carbapenem antibiotics and prolonged anticoagulation led to full recovery. This report underscores the need for early recognition of anaerobic sepsis-related vascular complications and timely management to achieve favourable outcomes, especially in uncommon presentations linked to chronic alcoholism.
